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Cornell evolutionary biologist declares neo-Darwinism dead

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The “modern synthesis” is dead

Allen MacNeill

This echoes exactly the words of Eric Davidson and Stephen J. Gould. Below is the full quote in context:

Allen MacNeill on Modern Synthesis

the evidence that macroevolution has happened is all around us, in the patterns of biogeographical distribution of species and in the fossil record. What is not so obvious is the mechanism(s) by which such macroevolution has occurred. Prof. Giertych is probably right in asserting that the “modern synthesis” mechanisms grounded in theoretical population genetics are insufficient to explain macroevolution. However, scientists within the field of evolutionary biology have been saying the same thing for over a century. The distinction between microevolution and macroevolution was probably first drawn by the Russian Russian entomologist Iuri’i Filipchenko in around 1927 (http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/macroevolution.html). In the first half of the 20th century, Richard Goldschmidt did pioneering work into possible mechanisms of macroevolution, work that was later discredited and/or ignored by the population geneticists of the “modern synthesis” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goldschmidt). Eldredge and Gould, in their landmark 1972 paper on punctuated equilibrium (http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/eldredge.asp) initiated the newest revolution in macroevolutionary theory, pointing out that the “modern synthesis” model of gradualistic macroevolution via purely populaton genetics mechanisms is not compatible with much of the fossil record.

So, the history of the concept of macroevolution is not entirely compatitible with the neo-darwinian “modern synthesis” – this is supposed to be some sort of surprise, or to undermine the idea that macroevolution has not occurred? You folks need to pay a little more attention to what has actually been going on in evolutionary biology over the last half century, and less time tilting at “modern synthesis” windmills that have long since fallen into disrepair within our discipline.

The “modern synthesis” is dead – long live the evolving synthesis!

and interestingly, Allen reports about Will Provine in Comment on the Celeste Biever affair

BTW, I wish one of you folks would attend Will Provine’s evolution course, and participate when you have a chance. Will spent the whole lecture this morning lambasting the “modern evolutionary synthesis” (and I jumped in at the end to deliver the coup de gras to the biological species concept for eveything except vertebrates). I think you might find it enjoyably iconoclastic, and we could get into some interesting (and illuminating) discussions…

In fairness to Dr. MacNeill, he accepts that evolution happened and is open to ideas as to how. He probably is not enamored with the ID explanation, but he has certainly won the appreciation of the IDEA chapter at Cornell for his knowledge and candor.

I hope we get access to Will Provine’s lambasting of “modern synthesis” someday. That would be very interesting!

Note:
According to Wikipedia, neo-Darwinism is also known as modern synthesis:

The modern evolutionary synthesis (often referred to simply as the new synthesis, the modern synthesis, the evolutionary synthesis, neo-Darwinian synthesis or neo-Darwinism), generally denotes the integration of Charles Darwin’s theory of the evolution of species by natural selection, Gregor Mendel’s theory of genetics as the basis for biological inheritance, random genetic mutation as the source of variation, and mathematical population genetics.

