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Have we profoundly misunderstood Harvard Evolutionary Biologist Richard Lewontin in his Jan 1997 NYRB article, “Billions and Billions of Demons”?

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In the current Computer Simulations thread, Dr Liddle has challenged me as follows, that I profoundly misunderstand prof Lewontin’s 1997 NYRB article that crops up so often at UD:

. . . as I have said several times, I don’t think it means what you think it means. In fact I’m sure you are misinterpreting it.

What Lewontin clearly means (and he says so explicitly) is that the entire scientific method is predicated on the assumption that the universe is predictable.

That doesn’t mean it is but that science can only proceed on that assumption.

There is no indoctination here – because no doctrine. Science does not teach the doctrine that there is “no Divine Foot”. What it teaches is that scientific methology must exclude that possiblity because otherwise the entire system collapses . . . .

Before responding to this, let me lay out a link on my understanding of science and its methods, at IOSE.

This also comes at a time when Mr Arrington was told that by leaving off the Beck reference, he had materially distorted the meaning to the point of alleged quote-mining. This is similar to what is now a standard talking point for darwinist objectors when this clip is used. (I had to deal with it in June this year, here at UD.)

It is time to again set the record straight.

So, here is my main response, by way of a markup of the key extract from prof Lewontin’s article; which is misplaced in the same thread as I hit the wrong reply button:

______________

>> . . . to put a correct view of the universe [1 –> a claim to holding truth, not just an empirically reliable, provisional account] into people’s heads we must first get an incorrect view out [2 –> an open ideological agenda] . . . the problem is to get them to reject irrational and supernatural explanations of the world, the demons that exist only in their imaginations [3 –> a declaration of cultural war], and to accept a social and intellectual apparatus, Science, as the only begetter of truth [ 4 –> this is a knowledge claim about knowledge and its possible sources, i.e. it is a claim in philosophy not science; it is thus self-refuting]. . . . To Sagan, as to all but a few other scientists, it is self-evident [5 –> a self evident claim is that this is true, must be true and its denial is patently absurd. But actually, science and its knowledge claims are plainly not immediately and necessarily true on pain of absurdity, to one who understands them; this is another logical error, begging the question, confused for real self-evidence] that the practices of science provide the surest method of putting us in contact with physical reality [6 –> Science gives reality, reality is naturalistic and material], and that, in contrast, the demon-haunted world rests on a set of beliefs and behaviors that fail every reasonable test [7 –> i.e. an assertion that tellingly reveals a hostile mindset, not a warranted claim: if you reject naturalistic, materialistic evolutionism, you are ignorant, stupid, insane or wicked, by direct implication] . . . .

It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world [8 –> redefines science as a material explanation of the observed world], but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes [9 –> another major begging of the question . . . by imposition of a priori materialism as a worldview that then goes on to control science as its handmaiden and propaganda arm that claims to be the true prophet of reality, the only begetter of truth] to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. [10 –> In short, even if the result is patently absurd on its face, it is locked in, as materialistic “science” is now our criterion of truth!] Moreover, that materialism is absolute [11 –> i.e. here we see the fallacious, indoctrinated, ideological, closed mind . . . ], for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door. [12 –> Hostility to the divine is embedded, from the outset, as per the dismissal of the “supernatural”] The eminent Kant scholar Lewis Beck used to say that anyone who could believe in God could believe in anything. [13 –> a slightly more sophisticated form of Dawkins’ ignorant, stupid, insane or wicked, certainly, irrational. This is a declaration of war! Those who believe in God, never mind the record of history, never mind the contributions across the ages, are dismissed as utterly credulous and irrational, dangerous and chaotic] To appeal to an omnipotent deity is to allow that at any moment the regularities of nature may be ruptured, that miracles may happen. [14 –> Perhaps the second saddest thing is that some actually believe that these last three sentences that express hostility to God and then back it up with a loaded strawman caricature of theism and theists JUSTIFY what has gone on before. As a first correction, accurate history — as opposed to the commonly promoted rationalist myth of the longstanding war of religion against science — documents (cf. here for a start) that the Judaeo-Christian worldview nurtured and gave crucial impetus to the rise of modern science through its view that God as creator made and sustains an orderly world. Similarly, for miracles — e.g. the resurrection of Jesus — to stand out as signs pointing beyond the ordinary course of the world, there must first be such an ordinary course, one plainly amenable to scientific study. The saddest thing is that many are now so blinded and hostile that, having been corrected, they will STILL think that this justifies the above. But, nothing can excuse the imposition of a priori materialist censorship on science, which distorts its ability to seek the empirically warranted truth about our world.]

