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Reviewing James Shapiro’s book, Darwinist admits: Growing number of gene scientists unconvinced by Darwinism

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Recently, we’ve been looking at James Shapiro, a non-Darwinian molecular geneticist and author of Evolution: A View from the 21st Century, currently debating ID theorists and researchers. Here’s a review of his work by Adam Wilkins is a leading UK biologist and one time editor of the journal BioEssays, in Genome Biology and Evolution (January 24, 2012).

Wilkins admits something that everyone knows but few  convinced Darwinists like himself will actually admit: A growing body of scientists, especially those from molecular biology, developmental biology or developmental genetics, and microbiology are unconvinced by the alleged power of Darwin’s natural selection to create the world of life that we see:

…the book’s contention that natural selection’s importance for evolution has been hugely overstated represents a point of view that has a growing set of adherents. (A few months ago, I was amazed to hear it expressed, in the strongest terms, from another highly eminent microbiologist.) My impression is that evolutionary biology is increasingly separating into two camps, divided over just this question. On the one hand are the population geneticists and evolutionary biologists who continue to believe that selection has a ‘creative’ and crucial role in evolution and, on the other, there is a growing body of scientists (largely those who have come into evolution from molecular biology, developmental biology or developmental genetics, and microbiology) who reject it.

He thinks that this is not quite a Thomas Kuhn-type paradigm crisis yet.

The rest is interesting, especially his defense of natural selection:

The arguments from paleontological evidence for the importance of natural selection largely concern the observed long-term trends of morphological change, which are visible in many lineages. It is hard to imagine what else but natural selection could be responsible for such trends, unless one invokes supernatural or mystical forces such as the long-popular but ultimately discredited force of “orthogenesis.”

Consider what that means: The real reason for fronting Darwin only – as opposed to any other way that evolution might occur – is that otherwise we must invoke the supernatural?

One wonders what all those scientists who reject “Darwin only” think of that.

Our old friend Larry Moran thinks genetic drift is important in evolution. (Gotcha! Closet Catholic!) Lynn Margulis, of endosymbiosis fame? (Oh, you know what they say about her …) Shapiro himself? (I heard he goes to secret meetings with … )

Finally, people who want to hear themselves think just have to say, enough. Evidence matters. Lack of evidence matters. Freedom to think matters.

And evolution is not about protecting the position of the Darwin lobby vs. God.