Comments
..picked up on*Ben Z
October 18, 2006
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"On the contrary, I thought Wiker and Dembski’s book was crystal clear: that the philosophical implications of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection are the source of most if not all of modern society’s ills, from the rise of Naziism to the tendency for men to leave the toilet seat up." Let me clarify what I think is real implication: Darwin's (unscientific) part of his theory, which through intellectual-exchange down the ages picked up by Darwin, snuck in total randomness in matter and an exclusion of any interacting God in nature. These might not be the "true" implications of his theory--as you suggest because it's "news to you"--but they are the ones Darwin intended and people picked up one.Ben Z
October 18, 2006
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Sorry, but I can't get past this: "the evidence that macroevolution has happened is all around us, in the patterns of biogeographical distribution of species and in the fossil record." I don't see the difference between this thinking and the 5 year old kid who says, "But Santa Claus has been here: look at all the different presents under the tree!"Jack Golightly
October 18, 2006
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Allen McNeil:
And then Motoo Kimura and Tomiko Ohto dealt the “modern synthesis” its coup de grace: the neutral theory of genetic evolution, which pointed out that the mathematical models upon which the “modern synthesis” was founded were fundamentally and fatally flawed.
Well, it then seems that we have wasted our time here at UD arguing against that which, it appears, you would already concede; viz., that the "modern synthesis" cannot sufficiently explain the evolution of biological forms that have lived, or, are now living. Isn't this a deathblow to Darwinism? Mendelism was a deathblow to Darwinism (cf. Wm. Bateson). The "modern synthesis" came to its rescue. But now it, too, per your concession, is dead. So what's left?
So what? Darwin didn’t speculate on any of this, but rather “started in the middle” and proposed a testable hypothesis for decent with modification and the mechanisms by which it occurs (i.e. natural and sexual selection). After a century and a half of intensive biological research, no other hypothesis has generated anything close to the same amount of confirmatory evidence, and so we continue to investigate the world around us using Darwin’s original insights.
So, this would seem to be your defense of Darwinism: more, or less, that it's the best thing around (even though there is experiment after experiment where, using Darwinian assumptions, the experimenter is "surprised"; whereas, from an ID perspective, the very same results would have been expected), so we'll keep it. I've stated before that if Darwin had entitled his book "The Origin of Adaptations", then I would see much to commend it for. Yet, to admit that NS is, at times (Lewontin and Gould's paper undermining the “Panglossian paradigm), visible and verifiable in what would be termed "microevolution", does not, by extension, lead us to "macroevolution", nor does it confirm "descent with modification" at higher taxonomic levels. So why "extend" the theory from what is known ("microevolution"), to what is unknown ("macroevolution")? What is the scientific motivation for this? In your statement you invoke evo-devo and a reproductive mechanism as the sources of explaining the evolution of higher forms of life. Well, what in the world does evo-devo have to do with Darwinism? Perhaps that is why you say, "long live the evolving synthesis!", and why biologists want to be known as "evolutionary biologists." This seems to mean that we're living in a 'brave new world.' Perhaps you can comment.PaV
October 18, 2006
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Douglas, A pre-biotic mix certainly could have crossed over to life several times. LUCA (Last Univesal Common Ancestor) could have had lots of relatives and complete strangers crawling around next to it. It's just a random bit of history that that one little cell has had descendents for billions of years and the others next to it had descendants that have died out sooner or later. The same is true of the African Eve, or the last universal common mammal. The existence of a LUCA is almost an actuarial certainty. It is also possible that tomorrow we will crack open a rock from deep in the earth and find a microbe with a different code and a different biochemistry. But you need an ecological niche that is large, stable, and isolated to have a chance of finding such a beast.David vun Kannon
October 18, 2006
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Houdin --Biogenesis is fairly rare. Why do you think biogenesis is possible?tribune7
October 18, 2006
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It is indeed a wonderful time to be an evolutionary biologist
Seeing that challenges to Darwinism are coming from areas evolutionary biologists might have thought "secured" (academics), I think that the days we are living are not "wonderful" for the theory.
