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Now Materialists Are Trying to Turn Occam’s Razor On Its Head

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 Give me a break will ya.  In their feverish efforts to prop up the teetering materialist paradigm, to justify the unjustifiable, our materialist friends have now resorted to saying, essentially, black is white.  In a recent post a commenter turns Occam’s Razor on its head when he states:

 

It is a common misconception among ID supporters that scientists deliberately defy Occam’s Razor and pursue multiverse theories simply because they are uncomfortable with the idea of a designer.  This is false.

 

The commenter cites physicist Aurélien Barrau in support.  In this article Barrau states:

 

In any case, it is important to underline that the multiverse is not a hypothesis invented to answer a specific question.  It is simply a consequence of a theory usually built for another purpose. Interestingly, this consequence also solves many complexity and naturalness problems.  In most cases, it even seems that the existence of many worlds is closer to Ockham’s razor (the principle of simplicity) than the ad hoc assumptions that would have to be added to models to avoid the existence of other universes.

 

The sheer presumption, the overweening fatuity, of these statements (both the commenter’s and Barrau’s) beggars belief.  One must conclude that either they simply have no idea what Occam’s Razor means or they are deliberately trying to distort its meaning to support their conclusion.  I suspect the latter.

 

So, to set things straight, we will discuss first, what the Razor means, and secondly how it applies to the multiverse.

 

What Does Occam’s Razor Say?

 

William of Ockham (or, commonly, “Occam”) was a Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher from the village of Ockham in Surrey, England who lived from the late 1200’s to the mid-1300’s.  Today, he is best remembered for Occam’s Razor.  Ockham’s formulation of the Razor, like all learned texts of the time, was expressed in Latin.  He stated:  entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.”  This is usually translated: “entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity.” 

 

What Does Occam’s Razor Mean?

 

Occam’s Razor is anothe way of statig the “principle of parsimony.”  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia states that Occam’s Razor is:

 

A rule in science and philosophy stating that entities should not be multiplied needlessly.  This rule is interpreted to mean that the simplest of two or more competing theories is preferable and that an explanation for unknown phenomena should first be attempted in terms of what is already known.  Also called law of parsimony.

 

Karl Popper argued that a preference for a simpler theory over a complex theory, other things being equal, is justified by his falsifiability criterion, because a simpler theory applies to more empirical cases and therefore is more “testable” and may be falsified more easily. 

 

If Multiverse Theory Violates the Razor, Does that Mean it is False?

 

We concede at the outset that should we conclude multiverse theory violates the Razor that would not, in itself, be the death knell for the theory.  Occam’s Razor is not a scientific theory itself.  It is a heuristic maxim.  Thus, a theory could violate the Razor and still be true.

 

Nevertheless, the Razor has stood the test of time, and remains useful.  A theory that violates the Razor has less standing than a theory that does not.  That is the very reason our commenter and Barrau have tried so hard to fit multiverse theory within the confines of the Razor, which, as we shall see, is like trying to fit Andre the Giant’s foot into a ballerina’s slipper.  No matter how you stretch it, it ain’t gonna fit.

 

Does Multiverse Theory Violate the Razor?

 

Of course it does.  Let’s go back to the original formulation of the Razor:  “entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity.” 

 

The multiverse theory posits that there are an infinite number of universes, and we just happen to live in one where the conditions for the existance of life are just right.  In other words, if there are an infinite number of universes, every condition that is not logically impossible will somewhere be instantiated. 

 

Thus, multiverse theory clearly violates the Razor. because it does not keep entities to an absolute minimum.  Indeed, by definition, the multiverse theory multiplies entities to an infinite degree!  This is why our commenter’s and Barrau’s statements are so staggering.  Far from meeting the conditions of the Razor, multiverse theory is the exact opposite of a theory that would meet the conditions of the Razor.  In other words, if multiverse theory, which posits the existence of infinite entities, does not violate the Razor, no theory does.

