Uncommon Descent Serving The Intelligent Design Community

At Evolution News: Günter Bechly repudiates “Professor Dave’s” attacks against ID

Categories
Intelligent Design
worldview
Share
Facebook
Twitter/X
LinkedIn
Flipboard
Print
Email

Günter Bechly, Senior Fellow of the Center for Science and Culture, addresses the off-base accusations made against ID and the Discovery Institute.

Dave Farina is an atheist American YouTuber who runs a channel called Professor Dave Explains with almost two million subscribers.

The clichés and misrepresentations Farina recycles about intelligent design are beyond tired. Still, those new to the debate might find it helpful to see Farina’s false claims debunked.

Farina seems more interested in caricaturing those he disagrees with than understanding them.

Three Major Problems 

Farina also thinks that intelligent design theory “cannot be validated as real science because it does not explain or predict anything.” Here are three major problems with this statement:

Who defines what qualifies as “real science”? It is certainly not Dave Farina. It is not judges in court rooms. And it is not even the scientists themselves who define “science.” Reasonably, it is philosophers of science who address this question. But Farina seems to be totally ignorant of the fact that there is no consensus among philosophers of science about a demarcation criterion that could reliably distinguish science from non-science. Any criterion yet suggested, including Karl Popper’s criterion of falsifiability, either excludes too much (e.g., scientific fields like string theory or evolutionary biology) or includes too much (e.g., homeopathy or parapsychology).

Of course, intelligent design has explanatory power. Otherwise, we could not even explain the existence of Romeo and Juliet by the intelligent agency of William Shakespeare. There is no doubt that the designing activity of an intelligent agent is a perfectly valid explanation for complex specified patterns. The only question under debate is whether such patterns are confined to the realm of human cultural artifacts or if they are also found in nature. But this question should not be decided by dogmatic a priorirestrictions of certain worldviews that do not allow for design explanations whatever the evidence might be, but should rather follow the evidence wherever it leads. It is an empirical question to be decided by the data.

It is simply false that intelligent design does not predict anything. Indeed, this is yet another common stereotype that has been refuted so many times by ID proponents that any further use of this argument can be based only on a total ignorance of the facts (or perhaps deliberate lying, but I prefer not to apply that interpretation). Stephen Meyer (2009) included in his book Signature in the Cell a whole chapter with a dozen predictions inspired by intelligent design theory. These are often very precise and easily falsifiable, for example: “No undirected process will demonstrate the capacity to generate 500 bits of new [specified] information starting from a nonbiological source.” Just write a computer simulation that achieves this, without smuggling the information in through a backdoor, and you can claim victory over a core prediction of intelligent design.

Evolution News

Dr. Bechly addresses numerous additional misfires attempted by Professor Dave. With such a voluble spray of baseless accusations coming from someone like Professor Dave, it can be helpful to be reminded of the proverb, “Like a sparrow in its flitting, like a swallow in its flying, a curse that is causeless does not alight.” (Proverbs 26:2)