That said, there is one very strong piece of evidence in favor of a monophyletic origin of all current forms of life: the universality of the genetic code.
1. The universality of genetic code can be used as evidence for the Same Designer more easily. I don't see how it helps unguided evolution. 2. The theory of evolution *never* predicted biological universals: it only acomodated them.
Is evolutionary theory therefore “true?” No, of course not. I can’t emphasize this enough: NO SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS “TRUE”, at least not “true” in the sense that most people use that word. On the contrary, it’s the most useful and productive “guess” we have at the present, and until new evidence is discovered that unambiguously falsifies it, we will continue to use it as the underlying basis for nearly all of the science of biology
The problem of course is that *nothing* can falsify unguided evolutionism. Whatever evidence one brings can be easily acomodated with the theory.Mats
October 18, 2006
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I should have expressed myself more clearly. Decades of scientific investigation have provided so much support for Lynn Margulis's theory that it is regarded as fact by most biologists. In particular, discovering that mitochondria have DNA that is very similar to bacteria has convinced most biologists. The fact that it hasn't convinced everybody is normal. Frankly, the opponants to the theory are starting to sound strained. For instance, Professor Standish lists these reasons why mitochondria resemble bacteria: [My comments in brackets] Mitochondria resemble bacteria in size and morphology. They are bounded by a double membrane: the outer thought to be derived from the engulfing vesicle and the inner from bacterial plasma membrane. [I think this is a big point. If mitochondria really were absorbed by a larger cell, we'd expect to see them with a double membrane because cells typically bring external food into their interiors by sucking in their outer membrane until it surrounds the food, then breaking it off to form a "bubble" of cellular membrane with the food (in this case a bacteria) inside it.] Some enzymes and inner membrane transport systems resemble prokaryotic plasma membrane systems. Mitochondrial division resembles bacterial binary fission They contain a small circular loop of genetic material (DNA). Bacterial DNA is also a circular loop. They produce a small number of proteins using their own ribosomes which look like bacterial ribosomes. Their ribosomeal RNA resembles eubacterial rRNA. He finds these reasons why they don't: Mitochondria are not always the size or morphology of bacteria. [which is hardly surprising for something that's been evolving for a few billion years] In some Trypanosomes (ie Trypanosoma brucei) mitochondria undergo spectacular changes in morphology that do not resemble bacteria during different life cycle stages (Vickermann, 1971) [ditto] Variation in morphology is common in protistans, “Considerable variation in shape and size of the organelle can occur.” (Lloyd, 1974 p1) [ditto] Mitochondrial division and distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells is tightly controlled by even the simplest eukaryotic cells. [Yes. Mitochondrial are, in fact, slaves to their host eukaryotic cells. You don't let an invading organism do as it pleases or you're dead.] Circular mtDNA replication via D loops is different from replication of bacterial DNA (Lewin, 1997 p441). [Again, billions of years of evolution will do that.] mtDNA is much smaller than bacterial chromosomes. [Yes, lots of DNA that is not needed for a parasitic/symbiontic cell has disappeared - again, this is to be expected after a few billion years of evolution. See "Spiegelman's Monster" for more on this.] Mitochondrial DNA may be linear, examples include: Plasmodium, C. reinhardtii, Ochromonas, Tetrahymena, Jakoba (Gray et al., 1999). [In a few organisms.] Mitochondrial genes may have introns which eubacterial genes typically lack (these introns are different from nuclear introns so they cannot have come from that source) (Lewin, 1997 p721, 888). [(Yawn) Excuse me for being repetitious. After billions of years of separate evolution, you would expect a few new introns.] The genetic code in many mitochondria is slightly different from bacteria (Lewin, 1997). [Yes, slightly different. Need I repeat, "after billions of years of evolution"?] All in all, I'm predicting a Nobel for Margulis sometime in the next few years.Houdin
October 18, 2006
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Dr. MacNeill, "That said, there is one very strong piece of evidence in favor of a monophyletic origin of all current forms of life: the universality of the genetic code." And why couldn't that just as well be a very strong piece of evidence in favor of a common Designer? In fact, if the initial "pre-biotic soup" was so fecund in producing the first replicator, and that first replicator was so plucky in not getting itself dissolved before it and its copies could generate the first living cell, wouldn't it be more likely that more than one replicator and code evolved? Was evolution really just incredibly, incredibly lucky in having just one genetic code become established? Was it just one of those things that amazingly, one might almost say miraculously, occurred, but never did so again? Nothing like "convergent evolution" in a soupy mix? (I'm serious about these questions, thought not having formed them completely seriously.)Douglas
