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Michael Egnor Responds to Michael Lemonick at Time Online

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In a piece at Time Online, More Spin from the Anti-Evolutionists, senior writer Michael Lemonick attacks ID, the Discovery Institute, the signatories of the Dissent From Darwin list, and Michael Egnor in particular.

Dr. Michael Egnor (a professor of neurosurgery and pediatrics at State University of New York, Stony Brook, and an award-winning brain surgeon named one of New York’s best doctors by New York Magazine) is quoted: “Darwinism is a trivial idea that has been elevated to the status of the scientific theory that governs modern biology.” You can imagine the ire this comment would provoke from a Time science journalist.

The comments section is very illuminating as Dr. Egnor replies to and challenges Lemonick.

Egnor comments:

Can random heritable variation and natural selection generate a code, a language, with letters (nucleotide bases), words (codons), punctuation (stop codons), and syntax? There is even new evidence that DNA can encode parallel information, readable in different reading frames.

I ask this question as a scientific question, not a theological or philosophical question. The only codes or languages we observe in the natural world, aside from biology, are codes generated by minds. In 150 years, Darwinists have failed to provide even rudimentary evidence that significant new information, such as a code or language, can emerge without intelligent agency.

I am asking a simple question: show me the evidence (journal, date, page) that new information, measured in bits or any appropriate units, can emerge from random variation and natural selection, without intelligent agency.

Egnor repeats this request for evidence several times in his comments. Incredibly, Lemonick not only never provides an answer, he retorts: “[One possibility is that] your question isn’t a legitimate one in the first place, and thus doesn’t even interest actual scientists.”

Lemonick goes on to comment: “Invoking a mysterious ‘intelligent designer’ is tantamount to saying ‘it’s magic.'”

Egnor replies:

Your assertion that ID is “magic,” however, is ironic. You are asserting that life, in its astonishing complexity, arose spontaneously from the mud, by chance. Even the UFO nuts would balk at that.

It gets worse. Your assertion that the question, “How much biological information can natural selection actually generate?” might not be of interest to Darwinists staggers me. The question is the heart of Darwinism’s central claim: the claim that, to paraphrase Richard Dawkins, “biology is the study of complex things that appear to be designed, but aren’t.” It’s the hinge on which the argument about Darwinism turns. And you tell me that the reason that Darwinists have no answer is that they don’t care about the question (!).

More comments from Egnor:

There are two reasons that people you trust might not find arguments like mine very persuasive:

They’re right about the science, and they understand that I’m wrong.
or
They’re wrong about the science, and they’re evading questions that would reveal that they’re wrong.

My “argument” is just a question: How much new information can Darwinian mechanisms generate? It’s a quantitative question, and it needs more than an <i>ad hominem</a> answer. If I ask a physicist, “How much energy can fission of uranium generate?” he can tell me the answer, without much difficulty, in ergs/ mass of uranium/unit time. He can provide references in scientific journals (journal, issue, page) detailing the experiments that generated the number. Valid scientific theories are transparent, in this sense.

So if “people you trust” are right about the science, they should have no difficulty answering my question, with checkable references and reproducible experiments, which would get to the heart of Darwinists’ claims: that the appearance of design in living things is illusory.

[…]

One of the things that has flipped me to the ID side, besides the science, is the incivility of the Darwinists. Their collective behavior is a scandal to science. Look at what happened to Richard Sternberg at the Smithsonian, or at the sneering denunciations of ID folks who ask fairly obvious questions that Darwinists can’t answer.

The most distressing thing about Darwinists’ behavior has been their almost unanimous support for censorship of criticism of Darwinism in public schools. It’s sobering to reflect on this: this very discussion we’re having now, were it to be presented to school children in a Dover, Pennsylvania public school, would violate a federal court order and thus be a federal crime.

There’s lots more interesting stuff in the comments section referenced above. I encourage you to check it out. I was pleasantly surprised at the number of commentaters who stood up for ID and challenged Darwinian theory along with Dr. Egnor.

[HT: Evolution News & Views]

