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Have we profoundly misunderstood Harvard Evolutionary Biologist Richard Lewontin in his Jan 1997 NYRB article, “Billions and Billions of Demons”?

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In the current Computer Simulations thread, Dr Liddle has challenged me as follows, that I profoundly misunderstand prof Lewontin’s 1997 NYRB article that crops up so often at UD:

. . . as I have said several times, I don’t think it means what you think it means. In fact I’m sure you are misinterpreting it.

What Lewontin clearly means (and he says so explicitly) is that the entire scientific method is predicated on the assumption that the universe is predictable.

That doesn’t mean it is but that science can only proceed on that assumption.

There is no indoctination here – because no doctrine. Science does not teach the doctrine that there is “no Divine Foot”. What it teaches is that scientific methology must exclude that possiblity because otherwise the entire system collapses . . . .

Before responding to this, let me lay out a link on my understanding of science and its methods, at IOSE.

This also comes at a time when Mr Arrington was told that by leaving off the Beck reference, he had materially distorted the meaning to the point of alleged quote-mining. This is similar to what is now a standard talking point for darwinist objectors when this clip is used. (I had to deal with it in June this year, here at UD.)

It is time to again set the record straight.

So, here is my main response, by way of a markup of the key extract from prof Lewontin’s article; which is misplaced in the same thread as I hit the wrong reply button:

______________

>> . . . to put a correct view of the universe [1 –> a claim to holding truth, not just an empirically reliable, provisional account] into people’s heads we must first get an incorrect view out [2 –> an open ideological agenda] . . . the problem is to get them to reject irrational and supernatural explanations of the world, the demons that exist only in their imaginations [3 –> a declaration of cultural war], and to accept a social and intellectual apparatus, Science, as the only begetter of truth [ 4 –> this is a knowledge claim about knowledge and its possible sources, i.e. it is a claim in philosophy not science; it is thus self-refuting]. . . . To Sagan, as to all but a few other scientists, it is self-evident [5 –> a self evident claim is that this is true, must be true and its denial is patently absurd. But actually, science and its knowledge claims are plainly not immediately and necessarily true on pain of absurdity, to one who understands them; this is another logical error, begging the question, confused for real self-evidence] that the practices of science provide the surest method of putting us in contact with physical reality [6 –> Science gives reality, reality is naturalistic and material], and that, in contrast, the demon-haunted world rests on a set of beliefs and behaviors that fail every reasonable test [7 –> i.e. an assertion that tellingly reveals a hostile mindset, not a warranted claim: if you reject naturalistic, materialistic evolutionism, you are ignorant, stupid, insane or wicked, by direct implication] . . . .

It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world [8 –> redefines science as a material explanation of the observed world], but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes [9 –> another major begging of the question . . . by imposition of a priori materialism as a worldview that then goes on to control science as its handmaiden and propaganda arm that claims to be the true prophet of reality, the only begetter of truth] to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. [10 –> In short, even if the result is patently absurd on its face, it is locked in, as materialistic “science” is now our criterion of truth!] Moreover, that materialism is absolute [11 –> i.e. here we see the fallacious, indoctrinated, ideological, closed mind . . . ], for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door. [12 –> Hostility to the divine is embedded, from the outset, as per the dismissal of the “supernatural”] The eminent Kant scholar Lewis Beck used to say that anyone who could believe in God could believe in anything. [13 –> a slightly more sophisticated form of Dawkins’ ignorant, stupid, insane or wicked, certainly, irrational. This is a declaration of war! Those who believe in God, never mind the record of history, never mind the contributions across the ages, are dismissed as utterly credulous and irrational, dangerous and chaotic] To appeal to an omnipotent deity is to allow that at any moment the regularities of nature may be ruptured, that miracles may happen. [14 –> Perhaps the second saddest thing is that some actually believe that these last three sentences that express hostility to God and then back it up with a loaded strawman caricature of theism and theists JUSTIFY what has gone on before. As a first correction, accurate history — as opposed to the commonly promoted rationalist myth of the longstanding war of religion against science — documents (cf. here for a start) that the Judaeo-Christian worldview nurtured and gave crucial impetus to the rise of modern science through its view that God as creator made and sustains an orderly world. Similarly, for miracles — e.g. the resurrection of Jesus — to stand out as signs pointing beyond the ordinary course of the world, there must first be such an ordinary course, one plainly amenable to scientific study. The saddest thing is that many are now so blinded and hostile that, having been corrected, they will STILL think that this justifies the above. But, nothing can excuse the imposition of a priori materialist censorship on science, which distorts its ability to seek the empirically warranted truth about our world.]

[[From: “Billions and Billions of Demons,” NYRB, January 9, 1997.] >>
____________

Do you see my fourteen main points of concern in the clip?

And if you go to the immediately linked, you will see a following note that raises much more, e.g Lewontin’s caricature of the woman who thought the TV broadcasts from the Moon were fake because she could not get Dallas on her set; while in fact Wernher von Braun, the man who sent the Apollo rocket to the Moon was a Christian and a Creationist.