October 18, 2006
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Her once heretical views are now pretty much a standard part of evolutionary science and she’s about due for a Nobel prize any year now.
Thank you for your comment, however, not so fast. Her endosymbiotic theory is falling apart. See Timothy Standish's critique: Critique of Endosymbiosis Regarding the widespread acceptance of her theory, here is what one wise man had to say:
The fact that an opinion is widely held is no evidence whatsoever that it is not utterly absurd. Bertrand Russell
scordova
October 18, 2006
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JGuy: "If Darwin’s requirement of numerous/slight/successive-modification (genetic type), where time was falsely honored as the hero of the plot, is dead/falsified… then what makes you confident that evolution is stronger than ever? " I don't want to speak for Dr. MacNeill, but most of the current controversy involves swapping chunks of information that was formed by numerous/slight/successive-modifications between different organisms. For example, Lynn Margulis believes that mitochondria were once free living bacteria-like creatures that were engulfed by larger cells, but not digested and eventually became well integrated parts of those larger cells. Her once heretical views are now pretty much a standard part of evolutionary science and she's about due for a Nobel prize any year now. Other examples would be bacteria exchanging plasmids - small rings of DNA containing quantities of information that was originally built up the old fashioned Darwinian way between organisms. There are also viruses that embed themselves into their host's genomes, hybridization between different species, etc.Houdin
October 18, 2006
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Allen_MacNeill: "I side with evolutionary biologists Ford Doolittle, Lynn Margulis, and Stephen J. Gould (among others) in inferring that life itself may be massively polyphyletic: that rather than there being a single common ancestor to all current living organisms, there may have been many. " I disagree. I think there was one single First Living Thing and that it is the ancestor of all living things. My reasoning is: 1. Biogenesis is fairly rare. For purposes of this argument, assume that a new life form is "born" from non-living matter only once every million years. 2. Assume for the sake of argument that after the First Living Thing appears, it is another million years before the second case of biogenesis occurs. 3. In the intervening million years, the First Living Thing will have multiplied and evolved to the point where it eats whatever is produced by the Second Biogenesis. 4. Nothing in the above says that after the First Living Thing had evolved to produce other living things that massive horizontal transfers of genetic information didn't occur, making it impossible to trace the history of the first few million years of life.Houdin
October 18, 2006
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I just wanted to confirm that the picture Dr. Macneill paints of the state of current evolution theory is precisely the same as what I was taught --not so very long go--during grad school. No one tried to hide or otherwise minimize the historical disagreements and ongoing internal debates within the discipline. All these seminal events and ideas were highlighted, and I see them as indicative of a growing maturity. It's unfortunate that the phrase "modern synthesis" has specific historical connotations in biology because the real modern synthesis has been the blending of several of these lines of thought into a cohesive modern perspective; one which attempts to acknowledge rectify its own limitations, both empirical and theoretical. As I'm sure Dr. Macneill is aware, we needn't toss out positive natural selection as an important mechanism of evolutionary change because of neutral theory. Rather, neutral theory has provided the ability to detect such selection at the molecular level with a degree of quantitative rigor previously unavailable. And so it goes with several of the other movements in biology that "killed" the modern synthesis. I think it would be more accurate to say that they introduced several novel and often complementary forces that were previously neglected due to an adaptationalist fixation. The unfortunately narrow adaptationist perspective has been and continues to be remedied as the science of evolution advances. Nevertheless, there is still much we have learned and can continue to learn from Sewall, Wright, Dobzhansky, etc. I think it would be unfortunate for people to be left with the notion that their work was overturned completely. For the most part, it's been supplemented. And while there might be a few die-hard punctuated-equlibrium zealots out there, I suspect most of us fall somewhere within the spectrum between gradualism and pure P-E. So gradualism is not dead either; it's just no longer thought to explain everything. As more empirical data accumulates relating molecular changes to phenotype, we may be able to say with some degree of confidence what fraction of evolution was gradual vs. not.great_ape