Comments
The Wikipedia entry I cited above covers the questions about Dembski's CSI fairly well. But to be fair to ID, here's Winston Ewert on CSI defending it against critiques from Felsenstein and English:
Essentially, Felsenstein presents specified complexity as circular. It is true that specified complexity does not in any way help establish that the probability of complex life is low under natural selection. You must have another way of showing that, for example Michael Behe’s irreducible complexity, Doug Axe’s work on proteins, or Stephen Meyer’s work on the Cambrian explosion.
So that takes us back to arguing the facts. Is a bacterial flagellum really irreducibly complex? Are Axe's experiments really accurately testing models? Does Meyer fairly assess what we know about the Cambrian period?Fred Hickson
June 17, 2022
June
06
Jun
17
17
2022
12:42 AM
12
12
42
AM
PDT
. Here is something you might want to think about. An aaRS protein is generally hundreds of amino acids in length (lysine tRNA synthetase, length = 505 amino acids in e.coli; valine tRNA synthetase, length = 951 amino acids in e.coli). They each perform a well controlled double-recognition of a particular tRNA and a particular amino acid, which they then bind together. Additionally, they charge the amino acid with energy, which is required to drive it through the next steps in translation. They discriminate and remove amino acids that have become attached to the wrong tRNA. And all of this is done to serve an absolutely critical function — they establish the symbol in the gene system. Without the symbol, there is no encoded memory. Without the symbol, there are no genes to be inherited or evolve through lawful natural processes. Without the symbol, there is nothing to specify how to build an aaRS. . . . Fred: The job of aaRSs did not exist in RNA world … There is no encoding … There needs to be no specification … Specification is not required … That’s the point. Instead of trying to invent little things to nibble on at the periphery of the conversation, perhaps you should try to do something about your position. In fact, have you actually done anything yet? You’ve made a few assertions. You launched the ridiculous “One”. And you’ve basically told Carl Sagan to go pound sand, but have you actually done anything about your claims? Perhaps your time could be better spent. EDIT: as for me, you lost me with your disingenuous (and truly nonsensical) answer to question #1. If you cannot bring yourself to acknowledge the documented and uncontroversial history of science and experiment, then what is the point of a debate? There is none.Upright BiPed
June 17, 2022
June
06
Jun
17
17
2022
12:41 AM
12
12
41
AM
PDT
. Fred, I never said that you were “stalking” me; I said that you have “been trying to call me out for weeks here.” June 3 Upright Biped Upright Biped Upright Biped June 4 Upright Biped Upright Biped Upright Biped June 6 Upright Biped Upright Biped Upright Biped June 8 Here Upright Biped In fact, I believed you’ve mentioned me by name in something like 15 comments prior to this conversation on this thread. I believe saying that you’ve been trying to “call me out” is a fair assessment.Upright BiPed
June 17, 2022
June
06
Jun
17
17
2022
12:33 AM
12
12
33
AM
PDT
@ KF You keep using the acronym FSCO/I. Thi appears to be completely idiosyncratic to you. the nearest concept I can find is specified complexity first coined by Leslie Orgel in 1973, subsequently picked up by Bill Dembski and pretty much ignored by the mainstream since.
In brief, living organisms are distinguished by their specified complexity. Crystals are usually taken as the prototypes of simple well-specified structures, because they consist of a very large number of identical molecules packed together in a uniform way. Lumps of granite or random mixtures of polymers are examples of structures that are complex but not specified. The crystals fail to qualify as living because they lack complexity; the mixtures of polymers fail to qualify because they lack specificity.[9]
If your FSCO/I differs from Orgel, can you tell us how? If it doesn't, why not use the same descriptive?Fred Hickson
June 17, 2022
June
06
Jun
17
17
2022
12:15 AM
12
12
15
AM
PDT
JVL: Strawman set up and knocked over in willful dismissal of facts on the table:
I take it that you cannot provide an objective, repeatable, observer independent test or experiment that gives an outcome predicted by ID but not by unguided evolution. Why didn’t you just say so?
1: As you know, the past of origins of life and body plans is unique and non repeatable, what is recognisable would be patterns that repeat. 2: One of these patterns is massive functionally specific, complex organisation and associated information, FSCO/I beyond 500 - 1,000 bits. It is needed for the first cell, it is needed for body plans, it is needed for our own origin. 3: On trillions of direct observation, without any exceptions we know FSCO/I comes about by design. Unsurprising as spaces of possibilities for 500 - 1,000 bits run like 3.27 * 10^150 to 1.07*10^301 possibilities, swamping blind search -- chance and necessity -- of the sol system or observed cosmos. 