There is even more in the onward linked full article.

Read the above, work your way through the fourteen points, then come back to me and show me how I have misunderstood what Lewontin “really” meant.

So, let us extend the invitation to the onlooker.

Have we misunderstood Lewontin, or have we understood him all too well?

What are your thoughts, why? END

Comments
Kindly cf 6.3.1.1, under BANNED IN KANSAS.kairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Can you cite the redefinition of science that you think that Kansas established? And can you say what you think it ought to be?Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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I don't know if Lewontin would allow the study of prayer if he were in charge. My reading is yes. In any case, it is "allowed", in the format in which the Harvard study was taken, i.e. using the standard scientific method. What is not "allowed" are departures from that method, which is why homeopathy has ended up with such a bad press. And, as people have pointed out, such methods aren't actually appropriate for supernatural events. I'd argue that if you find effects by such methods, then you can't really call them supernatural! But that raises the whole issue as to what people mean by "supernatural". I do think Dawkins "believes" in science, and I also think he "believes" in materialism. I don't thinke a belief in "Materialism" is required for a belief in "science". But then I'm not entirely sure what "Materialism" is supposed to mean! I think it suffers from the exact same problem as the work "supernatural". In fact it's the inverse problem - how do we distinguish between the material/natural and the super-natural? Is there such a distinction? A "materialist" I guess would say not. So that places the onus on the non-materialist to explain what distinguishes the "material" from the "non-material". In my view. At any rate, I think the claims of dualism need to be supported - why invoke two entities if one will do?Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Dr Liddle: Kindly examine the original post, and in particular the 14 points of concern. There is, in my considered opinion, far more at stake than a mere "definition" of science or what science can achieve. There are huge worldview and cultural agenda issues that are being begged and/or imposed, effectively by domination of key science and education institutions by an interested and demonstrably philosophically and historically ill-informed party. Given what other individuals, institutions and groups of influence and power have done on this matter, it is much bigger than Mr Lewontin's idiosyncratic opinions, or for that matter your or my views. In my further considered opinion, that is why the more strident atheistical advocates are so eager to shut up discussion of what is being exposed here when Lewontin's declarations are put on the table. Especially, when across the next decade the two key institutions, NAS and NSTA (with NCSE hovering in the background) said and did what happened in Kansas. Remember, the institutions threatened and in effect held hostage the students of Kansas, improperly, on a philosophically and historically ill-founded radical, materialistic redefinition of science that echoes the 14 points of concern. This matter is about as serious as this sort of thing can get. Maybe, we need a stronger word: dangerous. That's why I cannot and will not let it go, and it is why I took up your attempt to dismiss my concern so seriously, in the original post above. This one, we need to resolve, once it has been taken up. GEM of TKIkairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Dr. Liddle, I am wary of Lewontin's attitude because I think it will unnecessarily stiffle investigation. 2 examples 1. Apparently prayer HAS been studied. But would Lewontin even allow it, if he were in charge? 2. Sheldrake and Dawkins had a debate and Dawkins (if I remember right) accused Sheldrake of being willing to believe in anything. Sheldrake countered (and rightly, I think) that Dawkins does not really believe in science, he believes in materialism. The difference being that a belief in science will lead you to test all hypotheses (like telepathy) but materialism will not allow you to bring the scientific method to bear on the subject. This attitude is troubling to me.Collin
October 17, 2011
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Could you be explicit, kf? What is the serious thing on the table? It seems to involve me. As I've said, I do not mean to "do you an injustice". We simply disagree about what Lewontin means about science. I think you have misinterpreted him; you think I have. Both of us are capable of being just, but that does not require us to agree with each other, merely to be open to the other's view. Peace, anyway LizzieElizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Well, no, the data are not very good. Some data show that "spiritual" people tend to be happier and healthier, but that doesn't necessarily correlate with belief in God. There's also a causality confound: are people more contented because they have faith in God, or are do they have more faith in God because they are contented? But even if it were to be shown (and I do know the literature moderately well) that religious belief was associated with health and happiness (and IMO, it has not), it would be quite wrong to then infer that atheism is associated with ill-health and misery, unless you had directly compared people with a clear belief in God with people with a clear belief that there is no God, or none that need worry them. In other words, you'd have to make sure that the latent variable wasn't "degree of uncertainty", rather than "belief". And, of course, you'd have to make sure you'd sampled the people who have "deconverted" from religion. Anecdotally at least, there are large numbers of people who have found contentment and happiness from giving up religion. Finally, as you say, even if you could establish that overall, belief in God was associated with greater happiness than no belief (and specified which God, if it matters), that would not establish that God existed, merely that belief that God does is good for you. Which may be true. But the evidence that I know of seems to suggest that what is good for you is the ability to lose the sense of self, from time to time, see the world in perspective, see yourself as a very small, but nonetheless valued, part of a huge and magnificent cosmos. Sometimes meditation does this, sometimes religious experience, sometimes simply looking at the night sky. Sometimes it goes by the name of "bliss" and it does seem to have neural correlates. It doesn't seem to depend on belief in any God.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Actually, CY, everything I said has a basis. But it is true that I didn't give much of a basis in that post. I've made the points elsewhere though. So let me gloss:
My point, CY, is that scientific methodology simply does not cover supernatural hypotheses, not because of any ideological prior, but because, well, it just doesn’t.
The reason it doesn't is that scientific methodology is grounded in hypothesis testing, which involves making predictions as to what you expect to see if your hypothesis is true, and then testing those predictions against data. If we understand supernatural events to be unexplainable, irregular events outside the laws of nature, then they will, by definition, be unpredictable. Therefore no predictive hypothesis concerning supernatural causality can be devised. As people have said on this thread - you can't expect a scientific prayer study to show effects. Prayer doesn't work that way. After all, God may simply disapprove of being tested, and refuse to cooperate. If you can devise an alternative scientific method to hypothesis that can handle supernatural causation - fine. But right now we don't have one. Or, if you think we have, please describe it! Now perhaps you disagree with my definition of the supernatural. In which case, please give me yours. But if supernatural causation includes phenomena that seem to obey laws, what is supernatural about them?
My point is that all you can do is fail to find a material explanation. In other words, “supernatural” is simply an interpretation of a null finding. It is not supported by evidence, but merely by lack of evidence. And absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.
This follows logically from my previous premise, which I think I have justified. If you find a predictable result from a supernatural hypothesis, then why call it supernatural? And if you don't find a predictable result, then you can't conclude anything! And if you conclude that a phenomenon must be supernatural because there isn't a natural explanation, then you are simply making an inference from lack of evidence, not actual evidence.
So for science to deal with supernatural hypotheses, we would have to make a radical change to the methodology, not mrely abandon some alleged prior commitment.
And this is why I say that the problem is not ideological but methodological. It is not that scientists refuse to entertain supernatural hypotheses, but that there is no way within current scientific methodology in which they can be cast. And so I submit you are incorrect. I have not demonstrated any "prior commitment". I have simply demonstrated that the scientific method, being predictive, cannot handle supernatural phenomena. You ask: is science materialism? No. It isn't an ism at all. It's a method for acquiring knowledge. The domain of knowledge it delivers is material knowledge. That doesn't make it materialism, any more than biology is lifeism or literature is wordism. However, as always, you say something interesting:
I’ve always believed that “supernatural” is a bad word. Phenomena that is not materially detected is another bad one.
OK.
The whole issue of phenomena attributed to miracles is that it is materially detected. As such, there is a material component to miracles.
Yes indeed. You don't call something a miracle unless something material happens (I use "material" broadly - it could also be something energetic). Even if it is a vision, then we know it will leave neural traces in your brain - physical evidence of its effects. In other words, miracles are events in which the world is physically perturbed by a non-natural force - a force whose effects we can observe, but not predict, even statistically (unlike quantum effects, which we can predict statistically, even if not individually). Unfortunately, that's not enough for scientific methodology to work with. We need both a dependent (which we have) and an independent (which we don't have) variable, so that we can tell whether one correlates with the other. Or, as we say, whether one predicts the other. And that is why scientific methodology can't handle miraculous causation. It only has one half of the data. And when we have a hole where data need to be, we have no justification for saying: therefore supernatural, because there is always an alternative: that a natural cause is indeed responsible, we just haven't figured out how to detect it yet.
Thus, while we may be limited in our ability to make sense of them, we are not completely in the dark.
No. We can see enough to know there is something we can't see. What we don't know is whether that's because there's nothing there, or just because there isn't enough light to see what is there.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Petrushka: The question is now dangling, but it was intended for you: Do you, then, believe that matter and intelligence is one and the same thing?PaV
October 17, 2011
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Lizzie:
No, you certainly couldn’t. Science is all about model fitting – you fit a model to existing data, then use it to predict new data. If the model predicts the new data fairly well, you may keep the model (though possibly tweaking your parameters). If it doesn’t, you may need a different model.
What does the fossil record predict according to a Darwinian interpretation of it (skipping over the fact that it doesn't correspond to Darwinian expectations to begin with)?PaV
October 17, 2011
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So, then, you believe that matter and intelligence is the same thing. Is that right?PaV
October 17, 2011
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Elizabeth, Nice to see you too. You pretty much made my point. Nothing you stated has any basis. It is an assertion. "And absence of evidence is not evidence of absence." Absence of material evidence? Are you now stating that science is materialism? Point made. You have demonstrated your prior commitment. I've always believed that "supernatural" is a bad word. Phenomena that is not materially detected is another bad one. The whole issue of phenomena attributed to miracles is that it is materially detected. As such, there is a material component to miracles. Thus, while we may be limited in our ability to make sense of them, we are not completely in the dark.CannuckianYankee
October 17, 2011