 

Comments
Sal Gal: Thank you for your answer. I agree with you on most. I believe that the fine tuning argument is strong, but not so strong as the ID argument about biological information. The reasons? What you say: "Models have parameters, and the modelers have fine-tuned them. It such an awful philosophical error to treat abstractions of a model as though they are physically real." has some validity. The fine tuning argument is, IMO, a valid scientific argument with some philosophical facets. It has to make some assumptions which go beyond the empirical interpretation of data. That does not make it less valuable, but if one does not share those assumptions it is difficult to force the assumptions using only scientific arguments. But the fine tuning argument remains IMO completely valid as a philosophical argument with solid scientific basis, indeed one of the strongest formulations of the cosmological argument for God's existence. None of those reservations, instead, can be applied to the ID argument about biological information, which is completely empirical in all its parts. The sad fact is that the logical abuse of the multiverse argument, on which you seem to agree, has been recently used to support not only a generic refutation of the fine tuning argument, which I still could find tolerable, but even a "refutation" of the ID arguments about biological information, which is silly and ridiculous at best. In other words, something of the kind: "It is true, we cannot explain biological information, but in the multiverse hypothesis there could well be one universe where some millions or billion of very structured proteins arise by chance, and if we take into account the anthropic principle..." and so on! As you correctly say, there is no physical multiverse model where "anything is possible". Even in Everett's model, which you cite, "every possible outcome of an event" happens, which is quite different from "anything". PS: I apologize for my "partial post": just a typing mistake.gpuccio
November 29, 2008
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gpuccio, I agree that there are some ridiculous invocations of the mere possibility that there are multiple universes. For one thing, theories giving rise to multiverses do not necessarily say that "anything goes" in some universe or another. In Everett's many-worlds interpretation of QM, for instance, every possible outcome of an event in fact happens in some universe ("world"). If I understand correctly -- I have only a superficial knowledge of QM -- the "laws" of nature are identical in the parallel universes. I am big on distinguishing models from what is modeled, and unlike a great many scientists, I do not believe it is at all possible to make a valid statement as to whether "the parameters of the universe are fine-tuned." Models have parameters, and the modelers have fine-tuned them. It such an awful philosophical error to treat abstractions of a model as though they are physically real. And yet I see extremely bright scientists do it all the time.Sal Gal
November 29, 2008
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Barry Arrington wrote:
Some of the commenters continue to suggest that a theory that posits INFINITY in support of itself is parsimonious.
The theories in question do not posit the multiverse; they entail it after positing much less.
I will not even attempt to counter their arguments.
A cynic might suspect that it's because you can't.
ID does not attibute any characteristics to the designer except the ability to design.
And the ability to implement the design.
It certainly does not posit God.
Besides God(s), who are the designers you have in mind who are capable of designing and implementing universes?
Now, if I were talking about God, I would demonstrate that God is not complex. Indeed, He is utterly simple. Omniscient, Omnipresent, and Omnipotent, but, in essence, simple.
That's an interesting double standard. In your world God gets credit for being utterly simple, despite the complexity of his creation, but materialist theories get labeled as complex, regardless of the sparseness of their assumptions, if they entail the multiverse.ribczynski
November 29, 2008
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Clearly there are some physical theories and models in need of "renewal" because they include infinity in some way or another. I already mentioned Big Bang cosmology. To tell you the truth, I think we have to do away with all treatment of the origin of the universe in cosmology, because there's intrinsically the pesky issue of something versus nothing. Any least something is infinitely more than nothing, you know. We're going to have to nix black holes, as well as the theory that the fate of the universe is a Big Crunch (i.e., collapse into a singularity of infinite density). And we're going to have to insist that time does not go on infinitely. Oh, gee, but then we have a problem analogous to that we had with the origin -- something in the last instant of time is infinitely more than nothing. So what we need is a cosmological model in which the universe does not exist for infinite time, but has no beginning and no end. Hmm. I think I'll wait until I get to Heaven to work on that. Given infinite time, I can solve any problem. Right?Sal Gal
November 28, 2008
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Just a question. Does the multiverse theory(s) necessitate infinite universes, or does it (they) just posit more than one?
There is a large, but finite, number of universes in some theories. Even in Big Bang cosmology, everything we perceive emerges from a singularity. That is, in the first instant, matter was infinitely dense, occupying a space of zero volume.Sal Gal
November 28, 2008