4: Consequently, the first problem is to get to a living cell from a Darwin pond or the like and there is no well substantiated blind forces model that is backed by observed capability. As well you know. 5: Similarly, origin of body plans runs into much the same difficulty to come up with dozens of genomes of 10 - 100+ million bases. 6: The prediction is obvious and known to you, you just chose to set up and knock over a strawman instead. Namely, there will be no observation that FSCO/I can and does come about by blind chance and/or mechanical necessity. Whether at OoL [try, OoL experiments] or origin of body plans or simple random document generation. 7: That's similar to the thermodynamics laws in the no perpetuum mobile form. And indeed a breaking of the no FSCO/I by blind forces theme would break the second law's credibility. 8: All of this is a distraction, from the clear want of a viable, observed mechanism to drive blind force OoL or OoBPs. The dominant ideology should never have been established in the first instance, it stands by imposition not by having causal forces known to be capable of the phenomena per observation. KFkairosfocus
June 17, 2022
June
06
Jun
17
17
2022
12:04 AM
12
12
04
AM
PDT
Back at comment 300, Fred wrote:
300 Fred HicksonJune 8, 2022 at 4:17 pm RNA catalyst and replicator drives coach and horses through UB’s “semiotic hypothesis”.
Hoping Upright Biped has time to respond. I've also asked has UB refined his semiotic hypothesis (is that the right way to refer to it) and does he have a text that he considers definitive that sets it out? I still think that RNA world neatly sidesteps the issue of both the evolution of a genetic code and cellular protein synthesis. No rush, wenever you have time.Fred Hickson
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
11:56 PM
11
11
56
PM
PDT
Upright Biped asks JVL
Can you provide an objective, repeatable, observer independent test or experiment that shows that unguided forces are behind the origin of life on earth?
First an aside. UP mentioned something about Fred stalking him. The way UP swoops on JVL looks more like stalking than anything Fred has done here. JVL, I believe, is a layman (like UB and Fred) though with expertise in math. Layman's opinions count for little in the world of science so I think it would be better for discussants here to stick to the facts that they can support. Now to answer Upright Biped. Nope. It would I think be impossible to devise a scientific experiment that tested the existence of any non-physical force. I think force is inappropriate as a use of the word in UBs question, BTW. Also guided. What could be guiding? The niche environment guides. Lenski's LTEE is demonstrating the interaction between organism and environment in real time.Fred Hickson
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
11:31 PM
11
11
31
PM
PDT
JVL: If [forensic investigation] is science then it should have predictive power. Do you deny that forensic investigations qualify as science? Abductive inference (retroduction) is about finding the best explanation for a past event or related events, as when detectives assemble evidence at a crime scene and create a theory to explain the events. abductive theories warrant no predictive power for future events. Although such theories are falsifiable. ID is an abductive approach to the evidence. (Moreover, ID is not creationism, nor is it anti-evolution in all respects, as far as I can tell. There may be some YECs who disagree.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning PaxxPaxx
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
11:16 PM
11
11
16
PM
PDT
Or let's look at the general case of mobile genetic elements, Querius. ID researchers could be having a field day with explanations. Which are?Fred Hickson
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
04:27 PM
4
04
27
PM
PDT
Endogenous retroviruses, Querius? The ID explanation is?Fred Hickson
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
04:23 PM
4
04
23
PM
PDT
The GULOP gene is non-functional in humans and other primates. Junk DNA in other words, though some call it a pseudogene. @ Querius And the ID explanation is?Fred Hickson
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
04:19 PM
4
04
19
PM
PDT
JVL @498,
Aside from you not answering my base question . . .
Yes, I did. In 480, you stated
Unguided evolution would predict that there would be ‘junk’ in many genomes which is the case.
I provided a link that you didn't read, falsifying your assertion and answering your question. ID predicts that "junk" DNA has a function. This was shown to be true as new functions are discovered and your presumed "junk" grows smaller and smaller. Here's the link again: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180411131659.htm Since you won't read it, the title is "Scientists discover a role for 'junk' DNA." Your assertion just blew up in your face again. But as Monty Python's black knight would say, "'Twas but a scratch." -QQuerius
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
03:58 PM
3
03
58
PM
PDT
Kairosfocus @487,
AS & Q though there is a dictionary meaning of presumption that fits, it tends to suggest blind a priori, I would avoid the word. KF