October 17, 2006
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Allen, If Darwin's requirement of numerous/slight/successive-modification (genetic type), where time was falsely honored as the hero of the plot, is dead/falsified... then what makes you confident that evolution is stronger than ever? Whatever modifying mechanism & selection mechanism will you propose - evolution must still contend with the population mathematics regardless and time can not be the hero any longer. I can only imagine, forgive me for any oversights, that it will then be taught that the hopeful monster theory w/ Punctuated E. as the new 'science'? Otherwise, it's just an even more nebulous and materialist theory. Thanks for your posts & openess! JGuyJGuy
October 17, 2006
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Allen MacNeill said;
Before people on this list start hanging the crepe and breaking out the champagne bottles, I would like to hasten to point out that evolutionary theory is very much alive.
Doesn't mattter, you're still alright in my book. I hope that doesn't hurt you professionally.Jehu
October 17, 2006
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I personally have never attacked any of these people. I did not mean you and I'm glad you are posting here. Debate is good.tribune7
October 17, 2006
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In comment 11, tribune7 asked: "Why the attacks against Dr. Dembski, Dr. Behe Dr. Sternberg etc.?" I personally have never attacked any of these people. I have, however, attacked their positions and their ideas, especially when I have perceived those ideas to be not only incorrect but deliberately misleading. That's what academic debate is all about, and why I enjoy it so much. As my fencing master says, we seek "...to improve our society by promoting the 'All for one and one for all' spirit of classical fencing that emphasizes respect, cooperation, honesty, fairness and personal responsibility" (see http://www.classicalfencing.com/)Allen_MacNeill
October 17, 2006
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In comment 10, Ben Z wrote: "...it seems to me that what you’re referring to as Evolutionary Biology and what Wiker links to Darwin through Epicurus (or, more properly, the original work of Democritus and other atomists) himself are quite different." On the contrary, I thought Wiker and Dembski's book was crystal clear: that the philosophical implications of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection are the source of most if not all of modern society's ills, from the rise of Naziism to the tendency for men to leave the toilet seat up. This is, of course, news to those of us who actually do evolutionary biology for a living, who have loving families and friends, and who participate in social and religious communities in which most of us do not commit genocide and (unless we forget to do so because we are sleep-walking) we leave the toilet seat down...Allen_MacNeill
October 17, 2006
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Dr. MacNeill, Thank you for your quite reasonable response. I suspect the danger is real that there are those who would seek to inhibit you from investigating the hows and whys of the relationships of life via enforcment of dogma, and it is important to to oppose this. It seems, however, that some have evolved (irony intended) into what they hate and fear. Why the attacks against Dr. Dembski, Dr. Behe Dr. Sternberg etc.? The point of my question is that that single cell common ancestor was taught almost dogmatically not so long ago (and probably still is) in a lot of our high schools. And you have to ask yourself, why? You seem to be pursuing this as it should be pursued but for many, Darwinism seems to be more of a validation of atheism and an imposition of a philosophy, than answering naturalistic questions. When I find myself in these debates I am sometimes faced with the sneer "God did it" implying that I somehow hate science. It seems a naturalist with a bit of self-confidence can say "Fair enough, God did it," now let's find out how. And if a natural answer is found, that scientist can expect the accolades that have traditonally been bestowed. OTOH, what almost always happens is that the one claiming to defend science insists that there is a natural answer to an unexplained event and when challeged with what that might be rejoins with name-calling. So, anyway thank you very much for your answer it is much appreciated.tribune7
October 17, 2006
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"It’s very gratifying to know there’s such interest in the evolving field of evolutionary biology, even at website that is moderated by someone who believes that it is morally detestible and the source of most of the moral failings of modern society" That was an interesting book. However, for some reason it seems to me that what you're referring to as Evolutionary Biology and what Wiker links to Darwin through Epicurus (or, more properly, the original work of Democritus and other atomists) himself are quite different. "I can’t emphasize this enough: NO SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS 'TRUE'" You might be surprised to learn that most people here have probably heard that WAY too many times., considering that they probably already knew it even before hearing it from someone who disagrees with them.Ben Z