[[From: “Billions and Billions of Demons,” NYRB, January 9, 1997.] >>
____________

Do you see my fourteen main points of concern in the clip?

And if you go to the immediately linked, you will see a following note that raises much more, e.g Lewontin’s caricature of the woman who thought the TV broadcasts from the Moon were fake because she could not get Dallas on her set; while in fact Wernher von Braun, the man who sent the Apollo rocket to the Moon was a Christian and a Creationist.

There is even more in the onward linked full article.

Read the above, work your way through the fourteen points, then come back to me and show me how I have misunderstood what Lewontin “really” meant.

So, let us extend the invitation to the onlooker.

Have we misunderstood Lewontin, or have we understood him all too well?

What are your thoughts, why? END

Comments
Exactly :)Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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No, I'd say that regularity in nature is a property that nature seems to have. But tell me this: if Sheldrake's phenomena were shown to be reproducible, in what sense could you call them "supernatural"? How would they differ from "natural" phenomena like gravitational force? And if you are calling all phenomena "supernatural" what would you call a mere "natural" phenomenon? Why do you need the "super" in there? Yes, I did read that C.S.Lewis book a long time ago. But Lewis differentiates between natural and supernatural - and IIRC, he would include laws of nature as "natural". Have I misremembered?Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Who says it does? How can you prove that empirically? Skull trepanation testifies to there only being a brain underneath. “Mind” is not a scientific but a philosphical category. We are again down to the issue of interpretations. You are saying that there is one and only one true purely scientific interpretation. I am saying there is no such thing as the only one scientific interpretation. Your position is positivistic and outdated.
Well, in my domain, "mind" is a scientific category! My job is mapping mental phenomena on to neural phenomena, so obviously I regard mental phenomena as measurable scientific variables! And no, I am not saying there is "one true purely scientific interpretation". I'm not sure where you are getting that from what I wrote. For a start I have said repeatedly that all scientific models are, and must be, provisional and subject to potential falsification. For a second, I don't think science answers all kinds questions. "Is the Mona Lisa a great work of art?" is a question that science can answer. Nor is "is it wrong to commit adultery?" Science can help us answer these questions by giving us relevant information, but they are not scientific questions. I don't know what "positivist" is, but I'm fairly up to speed on the neuroscientific literature.
Neo-Darwinism, e.g., states that anything that serves for my species’ reproductive advantage is good.
No, it does no such thing. You are equivocating with the word "good". Neo Darwinism (well, Darwinism, actually) states that any trait that increases my chances of reproducing will tend to be reproduced more often in my descendents. That's all. There is no value attached to that statement, it's simply logical. And if the thing that has the trait that increases its chance of reproducing is a disease-causing bacteria, then from the human point of view, that is decidedly not good. From the bacterium's point of view I guess it could be awesome, if the bacterium cared. But most people don't care a fig about whether their traits are reproduced a lot or not in their descendents. They do care about whether they have kids, usually, but that's quite different. So, I'm afraid you are wrong on this :) There is no "moral principle of neo-Darwinism" any more than there is a moral principle of gravity or a moral principle of quantum mechanics. Neo-Darwinism is a scientific theory, and, like all scientific theories, morally neutral. It doesn't even have anything to do with God.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Liz, the data is good. Religious people DO tend to be happier. Have you never witnessed the ever-sunny outlook on life of your local Christian zealot in action? You, know, that lady with the taped sermons always playing in her car? That religious people are more healthy says nothing about the truth of religious claims. As we know, ignorance is bliss (sometimes). It is not hard for me to see how believing that "God has it all under control" can make you healthier.ThoughtSpark
October 17, 2011