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Sal Gal: "The notion that the multiverses of contemporary physics are attempts to prop up materialism is, as an historical fact, flat-out wrong." I agree with you. But it is equally true that the recent, unjustified, sometimes ridiculous attempt to use a generic multiverse hypothesis to explain away the ever growing evidence of fine tuning in the physical universe is a definite historical manipulation of science, and does not serve any real necessity of physics. Indeed, it is only materialist propaganda. It should be clear that no serious (that is, arising from considerations in physics, and not from the necessity of propaganda) multiverse theory can justify an approach of the kind "anything can happen or be real, provided we multiply appropriately our imagination of the number and level of numerosity of existing universes". That "Library of Babel" kind of assumption is simply not scientific and an insult to reasonable thought. It vilifies any attempt to an understanding of reality. Just think, in that super-infinite multiverse, there must certainly exist one universe where the physical laws contradict themselves at a definite moment. Maybe it's ours. Maybe it happens tomorrow. Maybe it's the single universe where it happens and nobody realizes it, for a sort of global hypnotism. And so on...gpuccio
November 28, 2008
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Patrick says,
The problem is that prior philosophical commitments are guiding the formulation of specific models.
Empirical science is primarily inductive learning, and there is no such thing as inductive learning without bias. (No one should argue this point without first reading about inductive bias.) Inductive bias is essentially "prior philosophical commitment." Occam's Razor is a philosophical commitment of science (an aspect of inductive bias). Empiricism is another commitment of science. And, yes, methodological naturalism (materialism) is a philosophical commitment of science. The idea of many IDists that science is a matter of just listening to what the data say is incredibly naive. There is no such thing as passive interpretation of observations (or even passive observation, quantum mechanics tells us). I would mention, also, that ID could have taken a great many trajectories other than those it has, and it is abundantly clear that making ID jibe with a Christian worldview has been a dominant concern of the leading proponents like Johnson, Behe, and Dembski.
The multiverse concept has taken on a completely new connotation in order to protect a worldview.
That's a very strange claim. I will interpret charitably. You may be able to produce something stronger, but what I typically see is statements along these lines: "It is possible that there are, or have been, many universes other than the one we live in. Therefore your argument from improbability is not sound." This is not a claim that the multiverse is a fact. It is a claim that it is a live possibility that spoils certain design arguments. And I repeat an incontestable point: Historically, defense of materialism had absolutely nothing to do with the appearance of multiverses in physics.
In fact, I would say it’s the rational atheist’s last stand since there is nothing left to resort to.
I suspect that neither you nor the "rational" atheist is any more capable of imagining how relativity and QM will be reconciled than Michelson and Morley were of imagining relativity when they failed to detect a luminiferous aether. The way people use scientific results to feather their nests is no argument against the science itself. People here are complaining constantly about "materialistic science." Scientists are quite conscious of embracing methodological naturalism (equating naturalism with materialism). What biases are IDists conscious of embracing? The claim that IDists simply look at the data is utterly bogus. The fact is that no one was worked out a detailed proposal for a non-materialistic science.Sal Gal
November 28, 2008
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--------"As compared to the parsimonious and falsifiable theory that holds that an infinite Designer created the universe, and that it has the characteristics it does because the Designer wanted them that way?" So, let me get this straight: [I] {a] An undefined, multiverse generator {b} cranks out infinite multiple universes of varying texture and variety, {c} numerical infinity unexplainably becomes instantiated in concrete reality, {d} allowing for one meaningless universe to emerge. [II] One creator designs a purposeful universe. And you say that [I] is more parsimonious than [II]?StephenB
November 28, 2008
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It certainly does not posit God. Barry, exactly! ribczynski, ID does not even attempt to describe the designer. It involves itself only with tangible, measurable, and observable objects whether it be etchings on a stone or DNA. It does not attempt to apply itself to the unmeasurable.tribune7
November 28, 2008
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rib writes: "As compared to the parsimonious and falsifiable theory that holds that an infinite Designer created the universe, and that it has the characteristics it does because the Designer wanted them that way?" Straw man, rib. As tribune 7 writes, ID does not attibute any characteristics to the designer except the ability to design. It certainly does not posit God. Keep your categories straight. Now, if I were talking about God, I would demonstrate that God is not complex. Indeed, He is utterly simple. Omniscient, Omnipresent, and Omnipotent, but, in essence, simple.Barry Arrington
November 28, 2008
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ribczynski--As compared to the parsimonious and falsifiable theory that holds that an infinite Designer created the universe, and that it has the characteristics it does because the Designer wanted them that way? Actually, that's not what ID says. ID says the universe can only have the characteristics it has if it were designed. No motive is attributed to the designer. Why would you think the multiverse is a better explanation than design?tribune7
November 28, 2008
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Just a question. Does the multiverse theory(s) necessitate infinite universes, or does it (they) just posit more than one?Winston Macchi
November 28, 2008
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Barry Arrington wrote:
Astonishing, absolutely astonishing, the mental gyrations and contortions materialists will resort to to prop up their pet theories. Some of the commenters continue to suggest that a theory that posits INFINITY in support of itself is parsimonious.
As compared to the parsimonious and falsifiable theory that holds that an infinite Designer created the universe, and that it has the characteristics it does because the Designer wanted them that way? Parsimony cuts both ways, Barry, and so does falsifiability. More on this later.ribczynski