October 17, 2006
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Also, many of my positions (including much of what I have posted here) are already available online at my blog: http://evolutionlist.blogspot.com/Allen_MacNeill
October 17, 2006
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In comment #6, Jerry asked: "Why don’t you video tape your course on evolutionary biology and put it on the internet for others to watch?" Will and I have discussed this possibility, but right now I'm concentrating on two projects: an introductory textbook on evolution for non-majors (for a major academic publisher) and a lecture series on evolutionary psychology for The Teaching Company. After those are done, perhaps we might be able to find a way to video-stream our course on evolution. It's very gratifying to know there's such interest in the evolving field of evolutionary biology, even at website that is moderated by someone who believes that it is morally detestible and the source of most of the moral failings of modern society (see http://www.amazon.com/Moral-Darwinism-How-Became-Hedonists/dp/0830826661).Allen_MacNeill
October 17, 2006
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In comment #3, tribune7 asked: "How is common descent doing as in everything can be traced to a single cell?" Let me repost what I said about this on another thread here: I side with evolutionary biologists Ford Doolittle, Lynn Margulis, and Stephen J. Gould (among others) in inferring that life itself may be massively polyphyletic: that rather than there being a single common ancestor to all current living organisms, there may have been many. The extent of lateral genetic transfer among prokaryotes makes it almost impossible to reconstruct a phylogeny with a single root, and the lack of genetic evidence for either a single or multiple origin of life may be permanent, as all living organisms are the result of four billion years of phylogenetic evolution, and no fossils preserve any genetic evidence of the origin of life. That said, there is one very strong piece of evidence in favor of a monophyletic origin of all current forms of life: the universality of the genetic code. However, I believe that it is still an open question whether the code is arbitrary (and therefore strong evidence for homology) or necessary (and therefore strong evidence for convergence, despite multiple origins). It may very well be the case that, in the early stages of the origin of the genetic code, there were multiple codes (and multiple ways of translating it), but that over time one code and one translation mechanism (the “universal” one that we observe today) replaced all other alternatives. However, given the fact that molecules don’t fossilize and the rocks that might contain such fossils have already been subducted into oblivion anyway, it seems problematic at the present time to assert that one or the other hypothesis is “true.” Indeed, I strongly suspect that we will never have a definitive answer to this question. So what? Darwin didn’t speculate on any of this, but rather “started in the middle” and proposed a testable hypothesis for decent with modification and the mechanisms by which it occurs (i.e. natural and sexual selection). After a century and a half of intensive biological research, no other hypothesis has generated anything close to the same amount of confirmatory evidence, and so we continue to investigate the world around us using Darwin’s original insights. Is evolutionary theory therefore “true?” No, of course not. I can’t emphasize this enough: NO SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS “TRUE”, at least not “true” in the sense that most people use that word. On the contrary, it’s the most useful and productive “guess” we have at the present, and until new evidence is discovered that unambiguously falsifies it, we will continue to use it as the underlying basis for nearly all of the science of biology.Allen_MacNeill
October 17, 2006
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Allen, Why don't you video tape your course on evolutionary biology and put it on the internet for others to watch. Berkeley and MIT have put several of their courses on websites for general public viewing. That way we could watch you and Dr. Provine explain the details of each of your positions. Again, we would all enjoy a list of the various different ways of novel allele generation along with appropriate reading for non biology reader if there is any.jerry
October 17, 2006
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Dr. MacNeill, "Before people on this list start hanging the crepe and breaking out the champagne bottles, I would like to hasten to point out that evolutionary theory is very much alive." These things take time, sometimes. Often, those propping up the body must be made aware of its lifelessness.Douglas