Noted. But while it’s empirically and inductively justified, a presumption of design is indeed blind in every new situation as is the case with any other presumption. Caller: My computer screen is black. Technician: Is your monitor plugged in and turned on? Caller: Yes, and the little light on it is green. Technician: can you connect your monitor to a different computer? Caller: Just a minute . . . yes, the monitor is still black. Technician: Wait . . . are either of your computers turned on? Caller: No. Why would that make any difference? My point is that the presumption one chooses has a significant impact on how fast one reaches the correct or a pragmatically superior conclusion. On what basis does one make the choice? Ok, let's take a more practical example. Would you presume a newly discovered virus is natural or engineered? This can involve Bayesian inferences, right? -QQuerius
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
03:43 PM
3
03
43
PM
PDT
JVL @ 516, You've been here how long now, and you are asking these things?? >if you put this or that life form in this or that situation you WILL observe the following result as predicted by ID but NOT by unguided evolutionary theory. Even evolutionary biology is an observational science, not a predictive science. Evolutionists cannot tell us precisely what the next mutation to take hold in an arbitrary wild species will be. >You all keep trying to tell my why you think your design inference is correct. But I’m not asking that. So you now agree? >If ID is science then it should have predictive power. Only certain branches of science (should) claim predictive power. Theoretial physics for one. Many are purely or nearly purely observational. >You should be able to provide an objective, repeatable, observer independent test... Yes, always set the bar higher than you think the other side can get over. Common debate tactic. >When you keep telling me that those cells sure do look complicated and we can’t figure out how unguided processes could have done it IS NOT providing a test or experiment. We are ruling out one inference, which points strongly to a different inference. When we are dealing with questions that could only be answered by a look back into the inaccessible past, that's about all one can do sometimes. >If ID is science then it should have predictive power. This totally misunderstands the nature of predictive science, and is totally incorrect. You're equivocating on the word "science".EDTA
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
03:12 PM
3
03
12
PM
PDT
. JVL,
JVL: you know what it’s like when you publicly commit to something which is later shown to be erroneous. It’s hard to admit you made a mistake.
You use flawed reasoning to avoid the universal evidence in support of ID at the origin of life, even though you’ve also been forced to recognize that same evidence as perfectly valid and true (not to mention, a prediction made at a science symposium, later confirmed by experimental result). You have reasoned that because the proponents of an unguided origin of life do not believe in a guided origin of life, then the evidence in support of a guided origin is invalidated. JVL: “I pointed out that the semiotic community does not agree with design” In the face of absolutely zero evidence confirming an unguided OoL, this is actually the centerpiece of your reasoning — and it is as anti-science and anti-intellectual as it can possibly be. Even so, when confronted with this fallacy against science and reason, you simply repeat the fallacy — over and over and over again. Every time you defend your reasoning, you repeat this same fallacy. Seriously, why are you so afraid of addressing the flaws in your logic? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - JVL at 512
Can you provide an objective, repeatable, observer independent test or experiment that shows that unguided forces are behind the origin of life on earth?
I fixed your question for you. Now you can answer the same question you demand others answer. If you get around to admitting that you have no such test yourself, then the purely rhetorical nature of your demands will become evident for all to see. Unfortunately, there is seemingly no level of intellectual embarrassment that will alter your actions.Upright BiPed
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
03:02 PM
3
03
02
PM
PDT
JVL “that is contrary to that made my unguided evolutionary theory” What is your unguided evolutionary theory and what would contradict your unguided evolutionary theory? I have observed over the years that the unguided evolutionary theory is like the blob which swallows virtually every piece of evidence. For that reason personally I think unguided evolutionary theory is unfalsifiable. Vividvividbleau
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
02:53 PM
2
02
53
PM
PDT
. Well, that’s what his true believers think anyway. Most of whom do not understand the mathematics he (mis)uses. Which has been pointed out to him but you know what it’s like when you publicly commit to something which is later shown to be erroneous. It’s hard to admit you made a mistake. Especially when the Discovery Institute is paying for your book.
Have you read the Behe paper that is critiqued by Michael Lynch. Do you claim to understand the mathematics? I would be happy to discuss this with you. Can you prove ET wrong and show you have some substance behind your rhetoric? :-)bill cole
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
02:11 PM
2
02
11
PM
PDT