Comments
great_ape "While it may be a fascinating question, it is one that no one can legitimately be expected to answer in any way other than what Myers did; that is, by examples of evolutionary feats accomplished." It is a fascinating question, and anybody who wants to be honest could answer more or less as you did: I recognize it is a fascinating question, and I recognize that we have no answer. Besides, it is perfectly right that one can have doubts on the concept of CSI, but then one should be honestly available to a respectful discussion about that, more or less as you have done in this thread. Look, instead, at PZ Myers' position and actions. He has: 1) "Answered" the question giving "examples of evolutionary feats accomplished". That is completely incorrect and unfair. The examples he gives are only examples of the indiscriminate use of force and authority to affirm what is not true, and the kind of argument is always the same: the new genes are there, so "evidently" our theory, which is necessarily true, has created them. And it must be true, because my friends have repeated the same concept on this journal of ours, and that journal of ours, and so on. That is not an answer, it is the sad parody of an answer. 2) Continued, together with his friends, to denigrate, insult, criticize Egnor in any possible way, never acknowledging that his question could have any value, and never trying to explain why, in his opinion, the question could not be answered (as, for instance, you have tried to do in your post. So, please, don't try do defend PZ. After all, you are here, you are discussing with us in a perfectly civil, and I would add satisfying, way. And I think that we can recognize that all that has been said in this thread is interesting, and stimulating. PZ, instead, is there in his blog, where he is continuosly trying to affirm, always in unrespectful and offensive tones, that all of us who are discussing these questions here (including Egnor, me, and perhaps even you) are a band of stupid criminals, of ignorant fanatics whose only purpose is to destabilize science and create a theocracy, and whose only weapons are deceit and a bundle of false arguments without any value. So, please, don't defend PZ and his accolites. Even if darwinism were true (and believe me, it is not) their behaviour is completely inexcusable, intolerant, fanatic. kairosfocus: I have very much enjoyed your generous posts. I am very happy that you have decided to "unlurk", and I hope you will go on this way. Finally, in case Dr. Egnor is reading this thread, I would like again to express my sincere admiration and solidarity to him, not only for his lucidity of thought, but also for his moral integrity: posting at pharyngula with intelligence and respect, in a thread which is attacking you in such an unilateral, unfair and offensive way, is really a great act of courage and coherence.gpuccio
February 25, 2007
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"There is obviously a threshold of the information-generating power of RM + NS . . . . So what’s the threshold, quantitatively?" ==Egnor While it may be a fascinating question, it is one that no one can legitimately be expected to answer in any way other than what Myers did; that is, by examples of evolutionary feats accomplished. Why? Because no one has proposed a workable method for quantifying such information in a real living system of replicating organisms. We're barely even able to define it (see above), and the definition of that biological information (in its formalized state) itself is not accepted outside the ID community. (So the challenge Egnor poses, paraphrased, is this: "Using a definition of biological information that is not widely accepted nor understood, and employing a methodology that has yet to be worked out, operating on a system for which many relevant parameters are unknown, please estimate how much evolution can increase this enigmatic quantity of specified information---and, by the way, I'd like that in the form of a number, or I won't take it seriously. Thanks."great_ape
February 25, 2007
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short on time as well, but over-extension of the concept “specification” would lead one to conclude the state/phenomenon in question are highly unlikely (b/c specified states are rare) and thus you would be more likely to infer design. Therefore the risk of false-positive is very real IMO.
Before even calculating CSI we first have to go through the explanatory filter, which would eliminate most cases. So unless you're positing unknown mechanisms or special cases that produce false Specifications (like a snowflake; except that we know what produces those) I'm not sure how there would be an "over-extension"? Although I should note that I'm open to the possibility that there may be special cases "when a certain threshold of complexity is reached via design it may be possible for additional “emergent complexity” to be generated depending on how the system was designed (plasticity in the language and the formulation of base classes of information)." So if these special cases (and unknown mechanisms) are real then ID would be adjusted to account for them. Unless, of course, if these mechanisms in turn confounded design detection at every turn...but that seems doubtful at this point.Patrick
February 25, 2007
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kairosfocus pointed to an article in Evolution News & Views which Mike Egnor poses questions to the Darwinists http://www.evolutionnews.org/2007/02/egnors_unanswered_questions.html#more Here is the last couple paragraphs of his answer "I did a PubMed search just now. I searched for ‘measurement’, and ‘information’ and ‘random’ and ‘e coli’. There were only three articles, none of which have any bearing on my question. The first article, by Bettelheim et al, was entitled ‘The diversity of Escherichia coli serotypes and biotypes in cattle faeces’. I searched for an actual measurement of the amount of new information that a Darwinian process can generate, and I got an article on ‘cattle faeces’. I love little ironies. Mike Egnor"jerry
February 25, 2007
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Oh yes: Back on the original topic, HT Evo News & Views, citing Egnor over at Pharyngula:
I am not an evolutionary biologist, and my research (on cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and cerebral blood flow) is certainly not closely related to evolutionary biology. There isn't any area of medicine that makes much routine use of evolutionary biology, except perhaps microbiology, and most of microbiology is molecular and cellular biology. Doctors don't deal much with evolutionary biology, since eugenics went out of fashion. So I'm not an expert. My questions shouldn't present much of a challenge to you. How much new specified information can random variation and natural selection generate? Please note that my question starts with 'how much'- it's quantitative, and it's quantitative about information, not literature citations. I didn't ask 'how many papers can I generate when I go to PubMed and type 'gene duplication evolution'. I asked for a measurement of new specified information, empirically determined, the reference(s)in which this measurement was reported, and a thoughtful analysis as to whether this 'rate of acquisition' of new specified information by random heritable variation and natural selection can account for the net information measured in individuals of the species in which the measurement was made. Mike Lemonick was wrong that this isn’t an important question in evolutionary biology. This is the central question . . . . . Duplication of information isn’t the generation of new information. No one doubts that living things can copy parts of themselves. You have presented no evidence that the process of (slightly imperfect) copying is the source of all that can be copied and the source of what actually does the copying . . . . There is obviously a threshold of the information-generating power of RM + NS . . . . So what’s the threshold, quantitatively?
Methinks, an excellent question . . . GEM of TKIkairosfocus
February 24, 2007
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Finally: Oops, sorry Dr Dembski on your name just now . . . I also think that we need to look at the clouding context set by worldviews considerations and the links to cultural agendas. As has often been observed, much of the venom against ID is driven by a perception that it is a Trojan Horse for “theocracy” rather than a legitimate scientific movement – a charge often (though not always) made by what we could term “Atheo-crats” and their fellow travellers. But in fact, we should recognise that Plato in his C5 or so BC work, The Laws, Book 10, discussed the troika of causal forces thusly:
Ath. . . . we have . . . lighted on a strange doctrine. Cle. What doctrine do you mean? Ath. The wisest of all doctrines, in the opinion of many. Cle. I wish that you would speak plainer. Ath. The doctrine that all things do become, have become, and will become, some by nature, some by art, and some by chance. Cle. Is not that true? Ath. Well, philosophers are probably right; at any rate we may as well follow in their track, and examine what is the meaning of them and their disciples. Cle. By all means. Ath. They say that the greatest and fairest things are the work of nature and of chance, the lesser of art, which, receiving from nature the greater and primeval creations, moulds and fashions all those lesser works which are generally termed artificial . . . . . fire and water, and earth and air, all exist by nature and chance . . . The elements are severally moved by chance and some inherent force according to certain affinities among them . . . After this fashion and in this manner the whole heaven has been created, and all that is in the heaven, as well as animals and all plants, and all the seasons come from these elements, not by the action of mind, as they say, or of any God, or from art, but as I was saying, by nature and chance only . . . . Nearly all of them, my friends, seem to be ignorant of the nature and power of the soul [i.e. mind], especially in what relates to her origin: they do not know that she is among the first of things, and before all bodies, and is the chief author of their changes and transpositions. And if this is true, and if the soul is older than the body, must not the things which are of the soul's kindred be of necessity prior to those which appertain to the body? . . . . if the soul turn out to be the primeval element, and not fire or air, then in the truest sense and beyond other things the soul may be said to exist by nature; and this would be true if you proved that the soul is older than the body, but not otherwise.
It is worth noting that Plato was here trying to ground that common core framework of morality that undergirds the legitimacy of law through establishing justice, and that in the context of his polytheistic worldview. In short the problem of the worldview linkages of believing in/disbelieving in agency as a context for origins, has been a longstanding issue. [Atheistic and/or materialistic systems, from C5 BC on, have been seen as seriously challenged to ground morality. Indeed, to this day, much of the heat in the discussions over ID stems from this. On that I simply point to Rom 1 and 2, especially 2:5 – 11, in parallel with John 3:19 – 21. In short once motive mongering is introduced, there is more than one side to the story. So, let us not go there . . .] Cicero presciently picked the scientific issues up in C 1 BC, in a remark also tied to worldview level discussions, through identifying the difficulties of by chance getting to a sufficiently long and meaningful string of digital characters. [Notice, his intuitive, common-sense based use of a filter resting on contingency, sufficient complexity and specific function in a communicative context that independently specifies the string – not just any random string will do]:
Is it possible for any man to behold these things, and yet imagine that certain solid and individual bodies move by their natural force and gravitation, and that a world so beautifully adorned was made by their fortuitous concourse? He who believes this may as well believe that if a great quantity of the one-and-twenty letters, composed either of gold or any other matter, were thrown upon the ground, they would fall into such order as legibly to form the Annals of Ennius. I doubt whether fortune could make a single verse of them. How, therefore, can these people assert that the world was made by the fortuitous concourse of atoms, which have no color, no quality—which the Greeks call [poiotes], no sense? [Cicero, THE NATURE OF THE GODS BK II Ch XXXVII, C1 BC, as trans Yonge (Harper & Bros., 1877), pp. 289 - 90.]
Thus, this is both a scientific and worldview-connected issue. We therefore need to lay to one side in the first instance worldview level assumptions and assertions on matters that can be addressed empirically: a 500-bit or greater string of digital characters that functions aptly in a communicative context and system [source/sink, encoder/decoder, transmitter/receiver, channel, in the face of noise and its potential to corrupt signals] is sufficiently complex and specific that we normally and naturally infer to agency not chance as its best explanation. We should therefore have the courage to be consistent on this. [Cf my discussion here, which is also linked through my name.] Okay, pause finally . . . GEM of TKIkairosfocus
February 24, 2007
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Also: I think it would make a difference if we go back 25 or so years and see the roots of the concept of complex, specified information. For, it turns out that CSI is a general OOL concept driven by the discovery of the intricacy of life at molecular level, not a specifically ID conception. To see this, I first note that in my first comment [# 108], having been lured to unlurk, I pointed out the depth and ubiquity of the problems in definition. In so doing, I pointed out that there is a long-standing empirical and history of OOL research ideas context for it. Indeed, the concept actually originated with men like Yockey, Polanyi, Orgel and the like, then was taken up by Thaxton, Bradley & Olsen in their 1984 work, TMLO, chapter 8. In short, contrary to popular opinion, this concept is NOT a novelty introduced by design thinkers, but the product of the organic development of the OOL field as it contemplated the nature of DNA and proteins. WD et al kindly forgive me the bandwidth for posting in extensso, but this is really central:
Only recently has it been appreciated that the distinguishing feature of living systems is complexity rather than order.4 This distinction has come from the observation that the essential ingredients for a replicating system---enzymes and nucleic acids---are all information-bearing molecules. In contrast, consider crystals. They are very orderly, spatially periodic arrangements of atoms (or molecules) but they carry very little information. Nylon is another example of an orderly, periodic polymer (a polyamide) which carries little information. Nucleic acids and protein are aperiodic polymers, and this aperiodicity is what makes them able to carry much more information. By definition then, a periodic structure has order. An aperiodic structure has complexity. In terms of information, periodic polymers (like nylon) and crystals are analogous to a book in which the same sentence is repeated throughout. The arrangement of "letters" in the book is highly ordered, but the book contains little information since the information presented---the single word or sentence---is highly redundant. It should be noted that aperiodic polypeptides or polynucleotides do not necessarily represent meaningful information or biologically useful functions. A random arrangement of letters in a book is aperiodic but contains little if any useful information since it is devoid of meaning. [NOTE: H.P. Yockey, personal communication, 9/29/82. Meaning is extraneous to the sequence, arbitrary, and depends on some symbol convention. For example, the word "gift," which in English means a present and in German poison, in French is meaningless]. Only certain sequences of letters correspond to sentences, and only certain sequences of sentences correspond to paragraphs, etc. In the same way only certain sequences of amino acids in polypeptides and bases along polynucleotide chains correspond to useful biological functions. Thus, informational macro-molecules may be described as being and in a specified sequence.5 Orgel notes: Living organisms are distinguished by their specified complexity. Crystals fail to qualify as living because they lack complexity; mixtures of random polymers fail to qualify because they lack specificity.6 Three sets of letter arrangements show nicely the difference between order and complexity in relation to information: 1. An ordered (periodic) and therefore specified arrangement: THE END THE END THE END THE END Example: Nylon, or a crystal. [NOTE: Here we use "THE END" even though there is no reason to suspect that nylon or a crystal would carry even this much information. Our point, of course, is that even if they did, the bit of information would be drowned in a sea of redundancy]. 2. A complex (aperiodic) unspecified arrangement: AGDCBFE GBCAFED ACEDFBG Example: Random polymers (polypeptides). 3. A complex (aperiodic) specified arrangement: THIS SEQUENCE OF LETTERS CONTAINS A MESSAGE! Example: DNA, protein. Yockey7 and Wickens5 develop the same distinction, that "order" is a statistical concept referring to regularity such as could might characterize a series of digits in a number, or the ions of an inorganic crystal. On the other hand, "organization" refers to physical systems and the specific set of spatio-temporal and functional relationships among their parts. Yockey and Wickens note that informational macromolecules have a low degree of order but a high degree of specified complexity. In short, the redundant order of crystals cannot give rise to specified complexity of the kind or magnitude found in biological organization; attempts to relate the two have little future.[BTW, this also implies that TMLO's three online chapters on the thermodynamics of OOL have greater current relevance than is often recognised.]
Thus, we should see Mr Dembski's work as an attempt to give mathematical flesh tot he above concepts, through developing an explanatory filter relative to contingency, complexity and functional specificity, across the three longstanding acknowledged main causal forces, chance, necessity and agency. Therefore, we should dial back a lot of the force of the skepticism that commonly greets the concept today, now that Design Theorists make a lot of use of it, and now that Mr Dembaki has set out to model it mathematically. Okay, pause again . . . GEM of TKIkairosfocus
February 24, 2007
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H'mm: Seems I inadvertently went over a limit yesterday. Okay, let's set two contexts within which I think we can address the issue in a more balanced fashion: 1] The issue of defaults and reasonable degree of proof: Jerry, 145: They will say it arose by natural forces through an emergent process that took hundre[d]s of million years of trial and error and then admit that it was remarkably lucky. This bears on a certain view of the subtlety in Darwin's remark that "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down." Namely, some would say that so long as there is a logical and physical possibility, NDT reigns by default. This is in fact most unreasonable and selectivley hyperskeptical as the Darwinists – just like the rest of us -- routinely accept that many 500+ bit strings that are functional in communicative contexts [and contexts reducible to such] that they are best explained by agency not chance. Thus, my remarks above to Great_Ape. When therefore see a sudden ratcheting up on demand for degree of proof, on a question where a major worldview and life agenda-linked issue is at stake, to a level that say the second law of thermodynamics cannot pass, then we should call “foul.” [For, it is logically and physically entirely possible for all the oxygen molecules in the room in which you sit to rush to one end, as one of the many microstates compatible with a roomful of air. But, such an improbable and specified outcome is so utterly beyond the probabilistic resources available, that we ignore that prospect in our daily lives. And, much more . . .] 2] Quasi-infinite arrays: 4] Jerry, 145: the fact that chance led to the picking of this one combination does not preclude that there may be zillions of other possible combinations that would also lead to a self replicating, energy using, self contained, complex set of chemical reactions etc entity. So therefore the argument from low probabilities is not appropriate. In other words there are a large number of possible targets on the wall for the archer to hit. First, let us go back to John Leslie on cosmology and the art of hitting flies on a wall, which exposes the underlying hole in the assertion:
One striking thing about the [cosmological] fine tuning is that a force strength or a particle mass often appears to require accurate tuning for several reasons at once. Look at electromagnetism. Electromagnetism seems to require tuning for there to be any clear-cut distinction between matter and radiation; for stars to burn neither too fast nor too slowly for life’s requirements; for protons to be stable; for complex chemistry to be possible; for chemical changes not to be extremely sluggish; and for carbon synthesis inside stars (carbon being quite probably crucial to life). Universes all obeying the same fundamental laws could still differ in the strengths of their physical forces, as was explained earlier, and random variations in electromagnetism from universe to universe might then ensure that it took on any particular strength sooner or later. Yet how could they possibly account for the fact that the same one strength satisfied many potentially conflicting requirements, each of them a requirement for impressively accurate tuning? . . . . the need for such explanations does not depend on any estimate of how many universes would be observer-permitting, out of the entire field of possible universes. Claiming that our universe is ‘fine tuned for observers’, we base our claim on how life’s evolution would apparently have been rendered utterly impossible by comparatively minor alterations in physical force strengths, elementary particle masses and so forth. There is no need for us to ask whether very great alterations in these affairs would have rendered it fully possible once more, let alone whether physical worlds conforming to very different laws could have been observer-permitting without being in any way fine tuned. Here it can be useful to think of a fly on a wall, surrounded by an empty region. A bullet hits the fly Two explanations suggest themselves. Perhaps many bullets are hitting the wall or perhaps a marksman fired the bullet. There is no need to ask whether distant areas of the wall, or other quite different walls, are covered with flies so that more or less any bullet striking there would have hit one. The important point is that the local area contains just the one fly.
In short, when we see so-fine tuned a system as the lock-key preotein machinery of the cell, driven by a long-since past 500-bit code, with stabilising error correction, plus a known situation that it can be destabilised in many cases by a single amino acid-length error, we should pause before postulating unobserved possible other life forms to dismis the force of hteobserved facts. So, too, by bringing to bear the other “half” of ID so to speak, we gain an interesting synergy, as we observe that a locally fine-tuned outcome is just as impressive to the open mind as a globally fine-tuned one. (It is also just as effective – in the end -- in subjecting the closed minded to such public scrutiny that they are forced to back down through the fear of consequences to being so obviously unreasonable and/or abusive, a useful but rather slow substitute for want of intellectual virtues. Let us also just note that Kuhn observed on paradigms that they usually triumph by generational change. At that rate ID is about 1/3 to ½ way home.) I'll pause here . . . GEM of TKIkairosfocus
February 24, 2007
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gpuccio, Considering it further, you're correct. These latest issues I've raised pertain more to OOL than to the "information increase" via evolution issue we've been discussing. As far as the latter issue goes, I'm not sure how the debate proceeds. While I think I have a decent handle now on what CSI may entail, just how the concept maps to a real life organism and just what is the appropriate fitness landscape within which to even begin to estimate the relevant probabilities? Clearly none of us have the answers. ID-ists would infer that, even without the details known, the rational inference is that it wouldn't happen by chance. Darwinists, with the same information missing, infer that it likely happened by a process/algorithm that has chance as a core--though not its only--component.great_ape
February 24, 2007
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Dembski is using, in his theory, a traditional fisherian approach to inference, like anybody else in most biological sciences. And he has chosen by far the safest confidence level I have ever seen (1 to 10^150) to reject the “null hypotesis” of random generation of biological information."==gpuccio I agree that in science as well as everyday life we make important and warranted inferences, some of which are made in a formal fisherian framework. And while it is formally possible for all the air molecules in this room to [exit stage left], it is not something I'm generally concerned with. Nor should I be. (I hope.) I haven't time to defend myself properly, but I'd argue that when we take the discussion to cosmological/astronomical scales of both space and time, which is the ultimate domain of the design inference as it regards organic life IMO, then the "possible" vs. "probable" issue arises again. Particularly when, under the evolutionist/materialistic scenario, the only way you're actually here to pose the question is b/c one of those unlikely scenarios/states occurred. You're correct that I didn't properly connect my concerns with possibility and "sample of one" with our current discussion. Later this evening I hope to answer your objections more adequately.great_ape
February 24, 2007
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"...but even if there is a problem with deriving Specificity wouldn’t that just result in a false negative if the object is indeed designed?" ==Patrick short on time as well, but over-extension of the concept "specification" would lead one to conclude the state/phenomenon in question are highly unlikely (b/c specified states are rare) and thus you would be more likely to infer design. Therefore the risk of false-positive is very real IMO.great_ape
February 24, 2007
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Short on time...but even if there is a problem with deriving Specificity wouldn't that just result in a false negative if the object is indeed designed? So the limitations of the observer that might be a valid limitation of ID (I'd have to put more thought into it) but it's not like it's resulting in a false positive. Also, Specificity wouldn't need to be exact on all fronts. For example, if SETI received an alien signal we'd recognize that it's a signal but since we wouldn't know the exact format it's possible we couldn't know exactly what's contained within the signal (alien soap opera?). Another example is an encrypted data stream designed to resemble noise. In that event Specification might not be recognized at all.Patrick
February 24, 2007