October 17, 2006
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"IDers and YECs who hail the “death of Darwinism” are like the poor benighted souls who hailed the death of the “horseless carriage” and the return to “normal equine transportation”... So, would you include William Dembski? Heh... I recall that he stated that ID and evolution (properly understood) aren't incompatible at all.Ben Z
October 17, 2006
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Allen, Thank you for your candor. I fear you will be baraged by many questions, and I realize you may not be able to answer them all. Thank you for taking the time however to make an appearance at this weblogs in the face of some hostile criticism. regards, Salvadorscordova
October 17, 2006
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Allen, How is common descent doing as in everything can be traced to a single cell? Evolution is dead. Long live Evolution.tribune7
October 17, 2006
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Allen, I do not know how feasible it is, I can only say there are many in the ID and even YEC community who might be able to make a contribution to the field of evolutionary biology. Whether that is a pipe-dream is another story. I laid out what I believe will be a topic of intererst to every party: Marsupials and Placentals: a case of front-loaded, pre-programmed, designed evolution? This quest would take a lot of money, but I think it has a real chance of success if cooperation is achieved. Salscordova
October 17, 2006
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Before people on this list start hanging the crepe and breaking out the champagne bottles, I would like to hasten to point out that evolutionary theory is very much alive. What is "dead" is the core doctrine of the "modern evolutionary synthesis" that based all of evolution on gradualistic changes in allele frequencies in populations over time as the result of differential reproductive success. This idea was essentially based on theoretical mathematical models originally developed by R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright, with some experimental confirmation (using Drosophila) by Theodosious Dobzhansky and field observations (chiefly of birds) by Ernst Mayr (with some supporting observations on the fossil record by G. G. Simpson and plants by G. Ledyard Stebbins). Its high water mark was the Darwin centenial celebration at the University of Chicago in 1959, which most of the aforementioned luminaries attended, and which has been chronicled by Ernst Mayr and William Provine. However, cracks were already showing in the "synthesis" by 1964, when W. D. Hamilton proposed his theory of kin selection. They widened considerably in 1969 when Lynn Margulis proposed her theory of serial endosymbiosis. Then, in 1972, the dam broke, when Niles Eldredge and Stephen J. Gould published their landmark paper on "punctuated equilibrium. Not content to pull the rug out from under the "micro=macro" doctrine lying at the heart of the "modern synthesis", Gould went on to publish yet another landmark paper with Richard Lewontin, this one undermining the "Panglossian paradigm" promoted by the founders of the "modern synthesis": that natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolutionary change at all levels, and that virtually all of the characteristics of organisms are adaptive. And then Motoo Kimura and Tomiko Ohto dealt the "modern synthesis" its coup de grace: the neutral theory of genetic evolution, which pointed out that the mathematical models upon which the "modern synthesis" was founded were fundamentally and fatally flawed. But what has come out of all of this is NOT the end of the theory of evolution, but rather its further integration into the biological sciences. Darwin only hinted at (and the founders of the "modern synthesis" mostly ignored) the idea that the "engine of variation" that provided all of the raw material for evolutionary change is somehow intimately tied to the mechanisms by which organisms develop from unicellular zygotes into multicellular organisms, and the mechanisms by which genetic information is transferred from organism to organism. We are now in the beginning stages of the greatest revolution in evolutionary biology since the beginning of the last century, perhaps since the publication of the Origin of Species in 1859. Rather than dying away to a trickle as the field of evolutionary biology collapses, the rate of publication on all aspects of evolution is accelerating exponentially. IDers and YECs who hail the "death of Darwinism" are like the poor benighted souls who hailed the death of the "horseless carriage" and the return to "normal equine transportation" in 1905 or thereabouts: they are either ignorant of the most basic principles of current evolutionary theory, or they see the onrush of the juggernaught and close their eyes to avoid witnessing the impending impact. It is indeed a wonderful time to be an evolutionary biologist, and a wonderful time for anyone whose curiosity about nature exceeds their fear of the unknown.Allen_MacNeill
October 17, 2006
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