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Elizabeth, "Yes, of course we “believe” there is “such a thing as information”." There we go. "And yes, certainly minds exist. I haven’t seen any demonstration that they are not material in origin, and plenty of evidence that they are." Who says it does? How can you prove that empirically? Skull trepanation testifies to there only being a brain underneath. "Mind" is not a scientific but a philosphical category. We are again down to the issue of interpretations. You are saying that there is one and only one true purely scientific interpretation. I am saying there is no such thing as the only one scientific interpretation. Your position is positivistic and outdated. This way or another, even though you say your position is based entirely on science, in fact it is not because implicitly you rely on philosophical notions determining your materialistic framework. I must disappoint you that any materialistic framework is incomplete. Who says I shall not steal or murder? Shall I listen to neo-Darwinists or somebody else? How do I define my moral criteria of what's good or bad? Science alone is not enough for this task. This is why I likened it to a screwdriver or a hammer. It is nonsensical to ask how I should live of a hammer. Neo-Darwinism, e.g., states that anything that serves for my species' reproductive advantage is good. That is the moral principle of neo-Darwinism. It is easy to see where this reduced morality can lead if taken to its logical conclusion. E.g. in Darwinist terms, Nazies were doing a very good thing for humanity by excluding from our gene pool deleterious genes by mass killing the sick, mentally handicapped, or people of "not so evolutionary advanced" races, as they thought. I encourage you to read Dostoevsky. He had a very difficult time in his life looking for answers to the basic human questions. As a result, he offered enormous insights into issues of mind, morality and faith. He says, "if there is no God, everything is allowed". Materialism cannot cope with those issues at a level appropriate to anyone who wants to find truth.Eugene S
October 17, 2011
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Could you summarise the evidence and draw out how the consequences follow? Including, addressing this from Haldane:
"It seems to me immensely unlikely that mind is a mere by-product of matter. For if my mental processes are determined wholly by the motions of atoms in my brain I have no reason to suppose that my beliefs are true. They may be sound chemically, but that does not make them sound logically. And hence I have no reason for supposing my brain to be composed of atoms." ["When I am dead," in Possible Worlds: And Other Essays [1927], Chatto and Windus: London, 1932, reprint, p.209.]
kairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Some pretty good suggestions. Study Guide to the book, here Podcast on it, herekairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Oh, also, I would agree that the term "supernatural" is very problematic. I mean, if nature is all that exists, then the supernatural must not exist. But if God exists, is he natural or supernatural? What about fairies? etc? What if God exists but is not subject to the same laws that we are subject to? Is he natural or supernatural? The terms are not always useful.Collin
October 17, 2011
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Dr. Liddle, Would you say that regularity in nature is the same as materialism? I ask because I believe that some supernatural phenomena may be empirically tested if it follows a regular pattern or law. Not all supernatural stuff does, but maybe some does: e.g http://www.sheldrake.org/homepage.html# But the laws of nature are, imho, the best example of the supernatural in our world. To me, regularity itself is a miracle. Also, have you ever read C S Lewis's "Miracles." He talks a lot about things related to this thread that I think you'd find interesting.Collin
October 17, 2011
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Yes, of course we "believe" there is "such a thing as information". And it's real. I don't see anything "super-natural" about it. Or, if information is "super-natural" then "super-natural" isn't a very useful term. And yes, certainly minds exist. I haven't seen any demonstration that they are not material in origin, and plenty of evidence that they are.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Thanks. I know some of those papers but not all. I'll check them out.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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After all, there is plenty of data supporting a correlation between theism and happiness, less stress, better health, better coping, greater altruism etc.
But, is that evidence for the existence of the theos believed in, or is it a psychological effect of faith or belief itself? How can that be determined? I believe there are plenty of examples of people of strong faith with miserable lives too. Could it be that the operative agent is faith itself, and not the object of the faith?Cabal