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great_ape: thank you for both your comments (#154 and 155), which I find very stimulating and pertinent. But you impel me to some brief comment: #154: You are perfectly right formally, but I don't agree with the conclusions. It is pefectly true that very small probabilities remain possible, and that inference works on probabilities, and that, as you very correctly say, our discussions depend on "the problem of inference, which though we appear to deal with it effectively from a pragmatic standpoint in our day to day lives, has never been solved formally". But we must say that we don't deal with it only in our "everyday lives" (which is perfectly true, because it is easy to demonstrate that most human decisions are made by inferences, often unwarranted, and which in some way seem to work enough). We successfully deal with the problem also in our "everyday science": most sciences are based on inference and probabilities, maybe all. I work in the field of medicine, and I can assure you that practically everything in medicine is probabilist inference, and to be more specific fisherian probabilistic inference, and that the confidence level for medical inference is usually conventionally set at 0,05 to refuse the null hypothesis. We are, I believe, a little bit distant from Dembski's UPB. And yet, nobody tries to deny that medicine is a science, I believe (well, almost nobody...), or that the other probabilistic sciences should be discarded as a whole. That would be the easiest way to refuse all science, and not only evolution. So, you are right, the problem of inference has never been solved, and maybe it will never be solved, but that remains an epistemological problem, and has no real consequence in our discussion. Dembski is using, in his theory, a traditional fisherian approach to inference, like anybody else in most biological sciences. And he has chosen by far the safest confidence level I have ever seen (1 to 10^150) to reject the "null hypotesis" of random generation of biological information. So, in my opinion, he is (almost) infinitely right from a scientific point of view. Only one thing, in my opinion, is not correct in your post. You speak of the "sample of one" problem regarding biological CSI. But that's not correct. We are not speaking here of the "fine tuning" argument, which, although correct, could suffer of the "sample of one" objection. We are speaking, indeed, of biological information, and we are trying to understand the causal mechanisms behind it, trying to choose bewteen few possible options (necessity, chance with the "help" of hypothetic random selective mechanisms, design). Well, complex biological information has not been generated once, on this planet, but billions of times. Every different species is a very different instance of complex biological information. Every single functional protein is a different instance of CSI. Every regulation network in nature is a different instance of CSI. So, our population is very, very big, and we can take as large a sample as we like. No "sample of one" problem here. #155: You are right again, and I perfectly agree with you about the importance and depth of the concept of specification. It is certainly possible, in principle, that meaning does not exist at all, that everything is deterministic and senseless, and in that case, and only in that case, Dembski is working at an impossible task. But if something that can be called "meaning" exists (and I believe that by far most people on earth believe that), then Dembski (and anyone else who has tried and failed, or who is trying now) is addressing a very fundamental problem of nature, but probably a very difficult one. That is one of his greatest merits. Most other scientists, who refuse even to recognize, much less to address, the problem, are not certainly helping to solve it.gpuccio
February 24, 2007
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"What is that problem? Dembski calls it CSI, but in my personal, not technical language, I would call it the problem of meaning. Obviously, we have a lot of cultural discussions about meaning in phylosophy, in semantics, and so on, but who has tried to define meaning in a scientific, mathemathical way?" ==gpuccio I had intended to comment on this previously. I suspect your question was rhetorical, but it is my understanding that many bold souls have tried to formalize meaning and failed in frustration. I think academics who seriously look into Dembski's work recognize that he is indeed trying to tackle the question of meaning or "meaningful information" formally. And hence the source of much skepticism, particularly when the definitions (e.g. CSI) in his approach are so difficult to articulate. The center of it all seems to be "specification." That complex conceptual notion holds either a novel solution to "meaningful information" or is the place where major flaws in the approach reside.great_ape
February 23, 2007
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"That is, to function in this world, on a common sense basis or even in scientific contexts, we routinely make inferences to best explanation across the triad necessity/ chance/ agency, and we in fact bet a lot on this, even in the face of the possibility of errors in such inferences." ==kairosfocus I agree. I wish only to emphasize the difference that nevertheless remains between "what is possible" and "what is not possible." Often, in the context of exceedingly small probability, this distinction is forgotten. And along with this distinction comes the philosophical "problem of inference," which though we appear to deal with it effectively from a pragmatic standpoint in our day to day lives, has never been solved formally. We also have, with organic life on earth, the "sample of one" problem which is a whole other can of worms. We don't know what can statistically be inferred from a (presumed) single event.A design inference process employing CSI, as it pertains to organic life (the big picture, here, after all), has to ultimately deal with both of these thorny issues formally (among many others). In reality, the task is far more daunting than bits and coin examples might lead some to believe.great_ape
February 23, 2007
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"Can you reproduce the amalgamation fully from the description given? (cf. my comment 102)" ==Atom In essence, yes. The precise materials, for instance, might be different, but the major shapes and sizes would be recapitulated. Aluminum in place of iron, for instance. But then the materials used for organic life were never specified by our human engineering concepts either. So "full reproduction" in the strict sense can not be a requirement for specification. The problem with bit strings and coin flips etc. is that they sidestep the analogical/substitutive component argument that would likely have to be made if ID argues life fits an existing specification of ours.great_ape
February 23, 2007
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Patrick, Thank you for your definition. Could you clear up a couple things about part of it. "b) Specified to an independent pattern which is easily described but the event it denotes is highly improbable and therefore very difficult to reproduce by chance." We have been given a couple examples, DNA and a coin toss scenario of 500 straight heads. If you have time could you discuss each one in terms of your definition especially what you mean by "Specified to an independent pattern which is easily described" I can describe the coin toss example fairly easily but I am not sure how I would describe DNA as a pattern.jerry