FH at 497, Evolution explains nothing and everything. ID looks at living things and can clearly locate the design aspects.relatd
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:59 PM
1
01
59
PM
PDT
Bill Cole: Science is about showing your hypothesis is sound. If someone can show it is unlikely your hypothesis is falsified. Evolution by mutation natural selection as a complete explanation for the diversity of life has been falsified by Mike Behe. Well, that's what his true believers think anyway. Most of whom do not understand the mathematics he (mis)uses. Which has been pointed out to him but you know what it's like when you publicly commit to something which is later shown to be erroneous. It's hard to admit you made a mistake. Especially when the Discovery Institute is paying for your book. So, you cannot provide me with an objective, repeatable, observer independent test of a life form which will give a result supporting a prediction made by ID but contrary to one given by unguided evolution. Thanks for you time. I'd advise you in the future to try and actually read and respond to what people are asking you; you'll look less foolish that way. Your call.JVL
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:53 PM
1
01
53
PM
PDT
My question is reasonable if ID is a science which has predictive power. Show me an experiment which verifies ID’s predictive power.
I did. We can predict that all organisms discovered or undiscovered will have a purposeful arrangement of parts. The experiment extracting and observing the sequence data of the selected organisms. If you can show an organism that does not operate with purposely arranged DNA and proteins you can falsify this hypothesis.bill cole
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:49 PM
1
01
49
PM
PDT
ET: Intelligent Designs predicts the same basic things as archaeology and forensic science. Namely that when intelligent agencies act, they tend to leave traces of those actions behind. But you say more than that, you say it also has an effect on biological development across the biome. I'm asking you to provide me a test or experiment which establishes that based on a prediction made by ID. You can keep dancing it back and back and back. Eventually you'll run out of things that ID does if you can't provide an example which you can predict will be seen before it is seen. And he definitely can’t say what unguided evolution predicts. I've replied to this several times. ET either wants you to believe a lie or he can't remember what I have said or, what he really means is, that he disagrees with me. Disagreement is fine, lying and deceiving is not. “Waiting for TWO Mutations” was written because there isn’t any actual experimental evidence for unguided evolution. Anyone who has read the actual paper knows that is not correct. Again, is ET wanting you to believe a lie or is he just badly mistaken? There is no shame in representing your opponents arguments fairly and honestly. Lying about them is shameful.JVL
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:47 PM
1
01
47
PM
PDT
Based on what exactly? A complicated probabilistic argument? Which says, in the end, that it’s highly unlikely that unguided processes ‘did it’? That’s what Dr Behe has admitted, that he can’t show that unguided causes are not sufficient, only that they are highly unlikely. But then your whole argument falls to pieces.
Science is about showing your hypothesis is sound. If someone can show it is unlikely your hypothesis is falsified. Evolution by mutation natural selection as a complete explanation for the diversity of life has been falsified by Mike Behe.bill cole
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:42 PM
1
01
42
PM
PDT
Bill Cole: Take a bacterial cell and see if parts are purposely arranged. Take a yeast cell repeat. Take a plant cell repeat. Take a vertebrate cell repeat. Start with tissue and then move up to organs. All these parts are arranged for a purpose. The alternative is this is all a cosmic accident. I don’t think this is a conclusion reasonable people can arrive at. That is not an experiment or test which induces a change which is a prediction of ID but not of unguided evolution. I guess you just don't understand my question. Will see if he can start to argue logically or just ask gotcha questions. My question is reasonable if ID is a science which has predictive power. Show me an experiment which verifies ID's predictive power.JVL
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:37 PM
1
01
37
PM
PDT
Incredibly,JVL is a proven willfully ignorant troll.
Will see if he can start to argue logically or just ask gotcha questions.bill cole
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:36 PM
1
01
36
PM
PDT
ET: “Our ability to be confident of the design of the cilium or intracellular transport rests on the same principles to be confident of the design of anything: the ordering of separate components to achieve an identifiable function that depends sharply on the components.” I am not asking you why you think life was designed. I'm asking you to provide a test where you put a life form in a particular situation and the result is something predicted by ID but not by unguided evolution. I guess you just don't get it. Or you're just too much of a coward to admit you can't answer the question. Naturalistic mechanisms or undirected causes do not suffice to explain the origin of information (specified complexity) or irreducible complexity. Based on what exactly? A complicated probabilistic argument? Which says, in the end, that it's highly unlikely that unguided processes 'did it'? That's what Dr Behe has admitted, that he can't show that unguided causes are not sufficient, only that they are highly unlikely. But then your whole argument falls to pieces. So, can you provide a test of an actual life form or not? Can you lay out a situation where a life form will respond to a situation in a way predicted by ID by not by unguided processes? Yes or no? Yes or no?JVL