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Folks: After a day or so. Please, remember there is something pretty serious on the table in the OP. GEM of TKI PS: I am definitely not a sunny disposition ignoramus, starting with being atopic and particularly asthmatic. (Someone needs to think through the implications of rather dismissive and condescending remarks in light of the OP.)kairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Ms. Liddle you state:
And yes, the prayers were standardised. I guess standardised prayers don’t work (and may do harm). I guess that rules out the Our Father then?
Not so quick, Did they even use a Christian prayer as the 'standardized' prayer?? Perhaps you can find the prayer they used???
Prior to the start of this study, intercessors reported that they usually receive information about the patient’s age, gender and progress reports on their medical condition; converse with family members or the patient (not by fax from a third party); use individualized prayers of their own choosing; and pray for a variable time period based on patient or family request. http://www.templeton.org/pdfs/press_releases/060407STEP_paper.pdf
And yet when such artificial constraints are removed we find, as in the three studies I listed, that the effects are very dramatic for prayers from Christians, And yet you choose this one highly questionable study over the others??? Perhaps you think God is not particular as to how he answers 'standardized' prayers, but I would say that the entire life, death and resurrection of Christ testifies very dramatically that He is very particular as to how He relates to man!!! {ED: Silent Unity is affiliated with the Unity School of Christianity, which is actually pantheistic, not theistic. So if the standard prayers were acceptable to them, they with high confidence were not Christian prayers. In addition, this is an illustration of the tainting effect of motives and attitudes in setting up a "scientific" study of prayer. As C S Lewis so aptly highlighted, "prayer as scientific experiment" faces major moral challenges that undermine the words used as being legitimate prayer.} Moreover Ms. Lizzie, I've seen numerous small 'miracles' myself when Christ is personally involved, but I have never, ever, seen anything 'spooky' happen when just any ol generic god is addressed: for instance:
Miracle Testimony - One Easter Sunday Sunrise Service - video http://www.metacafe.com/watch/3995314/
Moreover Ms. Lizzie, as kf pointed out; God is far more personal to each of us than to be put in a 'scientific' box of your own choosing i.e. if you pray x this many times then God will do y for you that many times!!! Come to think of it that would be a fairly offensive way to treat anyone who was subjected to that sort of treatment.,,, Indeed God is far more spontaneous than that:
SETI - Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence Finds God - Almost - video http://www.metacafe.com/watch/4007753/
But hey Ms. Liddle, if you want a predictable, formulaic, God, instead of a personal God that you can have a eternal, everlasting, personal, loving, relationship with, then here you go:
The Precisely Fulfilled Prophecy Of Israel Becoming A Nation In 1948 - video http://www.metacafe.com/watch/4041241/
Moreover Ms. Lizzie, and perhaps most importantly, as far as science' is concerned, reality itself conforms exactly to what we would expect if such miracles from prayers to God, who lives in the 'highest transcendent dimension', are even possible: notes: This following experiment extended the double slit experiment to show that the 'spooky actions', for instantaneous quantum wave collapse, happen regardless of any considerations for time or distance i.e. The following experiment shows that quantum actions are 'universal and instantaneous':
Wheeler's Classic Delayed Choice Experiment: Excerpt: Now, for many billions of years the photon is in transit in region 3. Yet we can choose (many billions of years later) which experimental set up to employ – the single wide-focus, or the two narrowly focused instruments. We have chosen whether to know which side of the galaxy the photon passed by (by choosing whether to use the two-telescope set up or not, which are the instruments that would give us the information about which side of the galaxy the photon passed). We have delayed this choice until a time long after the particles "have passed by one side of the galaxy, or the other side of the galaxy, or both sides of the galaxy," so to speak. Yet, it seems paradoxically that our later choice of whether to obtain this information determines which side of the galaxy the light passed, so to speak, billions of years ago. So it seems that time has nothing to do with effects of quantum mechanics. And, indeed, the original thought experiment was not based on any analysis of how particles evolve and behave over time – it was based on the mathematics. This is what the mathematics predicted for a result, and this is exactly the result obtained in the laboratory. http://www.bottomlayer.com/bottom/basic_delayed_choice.htm Genesis, Quantum Physics and Reality Excerpt: Simply put, an experiment on Earth can be made in such a way that it determines if one photon comes along either on the right or the left side or if it comes (as a wave) along both sides of the gravitational lens (of the galaxy) at the same time. However, how could the photons have known billions of years ago that someday there would be an earth with inhabitants on it, making just this experiment? ,,, This is big trouble for the multi-universe theory and for the "hidden-variables" approach. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2000/PSCF3-00Zoeller-Greer.html.ori
And to make quantum wave collapse much more personal:
"It was not possible to formulate the laws (of quantum theory) in a fully consistent way without reference to consciousness." Eugene Wigner (1902 -1995) from his collection of essays "Symmetries and Reflections – Scientific Essays"; Eugene Wigner laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963.
Here is the key experiment that led Wigner to his Nobel Prize winning work on quantum symmetries:
Eugene Wigner Excerpt: To express this basic experience in a more direct way: the world does not have a privileged center, there is no absolute rest, preferred direction, unique origin of calendar time, even left and right seem to be rather symmetric. The interference of electrons, photons, neutrons has indicated that the state of a particle can be described by a vector possessing a certain number of components. As the observer is replaced by another observer (working elsewhere, looking at a different direction, using another clock, perhaps being left-handed), the state of the very same particle is described by another vector, obtained from the previous vector by multiplying it with a matrix. This matrix transfers from one observer to another. http://www.reak.bme.hu/Wigner_Course/WignerBio/wb1.htm