Comments
@Querius, Can you build and test models that invoke supernatural agents as predicates for the model, or supernatural forces? If you can, how would that be done? If not, then noting that Alex's conquest doesn't attach, here, even if we supposed he DID conquer the world single-handedly. The issue is not whether everything is attributed to Alexander, or God, or just some things. God as supernatural, whether "totally hands on", or less so, defeats any attempt to build a testable model. If such a model WERE possible, then this God would not be supernatural, but natural, by definition.eigenstate
January 30, 2012
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Natural selection is pretty central to the theory of evolution. I'm not sure I've seen any mainstream post-Darwinian alternatives.
Third, evidence matters. That’s precisely why “Godidit” is problematic. To go there, one must abandon model-based epistemology, the epistemic connection between our senses and experience and models of reality that perform under objective testing conditions.
No, it's not problematic and it does not exclude scientific inquiry. Analogously, it is commonly said that Alexander the Great conquered the world, but such a statement does not claim that he did it single-handedly, and it certainly does not end all historical and archaeological inquiry.Querius
January 30, 2012
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As to this comment:
'On the one hand are the population geneticists and evolutionary biologists who continue to believe that selection has a ‘creative’ and crucial role in evolution and, on the other, there is a growing body of scientists (largely those who have come into evolution from molecular biology, developmental biology or developmental genetics, and microbiology) who reject it.'
a few notes:
Did Natural Selection Construct Metazoan Developmental Sequences? - Paul Nelson - July 2011 The necessary and sufficient conditions of the process of natural selection (Endler, Natural Selection in the Wild, 1986) are (1) variation, (2) selection or fitness differences, and (3) inheritance. These conditions impose evidential demands on any investigator who wishes to employ natural selection in evolutionary (i.e., historical) explanation. Data from model systems (e.g., C. elegans, Drosophila, and Danio), as well as theoretical analyses, raise challenges for the use of natural selection as the causal process responsible for the origin of developmental sequences. In particular, the conditions of (2) selection differences and (3) inheritance have not been adequately described in current theories of the evolution of the Metazoa. http://www.evolutionnews.org/2011/07/paul_nelson_jonathan_wells_tak048301.html Oxford University Admits Darwinism's Shaky Math Foundation - May 2011 Excerpt: However, mathematical population geneticists mainly deny that natural selection leads to optimization of any useful kind. This fifty-year old schism is intellectually damaging in itself, and has prevented improvements in our concept of what fitness is. - On a 2011 Job Description for a Mathematician, at Oxford, to 'fix' the persistent mathematical problems with neo-Darwinism within two years. http://www.evolutionnews.org/2011/05/oxford_university_admits_darwi046351.html Metamorphosis Video Exclusive: Dr. Ann Gauger Discusses Limits of Natural Selection - October 2011 http://intelligentdesign.podomatic.com/entry/2011-10-03T14_00_42-07_00 Austin Hughes: Most Evolutionary Literature Showing Positive Selection in the Genome is "Worthless" - Casey Luskin - 2012 Excerpt - When University of South Carolina evolutionary biologist Austin Hughes was asked about the problem with positive Darwinian selection, he says, "The problem is there really isn't all that much evidence that it actually happens to the extent to which it would be needed to explain all of the adaptive traits of organisms." http://www.evolutionnews.org/2012/01/austin_hughes_m055121.html Inconsistent Nature: The Enigma of Life's Stupendous Prodigality - James Le Fanu - September 2011 Excerpt: Many species that might seem exceptionally well adapted for "the survival of the fittest" are surprisingly uncommon. The scarce African hunting dog has the highest kill rate of any predator on the savannah, while cheetahs may have no difficulty in feeding themselves thanks to their astonishing speediness -- but are a hundred times less common than lions. http://www.evolutionnews.org/2011/09/inconsistent_nature051281.html Darwinism’s Last Stand? - Jonathan Wells Excerpt: Despite the hype from Darwin’s followers, the evidence for his theory is underwhelming, at best. Natural selection - like artificial selection - can produce minor changes within existing species. But in the 150 years since the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, no one has ever observed the origin of a new species by natural selection - much less the origin of new organs and body plans. http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/06/junk_dna_darwinisms_last_stand.html#more EXPELLED - Natural Selection And Genetic Mutations - video http://www.metacafe.com/watch/4036840 "...but Natural Selection reduces genetic information and we know this from all the Genetic Population studies that we have..." Maciej Marian Giertych - Population Geneticist - member of the European Parliament - EXPELLED What Darwin Got Wrong: - Stephen Meyer - Feb. 2010 Natural selection by definition only "selects" or favors functional advantage. What we have learned in biology over the last 50 years shows that at every level in the biological hierarchy -- whether we are talking about novel genes, proteins, molecular machines, signal transduction circuits, organs, or body plans -- functional advantage depends upon the occurrence of a series of vastly improbable and tightly coordinated mutational events. Careful quantitative analysis has shown that these events that are so improbable as to put thresholds of selectable function well beyond the reach of chance. http://www.evolutionnews.org/2010/02/what_darwin_got_wrong_intellig.html Darwin proven wrong, again! Experimental Evolution Reveals Resistance to Change Excerpt: Our work provides a new perspective on the genetic basis of adaptation. Despite decades of sustained selection in relatively small, sexually reproducing laboratory populations, selection did not lead to the fixation of newly arising unconditionally advantageous alleles. https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/darwin-proven-wrong-again-experimental-evolution-reveals-resistance-to-change/
bornagain77
January 30, 2012
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I'm glad to see that some scientists "coming out of the closet" to question a fundamental aspect of Darwinian evolution. In my opinion, there's been far too much ideological contamination of research into genetic adaptation. Terrified by the potential of religious influence or implications, many researchers have adopted a dogmatic rigidity that's foreign to the spirit of scientific inquiry. As I think I've said before here, "God probably exists, get over it, and let's get on with science regardless of where the data takes us."Querius
January 30, 2012
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First, I don't think you could name ANY current biologists who are "Darwin only". That's a figment of the IDers imagination. Darwin was wrong in many respects, even as he "hit the jackpot" on the central questions of the origin of the species. Anyone today who is "Darwin only" would get laughed at by modern scientists. Second, what Wilkins is defending in the paragraph you like there is "methodological naturalism". When you ask me to consider what this means, I understand this to mean that from a paleontological perspective, natural selection is the only viable solution running. The only "runners up" are anti-knowledge, anti-science superstitions. People are free to embrace those supersitions (or to subscribe to discredited ideas about [naturalistic] orthogenesis, for that matter), but that's just to break with science, to totally corrupt scientific epistemology, and wander into theology, or worse. Which means if you do value scientific knowledge and the epistemology it rests on and the fruits of scientific research and analysis, there aren't many options. You are welcome to walk away from science toward the supernatural, as you have, but that IS walking away from science, toward the supernatural. Third, evidence matters. That's precisely why "Godidit" is problematic. To go there, one must abandon model-based epistemology, the epistemic connection between our senses and experience and models of reality that perform under objective testing conditions. Evolution, insofar as it is a scientific endeavor, is as much about banishing God from its discourse as physics or chemistry is -- natural explanations for natural phenomena. If "Zeus" is a natural god, some being that interacts in a physical way like any other part of the physical world, then science is ready and equipped to study Zeus, scientifically, and propose and vet models that perform (or not) against our natural experience of Zeus. So, science is not interested in protecting itself from God, or gods per se -- natural gods are fine -- but rather it must protect its epistemology if it is to have anything to produce at all. If it doesn't, and it lets a "supernatural foot in the door", it's a total loss, and the enterprise is reduced to nothing more than theology. Fourth, it's significant that Shapiro, for example, is not criticized as anti-science in the way that ID is and should be. Because while he has a critical, opposing hypothesis to advance (against some existing and popularly accepted models), his method and epistemology are scientific. Critical, "thinking independently" and being skeptical are all good, noble values in science. It's nullifying scientific epistemology with appeals to the "supernatural" that are fundamentally problematic, fundamentally anti-science. There are, and will continue to be controversies within science, in and around evolutionary theory, but there's an ontological difference between those disputes and the eschewing of ID. So long as Shapiro can work within the method, and consistent with the epistemic requirements of science, it's all good, even and especially when the disputes become bitter. It's a whole different kettle of fish when one tries to insert a supernatural agent into the explanatory framework. Science just seizes up, and can't function when such incoherent (in terms of science) elements are introduced.eigenstate
January 30, 2012
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Perhaps the various ID factions will eventually agree on whether. Shapiro is a good guy or an eviluionist.Petrushka
January 30, 2012
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