November 28, 2008
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Astonishing, absolutely astonishing, the mental gyrations and contortions materialists will resort to to prop up their pet theories. Some of the commenters continue to suggest that a theory that posits INFINITY in support of itself is parsimonious. I will not even attempt to counter their arguments. By denying the self-evident they have demonstrated beyond the slightest doubt that they are beyond rational discourse.Barry Arrington
November 28, 2008
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Sal Gal, Over the last 10 years or so I've been reading books written by string theorists. I've gotten into the habit of earmarking pages where the author's personal worldview is the deciding factor in guiding the science and not the data. I've made a lot of earmarks. For example, the hierarchy problem is only considered a "problem" because of philosophical commitments from what I've seen. Without new physics the only way aound the problem of the large mass of the Higgs particle is to assume that its classical mass takes precisely the value that would cancel the large quantum contribution to its mass. The parameters in the theory that that determines the masses would have to be such that all contributions add up to a number with more than thirteen digits of precision. In other words, the mass must be a fine-tuned parameter and this is rejected as unacceptable and derisively called a fudge. The funny part is that while some mathematical models may potentially "solve this problem" they then produce another instance of fine-tuning. (BTW, it's possible these physicists may be completely right that in reality the "fudge" is not real, but I point out this example since it shows how the philosophical commitments distorts the science.) I'd agree with you that the general concept of the multiverse and also string theory can be derived from physics. The problem is that prior philosophical commitments are guiding the formulation of specific models. The multiverse concept has taken on a completely new connotation in order to protect a worldview. In fact, I would say it's the rational atheist's last stand since there is nothing left to resort to. Also, I would presume that most theists would not oppose the general concept of the multiverse. After all, God is supposed to reside in heaven, so many religions insist that there exists a type of multiverse. In fact, I have a Christian friend who believes that God has created universes without end. But it's specific models tailored to reject any possibility of design that theists oppose.Patrick
November 28, 2008
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Another logical error is to go from the term multiverse theory to the belief that there is a scientific theory of the multiverse. There is no such theory. The term simply reflects the fact that multiverses arise in various physical theories. The term multiverse was coined by William James in 1895. Multiverses of several sorts pop up in several theories that were not conceived with any consideration whatsoever of whether there might be universes other than the one we perceive. An interpretation of quantum mechanics (syntactically simple, ontologically complex) entailed a multivers long before the issue of cosmological fine-tuning came to the fore. String theory (syntactically fairly simple, ontologically very complex) originated as an attempt to reconcile relativity and quantum mechanics. The notion that the multiverses of contemporary physics are attempts to prop up materialism is, as an historical fact, flat-out wrong. By the way, it strikes me as very strange that IDists do not make a different sort of hay of so-called multiverse theory. Clearly physicists are exhibiting their willingness to accept that empirical science may lead to inference of the existence of physical entities that cannot be observed empirically. This is closely akin to design inference.Sal Gal
November 28, 2008
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Barry Arrington, Your rhetoric hinges on equivocal use of the term entities.
Let’s go back to the original formulation of the Razor: “entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity.”
Why would we do that, when your Britannica quote gives a fairly good idea of what the phrase Occam's razor means in the 21st Century?
This rule is interpreted to mean that the simplest of two or more competing theories is preferable and that an explanation for unknown phenomena should first be attempted in terms of what is already known.
In other words, the concern is with the simplicity of the theory itself, not with the simplicity of what it implies. For instance, the equations of relativity and quantum mechanics are simple (parsimonious), no matter that they entail views of physical reality that are much more complicated than the Newtonian view. The article on simplicity in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy begins:
Most philosophers believe that, other things being equal, simpler theories are better. But what exactly does theoretical simplicity amount to? Syntactic simplicity, or elegance, measures the number and conciseness of the theories basic principles. Ontological simplicity, or parsimony, measures the number of kinds of entities postulated by the theory. One issue concerns how these two forms of simplicity relate to one another. There is also an issue concerning the justification of principles, such as Occam's Razor, which favor simple theories. The history of philosophy has seen many approaches to defending Occam's Razor, from the theological justifications of the Early Modern period, to contemporary justifications employing results from probability theory and statistics.
Occam's razor addresses syntactic simplicity. You point out that multiverse theory is not ontologically simple--that it multiplies ontological entities--and then claim that it violates Occam's razor--i.e., that it multiplies syntactic entities. And this is where you engage in the logical fallacy of equivocation.Sal Gal
November 28, 2008
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Thus, multiverse theory clearly violates the Razor. because it does not keep entities to an absolute minimum.