Moreover, the universe is a 4D expanding hypersphere, analogous in 3D to the surface of an expanding balloon. All points on the surface are moving away from each other, and every point appears to be central to the expansion, if that’s where you live.
4-Dimensional Space-Time Of General Relativity - video http://www.metacafe.com/watch/3991873/
I find it extremely interesting, and strange, that quantum mechanics tells us that instantaneous quantum wave collapse to its 'uncertain' 3-D state is centered on each individual observer in the universe, whereas, 4-D space-time cosmology (General Relativity) tells us each 3-D point in the universe is central to the expansion of the universe. These findings of modern science are pretty much exactly what we would expect to see if this universe were indeed created, and sustained, from a higher dimension by a omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent, eternal Being who knows everything that is happening everywhere in the universe at the same time. These findings certainly seem to go to the very heart of the age old question asked of many parents by their children, “How can God hear everybody’s prayers at the same time?”,,, i.e. Why should the expansion of the universe, or the quantum wave collapse of the entire universe, even care that you or I, or anyone else, should exist? Only Theism offers a rational explanation as to why you or I, or anyone else, should have such undeserved significance in such a vast universe:
Psalm 33:13-15 The LORD looks from heaven; He sees all the sons of men. From the place of His dwelling He looks on all the inhabitants of the earth; He fashions their hearts individually; He considers all their works. Isaiah 45:18-19 For thus says the Lord, who created the heavens, who is God, who formed the earth and made it, who established it, who did not create it in vain, who formed it to be inhabited: “I am the Lord, and there is no other. I have not spoken in secret, in a dark place of the earth; I did not say to the seed of Jacob, ‘seek me in vain’; I, the Lord speak righteousness, I declare things that are right.” “When I was young, I said to God, 'God, tell me the mystery of the universe.' But God answered, 'That knowledge is for me alone.' So I said, 'God, tell me the mystery of the peanut.' Then God said, 'Well George, that's more nearly your size.' And he told me.” George Washington Carver Inventors - George Washington Carver Excerpt: "God gave them to me" he (Carver) would say about his ideas, "How can I sell them to someone else?"
bornagain77
October 17, 2011
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"Or I am not a materialist" Congratulations, Elizabeth, earnest!Eugene S
October 17, 2011
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"They are simply the results of natural laws." What is simplicity, Elizabeth? What is beauty?Eugene S
October 17, 2011
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Elizabeth, I disagree with you on this. While true science is indeed neutral to morality, neo-Darwinism serves a scientific justification for materialistic dogmas that pretend to be science. BTW, sin as a matter of fact is not neutral to our gene pool. If in one's ancestry there were ten successive generations of drunkards, genetically s/he will have a higher propensity to alcoholism. The same goes with other sins, such as fornication (promiscuity) &c. The correlation is pretty strong.Eugene S
October 17, 2011
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kf I entirely agree that such studies are pointless. As I said earlier. If supernatural forces are at work in our world, then they won't be found by empirical methods. Which is Lewontin's point. Empirical scientific methods are simply incapable of detecting such effects. This is not ideological, it is methodological. There is something very odd going on here! On the one hand, ID proponents insist that ID has nothing to do with God, it's Real Science. Then at least some of them protest that the scientific establishment is censoring out God! Then I show some studies that demonstrate scientifically no effect of prayer. So then people say, oh but science can't show up stuff like that! No, it can't. Absolutely right. And ID proponents who say that ID is just real science, nothing to do with God, are on the right track. The only problem is that if ID wants to be real science it has to test actual ID hypotheses. And I have yet to see an actual test of an ID hypothesis. I think you have to decide which game you want to play: change scientific methodology so that it can accommodate supernatural hypotheses, which it can't at present, or test ID hypotheses within the current scientific methodological framework. But if you want to change scientific methodology, then there needs to be a specific proposal. And if you don't, then you need to test some specific ID hypotheses! I don't see an alternative for you guys, other than these.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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What does "matter" even mean in the concept of "materialism" anymore? In light of current understanding of general relativism and quantum physics, and what we know about subatomic phenomena, the idea of "matter" seems to me to be as vague as the term "supernatural". Modern "materialism" doesn't prevent any supposed "supernatural" phenomena from existing, even as material entities, as a sort of "matter" that we don't even understand (given quantum action-at-a-distance and observer-dependant local reality). Ghosts, demons, gods, psi, mediums - none of this is beyond the scope of "matter" to embrace when the term "matter" apparently can embrace practically anything, even that which classically contradicted it. Again, it is apparent that the use of the terms "materialism" and "supernatural" are scapegoat justifications for a deep bias against theism, libertarian free will and in favor of atheistic determinism and have little to do with the actual scientific methodology employed in investigating various phenomena.William J Murray
October 17, 2011