February 23, 2007
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jerry: this discussion has been very interesting and stimulating, but sometimes it seems that we have difficulties to stick to some fundamental points. Regarding CSI, i think that Patrick's summary (#143) is really very good and contains all the basics of Dembski's thought. To your repeated question if specification has to be inherent to teh sequence, or depends from outer patterns and meanings, I would again answer: both things specify (I may be interpreting Dembski's thought wrongly, I don't know. I would like to know the opinion of somebody else). To me, specification needs not be defined once and forever, understanding specification is one of the great challenges of ID thought. For now, I am more than satisfied with Dembski's definitions, well summed up in Patrick's post. My feeling is that any filter which allows to recognize a small subset of complex patterns, and to differentiate it from the many random ones, is specification. Another point: the presence of CSI implies the inference of an agent only if no know natural law can explain that pattern. In other words, we have to be able to exclude necessity, at the best of our knowledge. CSI only excludes chance. So, if there is a known force causing 1000 zeros, or a 01 sequence, that's an OK explanation. Otherwise, invoking probability is of no help if the sequence is complex and specified. I have no hope of convincing darwinists. Most of them don't want even to hear or to honestly think. It is a very sad thing to say of so many intelligent people, but unfortunately it's the truth. But those who are open, and who want to really understand, will convince themselves. We have only to state the truth, and time and the progress of knowledge will do the rest.gpuccio
February 23, 2007
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Great_ape, Can you reproduce the amalgamation fully from the description given? (cf. my comment 102) This is why it is much easier to describe examples dealing with bit strings, coin flips and cards than it is vastly more complex structures. With bit strings we can apply it perfectly, showing our concept sound. When we get hype-complex (a jet), we have trouble computing the problem. But that doens't mean the maths are bad; it only means our skills applying them are.Atom
February 23, 2007
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"Now we are talking about how small the second target is. Does it properly constrain, making the chance inclusion in this set extremely unlikely?" ==Atom Aye, there's the rub. For while specified patterns are rare vis-a-vis a given grammar, some grammars are more versatile and more encompassing than others and, perhaps more importantly, some appear to grow. If a pygmy tribe is able to integrate the concept of a jet plane into its language system, does this, alone, warrant the belief that the jet plane was designed? What if we had cobbled a bunch of metallic junk randomly together and plopped it down at the center of their village? I suspect they would also come up with a narrative/descriptive structure for it. One that applied to just that peculiar amalgamation of junk. Is is complex, certainly. But is it now specified b/c the tribe has a narrative for it?great_ape
February 23, 2007
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Name one thing that has complex, specfic information that is not known to be designed. DNA! Haha I slay me. :Dangryoldfatman
February 23, 2007
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DNA is complex contains information and specifies something else Name one thing that has complex, specfic information that is not known to be designed.tribune7
February 23, 2007
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By the way the words in this thread is approximately 30000 and counting.jerry
February 23, 2007
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tribune7, I understand perfectly the example of the eyes. It is what I have been saying all along since bFast in post #80 brought it up. Read my previous comments which are approaching 8000 words. But we have to consider what the reply of the Darwinists will be and here I am not too sanguine that the definition will convince any of them. They will agree 100% with the statement that DNA is complex contains information and specifies something else and then say "So What." They will say it arose by natural forces through an emergent process that took hundres of million years of trial and error and then admit that it was remarkably lucky. It is standard Dawkins, ool life researchers etc. Read the Shapiro article discussed on a recent thread. He discusses how Darwinian processes could work on simple chemical reactions. As far as the archer example is concerned, the Darwinist will say that the archer hit one target when there were thousands of targets on the wall and the archer just hit one of them. They may say there were so many targets on the wall that it would be improbable that the archer did not hit one of them. The standard argument is that yes the specifically indicated sequence of nucleotides prescribes a form of life but there are maybe millions or billions of more possible combinations that could have also produced other types of life forms. So the fact that chance led to the picking of this one combination does not preclude that there may be zillions of other possible combinations that would also lead to a self replicating, energy using, self contained, complex set of chemical reactions etc entity. So therefore the argument from low probabilities is not appropriate. In other words there are a large number of possible targets on the wall for the archer to hit. That is what ID is fighting. Maybe someone else can express it better but we cannot use the specfic combination that exist as a rationale for design because this combination is so improbable. The reply by the Darwinists is because there could be zillions of other apparently designed combinations that comprise the universe of apparently designed entities and sheer chance just hit on a particular one of them. If you argue that this is the only possible combination, the probabilities are so astronomical that no one could say it happened by chance. But Darwinists will say the urn is full of a large number of potential lfe forming processes all of very low probability and the one we see is just the one that emerged. Somebody eventually has to win the Powerball lottery so just like the lottery one of these possible combinations of potential life luckily emerged. This is not something I agree with but this is the counter argument. I was to understand that CSI was an answer to that objection. Maybe it is but no one is expressing it in simple terms that would convince anyone and Dembki's book has not done it yet with more than a small part of the scientific community.jerry
February 23, 2007
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RE Great_ape 124:
Because the more I think about it, it seems that any complex phenomenon that you can offer a *explanation* for, at some level, has been translated into your species’ subjective repertoire of existing patterns and, as such, could be labeled as a “specified” pattern.
Good point. But now we ask "How specific is the specification?" Just because I can fit a complex phenomena into a pattern doesn't mean I have nailed it down with my specification: maybe millions of other events also fit that specification, maybe this is the only one. Now we are talking about how small the second target is. Does it properly constrain, making the chance inclusion in this set extremely unlikely?Atom
February 23, 2007
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So the challenge is a thousand words or less? I'll take a crack at that.
The information contained within DNA is not inherent to the properties of the chemicals in the same fashion that the information in writing on a paper is not inherent to the ink. DNA is a conveyance for information. In order to be considered CSI the information must be (a) Complex (b) Specified to an independent pattern which is easily described but the event it denotes is highly improbable and therefore very difficult to reproduce by chance. (c) Contains 500 informational bits These 500 informational bits are derived from Dembski's Universal Probability Bound of 10^-150 using: Information(Event) = -log2Probability(Event) or I(E) = -log2P(E) This UPB is based upon the maximum possible physical reactions in the universe (# of particles, duration of the universe, etc). A probability event that exceeds the UPB is considered by statisticians to be one in which chance is precluded. The mathematician Borel actually suggested a UPB of 10e-50 so Dembski is even “nicer” to Darwinists since his UPB of 10^-150 gives them more wiggle room. This definition is also designed to preclude false positives, where a design inference is declared positive when it should not be. As such, geometrical primitive such as the curves in modern art may be rejected since it’s known that non-intelligent events may account for these features. In the event that a non-intelligent mechanism is shown to be capable of producing CSI there are two possibilities: (a) There are a limited set of special conditions under which this may occur. (b) CSI cannot be used as an indicator for detecting intelligence. As of yet this has not been shown to be the case so in the meantime CSI is the best scientific explanation for inferring design from an intelligence.
286 words. I think that covers the basics although I don't even get into an example of CSI being calculated.Patrick
February 23, 2007
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Jerry I will try again. The dictionary definition for specified is something stated explicitly. Let's go back to the archer analogy you didn't like. The archer shoots at a wall. He hits it. The wall is blank. How do we know he hit the spot for which he was aiming? It's not specified. Now let's say there is a bullseye on the wall. He shoots and hits it. We can make a reasonable assumption the shot was specified. Now lets say there are strands of DNA that make up genes that contain a code for blue eyes. This code is transcribed by RNA to "machines" that cause the cells of the iris to have a particular melanin content -- hence blue eyes. Pretty specific.tribune7
February 23, 2007
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CSI is defined as being greater than 500 bits of information. Stephen C. Meyer tells us the following:
Rather, the coding regions of DNA function in much the same way as a software program or machine code, directing operations within a complex material system via highly complex yet specified sequences of characters. As Richard Dawkins has noted, “The machine code of the genes is uncannily computer-like.” Or as software developer Bill Gates noted, “DNA is like a computer program, but far, far more advanced than any software we’ve created.” Just as the specific arrangement of two symbols (0 and 1) in a software program can perform a function within a machine environment, so, too, can the precise sequencing of the four nucleotide bases in DNA perform a function within the cell.
Specified because not any ole sequence will do the trick. Complex because the DNA does many things and the information is what coordinates all of thsoe different things.Joseph
February 23, 2007
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I ask anyone again. What is it about DNA that makes it CSI? Some have said it must lie in the DNA itself, some have said it has to do with what DNA specifies. Some have said both. Well what does the definition of CSI, whatever it is say? I shouln't have read a paper, heavily laden with mathematical symbols and specialized meanings of words to get an answer. Does it point to phenomena itself or the fact that it specifies something else. These are simple questions. The examples of the coin tosses points to nothing else but the phenomena itself and the improbability of the event. A series of random numbers is a similar example. By the way if we found a sequence of a billion 01 combinations in a row in the natural world no one would say it had to be designed but would look for some force that alternates automatically. Mt. Rushmore is a hybrid because we know there is a relationship to something external even if we didn't know who the faces were meant to be. We recognize human faces. But is there anything in the shapes themselves that is CSI. If one points to obvious curves and smoothness of the outcroppings then it that enough. Suppose a "so called modern artist" sculptor decided to make an expression of his and sculpt it into the mountain side. Would we be able to say it was CSI when it had no relationship to anything in the known world except his own mental image. Could someone come along and show numerous other smooth rock formation carved out by water and wind and say what is the difference. So to me the term "specify" as it relates to DNA rest on the observation that is specifies not only one but thousands of things that could not have arisen by chance itself. So I am back to bFast's interpretation which I think it the best so far but was pointed out that it is not what Dembski means. Maybe Bill Dembski could comment. It doesn't require one to read 8000 words of specialized words and symbols, however well it is done, to get to an answer. It may require a full understanding of the 8000 words or the book to precisely apply the concept. I am not getting the confidence that anyone here is applying the concept correctly.jerry
February 23, 2007
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Jerry, the problem is you are not trying to understand the explanations and definitions. I give you a link to a paper -- which, btw, is the simpliefied version of Dembski's peer reviewed work, The Design Inference -- and you complain it's too long. What more do you want me to do? Would you demand a 100 word explanation for the Theory of Relativity? Quantum Mechanics? You have to put an effort into this.tribune7
February 23, 2007
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