October 17, 2011
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Wiki claims there is now extensive research suggesting that religious people are happier and less stressed. ^ Rudin, Mike (2006-04-30). "The science of happiness". BBC. ^ Paul, Pamela (2005-01-09). "The New Science of Happiness". Time. ^ Koenig. Harold G., Larson, David B., and Mcculloug, Michael E. –Handbook of Religion and Health(see article), p.111, Oxford University Press (2001) Currently, approximately 8% of the U.S. population claim no religious affiliation (Kosmin & Lachman, 1993). People with no affiliation appear to be at greater risk for depressive symptoms than those affiliated with a religion. In a sample of 850 medically ill men, Koenig, Cohen, Blazer, Pieper, et al. (1992) examined whether religious affiliation predicted depression after demographics, medical status, and a measure of religious coping were controlled. They found that, when relevant covariates were controlled, men who indicated that they had “no religious affiliation” had higher scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (an observer-administered rating scale) than did men who identified themselves as moderate Protestants, Catholics, or nontraditional Christians. ^ The 2008 Legatum Prosperity Index, Summary p.40. Research suggests that religious people's happiness is less vulnerable to fluctuations in economic and political uncertainty, personal unemployment and income changes. The Prosperity Index identifies similar effects at the country level, with a number of highly religious countries reporting higher levels of happiness than might be expected based on the standard of living alone: this effect is most pronounced in Mexico, El Salvador, the Dominican republic, Indonesia, Venezuela and Nigeria.
Finally, a recent systematic review of 850 research papers on the topic concluded that "the majority of well-conducted studies found that higher levels of religious involvement are positively associated with indicators of psychological well-being (life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect, and higher morale) and with less depression, suicidal thoughts and behavior, drug/alcohol use/abuse."[15]
^ Moreira-Almeida, Alexander; Francisco Lotufo Neto, and Harold G. Koenig (September 2006). "Religiousness and mental health: a review". Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. [serial on the Internet] 28 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462006005000006. PMID 16924349. Health ^ Ellison, C. G., & Levin, J. S. (1998). "The religion-health connection: Evidence, theory, and future directions". Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education (Health Education and Behavior.) 25 (6): 700–720.. doi:10.1177/109019819802500603. PMID 9813743. Retrieved 25 April 2010. ^ Shahabi, L., Powell, L. H., Musick, M. A., Pargament, K. I., Thoresen, C. E., Williams, D., et al. (2002). "Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in American adults". Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education (Annals of Behaviors Medicine.) 24 (6): 59–68.. doi:10.1177/109019819802500603. PMID 9813743. Retrieved 25 April 2010. ^ Koenig, L. B., & Vaillant, G. E. (2009). A prospective study of church attendance and health over the lifespan. 28. Health Psychology.. pp. 117–124.. Retrieved 25 April 2010. ^ Chatters, L. M. (2000). Religion and health: Public health research and practices. 21. Annual Review of Public Health.. pp. 335–367.. Retrieved 25 April 2010. ^ Seeman, T., Dubin, L. F., & Seeman, M. (2003). Religiosity/spirituality and health: A critical review of the evidence for biological pathways. 58. American Psychologist.. pp. 53–63.. Retrieved 25 April 2010.junkdnaforlife
October 17, 2011
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Thanks, but I'd like the peer-reviewed papers on which the book is based. The reason I said the data were dodgy is that I am aware of a number of studies based on national polling data, that make what I consider fallacious inferences. I'd like to know what specific studies you have in mind. I'd also appreciate a less aggressive tone. As far as neuroscience goes, yes,there is certainly evidence that meditation produces measurable neuronal effects, and is beneficial. I'm in the middle of conducting a study in that area right now. But that is quite different from the claim that theists are happier than atheists. As I said, the only studies I know of that suggest that are dodgy.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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BIN: You raise a serious point. Cf discussion here on. GEM of TKIkairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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When it comes to the issue -- the inference to design on reliable empirical signs -- that has so excited the rage and stirred up such a hornet's nest of hostility, let us bring the matter to a sharp focus: 1 --> It is a matter of millennia old commonplace that we routinely intuitively recognise and differentiate that which comes of natural processes of cause and effect tracing to forces of mechanical necessity and/or chance/stochastic factors, and that which is ART-ificial. 