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No, I did not "cherry-pick" ba77. I did the opposite - I looked at the meta-analysis, i.e. a study of studies. Which showed no statistically significant effect after one study conducted by a conman was removed. And there was nothing wrong with the 2006 study. It is not unusual for there to be a high non-response rate to recruitment efforts. As long as the random allocation is carried out after recruitment, there is no bias. And yes, the prayers were standardised. I guess standardised prayers don't work (and may do harm). I guess that rules out the Our Father then? Seems to me that someone is cherry-picking around here, and it doesn't seem to be me.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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S'pected so, but the question deserved a remark or two.kairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Dr Liddle: Pardon, but I have very little faith in studies like that, for a lot of reasons as already pointed out. I could highlight that prayer, if God is -- and Millions across the world and down the long run of time report meeting him and being transformed by the encounter ["I are one", BA77 is one, and I can give you any number of others], is a matter of request. Which is a matter in turn of personal relationship, not mechanical cause-effect. Mostly, my response to purported studies of the efficacy of prayer, is to say, the man who has a living experience is not at the mercy of the man with a clever argument or talking point. Let's just say that I can still see in my mind's eye the open taxi door at the clinic where things did not work, and hear the man in it saying, Asthma, I know just the doctor you need to go to. That was the very morning that, unbeknownst to me, my mom having seen my continued, obviously life threatening suffering as she nursed me through a bad night, had at dawn surrendered me back to God. In desperation, my mom went where the taxi-man suggested. That saved my life; my debilitating disease that was sapping my life turned around from that day under the treatment of that Guyanese Doctor practising in Jamaica, out of Canada. Thank God for him, and for his family who in later years were my opthalmologists. And, I can give any number of further transformational moments across my life since then. Suffice to say that the fact that I have a back to sit up with, and breath to type with, are answers to prayer. I have met God, in the face of Christ, and have been transformed thereby. So, pardon my disregard for allegedly scientific studies on the efficacy or otherwise of prayer. Even that is misdirected. the issue is, is God credibly real. if so, prayer is reasonable, and answers to prayer, even miraculous ones, are reasonable. Since this is a matter that is inescapably theological and seems to be at the crux of your own issues and concerns, I will make an exception to my usual focus on dealing with matters of science and related worldview issues, rather than theology or Bible study etc, at UD -- and KH et al FYI it is eminently possible to be concerned about both science and souls. Here are two -- make it three -- pivotal texts from the Bible on the subject of efficacious prayer:
1 John 5:14-15 Amplified Bible (AMP) 14And this is the confidence (the assurance, the privilege of boldness) which we have in Him [--> i.e. God]: [we are sure] that if we ask anything (make any request) according to His will (in agreement with His own plan), He listens to and hears us. 15And if (since) we [positively] know that He listens to us in whatever we ask, we also know [with settled and absolute knowledge] that we have [granted us as our present possessions] the requests made of Him. James 4:1-4 Amplified Bible (AMP) James 4 1WHAT LEADS to strife (discord and feuds) and how do conflicts (quarrels and fightings) originate among you? Do they not arise from your sensual desires that are ever warring in your bodily members? 2You are jealous and covet [what others have] and your desires go unfulfilled; [so] you become murderers. [To hate is to murder as far as your hearts are concerned.] You burn with envy and anger and are not able to obtain [the gratification, the contentment, and the happiness that you seek], so you fight and war. You do not have, because you do not ask. [I John 3:15.] 3[Or] you do ask [God for them] and yet fail to receive, because you ask with wrong purpose and evil, selfish motives. Your intention is [when you get what you desire] to spend it in sensual pleasures. 4You [are like] unfaithful wives [having illicit love affairs with the world and breaking your marriage vow to God]! Do you not know that being the world's friend is being God's enemy? So whoever chooses to be a friend of the world takes his stand as an enemy of God. Hebrews 11:1-6 Amplified Bible (AMP) Hebrews 11 1NOW FAITH is the assurance (the confirmation, [a]the title deed) of the things [we] hope for, being the proof of things [we] do not see and the conviction of their reality [faith perceiving as real fact what is not revealed to the senses]. 2For by [faith--[b]trust and holy fervor born of faith] the men of old had divine testimony borne to them and obtained a good report. 3By faith we understand that the worlds [during the successive ages] were framed (fashioned, put in order, and equipped for their intended purpose) by the word of God, so that what we see was not made out of things which are visible. 4[Prompted, actuated] by faith Abel brought God a better and more acceptable sacrifice than Cain, because of which it was testified of him that he was righteous [that he was upright and in right standing with God], and God bore witness by accepting and acknowledging his gifts. And though he died, yet [through the incident] he is still speaking. 5Because of faith Enoch was caught up and transferred to heaven, so that he did not have a glimpse of death; and he was not found, because God had translated him. For even before he was taken to heaven, he received testimony [still on record] that he had pleased and been satisfactory to God. 6But without faith it is impossible to please and be satisfactory to Him. For whoever would come near to God must [necessarily] believe that God exists and that He is the rewarder of those who earnestly and diligently seek Him [out].
These promises work out, abundantly. But, they require that we first align ourselves with God's known will [cost what it might], starting from confidence that he is and rewards those who earnestly seek him. For, prayer is request. GEM of TKIkairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Well Ms. Liddle, seems that you have not paid attention to my links once again and have falsely accused me of something I did not do, ONCE AGAIN. Oh well to correct your deception ONCE AGAIN:
Scientific Evidence for Answered Prayer and the Existence of God A widely publicized study from 2006 failed to show the efficacy of intercessory prayer. However, the design of the latest study was somewhat unusual.10 The researchers used three patient groups. Two groups were advised of the study, but were not told whether they were in the prayer group or placebo group. The third group knew that they were being prayed for. The study was performed at six hospitals. Out of 3295 eligible patients, 1493 (45%) refused to participate, which is very high, although they did not explain the reasons for non-participation. The intercessors were composed of three groups. Two were Roman Catholic and one was a Protestant group (Silent Unity, Lee’s Summit, MO). Unlike in previous studies, the intercessors were not allowed to pray their own prayers. The prayers were given to them by the study coordinators to "standardize" the prayers. The discussion section of the paper suggested that at least some of the intercessors were dissatisfied with the canned nature of the prayers. In attempting to standardize prayer, I believe the study introduced a serious flaw, since most intercessors tend to pray as they are led by the Spirit, instead of praying prepared scripts. Jesus told His followers not to pray repetitiously, since God would not hear those kinds of prayers.11 Ultimately, the results showed that groups 1 (prayer) and 2 (no prayer) were identical, whereas group 3 (those who knew they were being prayed for) did worse than the other two groups. The lack of efficacy of intercessory prayer in this study could be due to theological problems with the study design. http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/prayer.html#AowIolZKZqed
Whereas you totally ignored these studies:
1. "Positive Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer in a Coronary Care Unit Population" Methods Cardiac patients from the San Francisco General Medical Center were randomly divided (using a computer-generated list) into two groups. The names of the patients in the "test" group were given to a group of Christians, who prayed for them while they were in the hospital. The intercessory prayer team members were chosen on the following basis: Born again Christians on the basis of John 3:35 Led an active Christian life on the basis of daily devotional prayer fellowship in a local Christian church The "placebo" group received no prayer. Neither the "test" nor the "placebo" group of patients knew if they were receiving prayer. Likewise, the hospital staff, doctors, or nurses were "blinded" since they did not know which patient belonged to which group. Results Statistics were acquired from the prayer and placebo groups both before and after prayer, until the patients were discharged from the hospital. There were no statistical differences between the placebo and the prayer groups before prayer was initiated. The results demonstrated that patients who were prayed for suffered "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated." Statistics demonstrated the the prayer group had a statistically significantly lower severity score based upon the hospital course after entry (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis of all the parameters measured demonstrated that the outcomes of the two groups were even more statistically significant (p < 0.0001).
and this one:
2. "A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effects of Remote, Intercessory Prayer on Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the Coronary Care Unit" Methods Cardiac patients from the CCU at the Mid America Heart Institute (MAHI), Kansas City, Mo, were randomly chosen and assigned to control or prayer groups. In this study, patients were not told about the prayer study and doctors did not know which patients were assigned to which groups. According to the paper, "The intercessors represented a variety of Christian traditions, with 35% listing their affiliations as nondenominational, 27% as Episcopalian, and the remainder as other Protestant groups or Roman Catholic. Unlike the Byrd study, the intercessors of the MAHI study were given no details about the medical conditions of the patients, but were only given their first name. Results The main table of results, reproduced from the study appears as Table 3 below. Because of the small sample size of each individual component, only one of the individual components reached statistical significance. However, the overall effect was statistically significant, with a P value of 0.04, meaning that the result was likely to occur by chance in only 1 out of 25 times the experiment was repeated.
And this one:
3. Effects of remote, retroactive intercessory prayer on outcomes in patients with bloodstream infection: randomised controlled trial. This study involved 3393 patient subjects whose bloodstream infection was detected at the hospital from the years 1990�1996. Remote, retroactive intercessory prayer was said for the well being and full recovery of the intervention group. Results were measured through mortality in hospital, length of stay in hospital, and duration of fever. Mortality was reduced in the intervention group (28.1%) compared to the control group (30.2%) although the difference did not reach statistical significance. However, length of stay in the hospital and duration of fever were significantly shorter in the intervention group than in the control group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). According to the author of the study: "Remote, retroactive intercessory prayer said for a group is associated with a shorter stay in hospital and shorter duration of fever in patients with a bloodstream infection and should be considered for use in clinical practice."
Thus Ms. Lizzie, it seems you are the one cherry picking results and ignoring ones you don't like (ONCE AGAIN!)bornagain77
October 17, 2011
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Purpose as in purpose to the big picture- as in the purpose of our existence- THAT purpose materialism denies.Joseph
October 17, 2011
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You are asking the sort of questions materialism fails to answer. It reduces reality to matter. It does away with questions about purpose, for indeed is there any purpose in anything that happened by fluke?