But wait! Every single one of those universes is necessary to avoid buckling to the necessity of a designer, so Occam's isn't violated after all! :)SCheesman
November 28, 2008
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-----"You seem to be ignoring the “beyond necessity” part of Occam’s Razor. Of course multiverse theory involves positing more entities." Occam's razor was conceived with the hope the the one who does the cutting is both rational and sane.StephenB
November 28, 2008
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When appealing to Occam’s razor, materialists always ignore the primary qualification to the rule, which is, “don’t multiply UNECESSARILY.” Really what they do is to multiply selectively, depending on which politically correct objective they have in mind. On the one hand, they translate the rule to mean “don’t multiply AT ALL.” On the other hand, they translate it to mean, “go ahead and multiply LIKE MAD. So, if God represents omniscience, they use Occam’s razor to REDUCE mind to matter, but if God represents design, they use Occam’s razor to EXPAND a designed rational universe into an un-designed multi-verse. Welcome to the wacky world of materialism.StephenB
November 28, 2008
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The multiverse theory posits that there are an infinite number of universes, and we just happen to live in one where the conditions for the existance of life are just right. In other words, if there are an infinite number of universes, every condition that is not logically impossible will somewhere be instantiated.
This is a non-sequitur. The sentence beginning "In other words..." has nothing to do with multiverse theory, and it isn't a consequence of the previous sentence. Physicists who believe in some sort of multiverse are usually committed to the existence of an infinity of domains instantiating different laws of nature, but this is in no way entails that every logically possible event occurs in some universe or the other. I think you'd be hard pressed to find a serious scientist who defends the latter claim. All serious multiverse theories involve extra-logical constraints on the laws of the universes involved. Events that violate these constraints won't occur anywhere in the multiverse, even though they are logically possible.Sotto Voce
November 28, 2008
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Understand that I am equally skeptical of multiverse theories, which obviously are a desperate attempt to prop up materialism. But I thought it would be interesting to compare the number of ad hoc assumptions from a strictly logical point of view. Multiverse: 1. Such an entity exists 2. It has infinite complexity (numbers of subentities) 3. It was created for a purpose (rejected for ideological reasons) or 4. It always existed and had no cause Creation by a Diety beyond the universe: 1. A Deity exists 2. The Deity may have but does not have to have infinite complexity, since the universe has finite complexity 3. The Deity had a purpose 4. The Deity is the foundation of existence and has no cause or 5. There is an infinite regress of Creators with ultimately no cause It seems to me it is basically a draw, looking at it from the principle of parsimony.magnan
November 28, 2008
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Barry: You seem to be ignoring the "beyond necessity" part of Occam's Razor. Of course multiverse theory involves positing more entities. I'm sure Barrau hasn't failed to notice this fact. His argument is that the multiverse idea is a by-product of theories that might be the best account of the structure of our universe. If the multiverse were merely an ad hoc solution to the fine-tuning problem, one might think that they violate Occam's razor. Maybe positing some kind of intelligent designer would solve the same problem without the multiplication of entities. But Barrau's point is that the multiverse isn't an ad hoc postulation of this sort. It is (according to him) strongly suggested by string theory, independent of fine-tuning issues. If one could come up with a simpler theory accounting for the phenomena in this universe than string theory, then yes, the multiverse would fail Occam's razor. But in the absence of such an alternate theory, claiming that the multiverse violates the razor because of its profusion of universes is simply to misunderstand the razor. It's like saying the Standard Model violates Occam's razor because it posits 18 different particles. Surely it would be simpler if there were only 13 particles. Yes, it would, but until you've given me an alternate theory with only 13 particles, all 18 are necessary entities. Occam's razor isn't violated.Sotto Voce
November 28, 2008
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This is another case of scientists trying to apply science beyond what it is capable. Science can not know what happened before time, or observe anything that is outside of the universe (which is a contradiction). Another case is the ridiculous claim that evolution created all life. How is that ever testable? Suppose there was only one occasion when life began spontaneously. Such an occurrence would disprove evolution. However it is very unlikely to be found. It is impossible therefore to verify how every life form was created in all of history. What is needed is people knowledgeable of science reigning in these extreme claims. The ID community is doing an excellent job of just that. Keep up the excellent work.Peter
November 28, 2008
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There can not possibly be a greater violation of Occam's Razar that the multiverse theory. You cannot multiply beyond necessity any other entity greater than the universe itself. The multiverse theory is also the complete destroyer of science. If all possible configurations of events, matter, energy and laws are instatiated, then nothing, however improbable, can be falsified. Anything and everything exists somewhere. Any physicists (or any other scientists) that accept the multiverse ought to just lock their office doors and go home. They would have to agree that their existence has been multiplied beyond necessity.StuartHarris
November 28, 2008
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