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:35 PM
1
01
35
PM
PDT
Intelligent Designs predicts the same basic things as archaeology and forensic science. Namely that when intelligent agencies act, they tend to leave traces of those actions behind. Complex specified information, irreducible complexity and specified complexity are such signs. But JVL is too dim to grasp that. And he definitely can't say what unguided evolution predicts. Then he ignores the fact that the paper "Waiting for TWO Mutations" was written because there isn't any actual experimental evidence for unguided evolution.ET
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:33 PM
1
01
33
PM
PDT
Can you provide an objective, repeatable, observer independent test or experiment that shows that there is a mind behind the development of life on earth? A test that tests a prediction of your assertion that there is a mind behind the process.
Take a bacterial cell and see if parts are purposely arranged. Take a yeast cell repeat. Take a plant cell repeat. Take a vertebrate cell repeat. Start with tissue and then move up to organs. All these parts are arranged for a purpose. The alternative is this is all a cosmic accident. I don't think this is a conclusion reasonable people can arrive at. This is also important for science as it is very different using intelligent design vs a cosmic accident as a working assumption to develop theory. .bill cole
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:26 PM
1
01
26
PM
PDT
Incredibly,JVL is a proven willfully ignorant troll.ET
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:26 PM
1
01
26
PM
PDT
Incredibly enough no one of the ID proponents here can provide a simple, replicable, observer independent test along the following lines: if you put this or that life form in this or that situation you WILL observe the following result as predicted by ID but NOT by unguided evolutionary theory. You all keep trying to tell my why you think your design inference is correct. But I'm not asking that. Some of you keep attacking unguided evolution but that's not the topic at hand. If ID is science then it should have predictive power. That predictive power should be testable. You should be able to provide an objective, repeatable, observer independent test of a prediction made by ID that is contrary to that made my unguided evolutionary theory. When you keep telling me that those cells sure do look complicated and we can't figure out how unguided processes could have done it IS NOT providing a test or experiment. That's just you continuing to assert your beliefs and opinions. And you know those are highly contested. I'm proposing a way past the old arguments and stalemates. Give us a test, one we can do for ourselves, one we can repeat, one that doesn't matter who runs the test, that supports a prediction of ID that is significantly different from what we'd expect if unguided evolutionary theory is true. If ID is science then it's reasonable to expect its proponents to be able to abide by such a reasonable request. If ID is science then it should have predictive power. ID should be able to say: you unguided people would probably expect so-and-so but if you follow my test you'll see that you get something different, something that follows a prediction made by ID. I await your replies.JVL
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:25 PM
1
01
25
PM
PDT
JVL:
That’s what Newton did. That’s what Einstein did. They proposed an explanation and then said: if my theory is correct you will see this and that instead of other things under certain conditions. Can you do the same with ID? Yes or no?
Yes, and I have. The test for Intelligent Design was to peer inside the black box that is a living cell. And if we see: 1) High information content (or specified complexity) and irreducible complexity constitute strong indicators or hallmarks of (past) intelligent design. 2) Biological systems have a high information content (or specified complexity) and utilize subsystems that manifest irreducible complexity. 3) Naturalistic mechanisms or undirected causes do not suffice to explain the origin of information (specified complexity) or irreducible complexity. 4) Therefore, intelligent design constitutes the best explanations for the origin of information and irreducible complexity in biological systems. and “Our ability to be confident of the design of the cilium or intracellular transport rests on the same principles to be confident of the design of anything: the ordering of separate components to achieve an identifiable function that depends sharply on the components.”ET
June 16, 2022
June
06
Jun
16
16
2022
01:19 PM
1
01
19
PM
PDT
1 13 14 15 16 17 33

Leave a Reply