Things that happen on purpose are caused by a purposive agent. We are purposive agents, therefore things happen on purpose. The opposite of "on purpose" is not "by fluke". It is not "by fluke" that a beautiful beach of sorted pebbles is continually built and renewed. It is not "by fluke" that snowflakes regularly form exquisite hexagonal crystals. Yet neither are created "on purpose" or "for a purpose". They are simply the results of natural laws. On the other hand, this post is created on purpose, with a purpose, by me, a purposive agent. The purpose of my post is to debunk the absurd notion that materialism denies the existence of purpose. My entire research area is devoted to the subject of purpose. So either materialism is not what you think it is, or I am not a materialist.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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And you- no one has- have not seen blind, undirected chemical processes do the things your position claimsJoseph
October 17, 2011
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Collin, You are asking the sort of questions materialism fails to answer. It reduces reality to matter. It does away with questions about purpose, for indeed is there any purpose in anything that happened by fluke? Elizabeth would hasten to disagree by saying, not by fluke but by necessity. However, it does not remove the issue because the next question we ask is then how come everything comes about by necessity? How does this necessity come into existence? By chance? Does it exist at all? Fluke or necessity, there still is no purpose. The question about purpose is not that easy to dismiss. All things I can see around me have a purpose, and, what's more, this purpose is extraneous. Why then is the entire world exempt from having to have a purpose that is extraneous to it? On what grounds? "To me, regularity itself is a miracle." Yes, indeed. Natural phenomena are but part of reality. I believe our ability to explain reality by way of intellectual reasoning is limited. Why should it be intellectually explainable in its entirety?Eugene S
October 17, 2011
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I see you are totally ignoring the high-powered study that found absolutely no positive effect of prayer on the outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and a negative effect (worse outcomes) in those who knew they were being prayed for. Of the studies you do cite, the only actual peer-reviewed paper is of a meta-analysis. This found "small but significant effect sizes" for petitionary prayer. Unfortunately when one "controversial" study was removed, this significant effect disappeared (on a random effects analysis - the authors claim, spuriously IMO, that the less conservative "fixed effects" analysis was valid, and did remain statistically significant). One of the authors of the "controversial" paper seems to have been subsequently jailed for fraud. So we have one good study, with large statistical power, that found no positive effects and one negative effect. We have one study with large effect conducted by a conman. And we have a series of other studies which, on meta-analysis, do not produce significant effect sizes. What was that about paying attention to the evidence ba77?Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Natural means existing in or produced by nature. Yes it is true that the laws exist in nature but there isn't any evidence that nature produced them. But that does not mean they are supernatural. Artificial is in contrast with natural too.Joseph
October 17, 2011
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To claim that science methodology cannot examine X would require a knowledge of what X is to make that determination. What is being claimed by Lewontin (and others) is that X cannot be known (by his definition of the term knowledge - what is "true" understanding) because science cannot examine it. So, what exactly is being claimed in this circular argument? Nothing, really. All it establishes is the institutionalized justification to dismiss, ignore and ridicule any claim that may discredit not just materialist views, but anti-theistic and anti-spiritual biases. Note the Let's take any claim of what is generally regarded as the supernatural - psi events, faith healing, mediumship, distant viewing, etc. - how are these supposedly supernatural phenomena immune to scientific investigation? If there is "no known material explanation" for an event that many regard as supernatural, that doesn't mean it cannot be examined via scientific methodology such as investigating the effects either abductively (as many investigators have) or via research that examines the effects of hypothesized paranormal activity, such as examinations of random number generators or setting up OOB tests for patients that are clinically dead in hospitals. I don't really understand this concept of "the supernatural" and how it is claimed that the scientific method cannot be used to investigate it. I mean, if you had a rigorously controlled series of experiments where ghosts were caught on film and other recording devices, answered questions the answers of which were verifiable, then because science would from that point (after conducting the research and recording) have no material explanation for the event, then such research is without merit or value to one's world-view and concept of what is true about our existence? I think this whole thing about "science cannot investigate the supernatural" is merely a handy, improper tautology-by-definition that has no value other than to justify the materialist war against theism. As far back as Newton and then later with Crooke, the "supernatural" has not only been investigated, but has been scientifically documented and researched. Newton's "action at a distance" was considered supernatural at the time. Crooke investigated and validated some spiritualist claims using scientific methods. That work continues to this day. Such investigations begin with "if X is a real phenomena (whether it meets ones particular materialistic bent or not), how would we go about documenting it? How can we scientifically verify it occurs? How can we scientifically establish the conditions and parameters that are conducive to the occurrence of the phenomena?" Substitute faith healing, psi, mediumship, demonic possession, ghosts, etc. for X, or even fairies and santa clause if you demand abusive associations, and yes, the scientific method can investigate such things, document them, and form an investigatory framework for further examination.William J Murray
October 17, 2011
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