2 --> Cases like Mt Rushmore vs Old Man of the Mountain or Stonehenge vs Giant's Causeway are apt examples in point. 3 --> Similarly, we know the difference between chance based gibberish (fjgwgiugihgihgv . . . ) and intelligent text strings (like this . . . ). 4 --> We likewise uncontroversially distinguish between the mechanical necessity that makes a dropped fair die fall, and the chance factors that lead it to tumble to a given reading essentially at random. 5 --> These are all marked by distinguishing characteristics, that can be procedurally reduced and quantified, then empirically tested. Thus, the per aspect explanatory filter and something like the log-reduced simplified Chi expression: Chi_500 = I*S - 500, bits beyond the solar system threshold. 6 --> In terms of procedure, the first step is to identify the significance of high contingency in an outcome under essentially similar starting conditions. A dropped die falls, reliably, under a gravitational force of about 9.8 N/kg near earth's surface, but if it is fair, it then tumbles to a reading from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}essentially at random. The die can also be set to read a value by hand, or may be loaded so that its behaviour is some blend of chance and designed outcome. 7 --> So, we see that by looking for the presence of high contingency, we may distinguish processes that are driven by lawlike mechanical necessity. These we summarise under the famous empirical laws of science. F = m*a, E = h*f - w, etc. [Newton and Einstein respectively, the latter being a Nobel Prize winning threshold equation, cutting clean across an objection from some months back that such expressions are illegitimate or dubious in science.] 8 --> Where by contrast, an aspect of an object, phenomenon or process etc shows high contingency, experience leads to the observation that this is consistently attributable to chance and/or choice. The issue shows up as routinely as whether we are seeing irreducible noise or erratic -- human caused -- experimental error in a lab exercise [or cooking], or whether variation in the product of an assembly line is unavoidable chance or human action. 9 --> The logical criterion for distinguishing the two in cases of interest, i.e. candidates for design where we do not directly see the causal process, is whether the variability is within reasonable reach of chance sampling or is so isolated in the space of configurations and is from so special a subset of possibilities that the best explanation is design. 10 --> Functionally specific, complex organisation and associated information [FSCO/I] are excellent markers of this threshold, and this is what is quantified in the Chi_500 expression. 11 --> In effect, on the gamut of 10^57 atoms of our solar system, the 10^102 Planck Time Quantum states are 1 in 10^48 of the field of possibilities for 500 bits. So, unusual and specified outcomes that would be consistent with the purposefulness of an intelligent agent, are maximally unlikely to arise by chance. So their best explanation is design.
(A one straw sized blind sample of a hay bale 3 1/2 light days across would be maximally likely to pick up only straw, even if a solar system lurks within. Per, not debatable probability calculations of precise values -- yet another red herring led away to an agenda-serving strawman caricature, but on the direct and overwhelmingly compelling testimony and analysis of sampling theory without need to even characterise the population ahead of the sample. [Indeed, such samples are routinely used to characterise the population. This also shows why an empirically based sample of observations is not enough to dismiss rare phenomena as incredible. Hint, hint, Hume, on dismissing the possibility of rare miracles because of the general reliability of observed natural lawlike processes.])
12 --> Stretch the number of bits to 1,000 and you have a test that covers what is plausible on the gamut of our observed cosmos. That is, if something has in it more information than 72 - 143 ASCII characters, and is from a special and plausibly purposeful zone in the space of possibilities, intelligent choice acting by art is the best causal explanation. 13 --> To give a hint: 500 coins in a string array in no particular order is best explained on chance, but if the coins have the ASCII code for a string of coherent words in English, that is best explained on design. 14 --> The hotly debated case, of course, is DNA/RNA and the proteins coded for by step by step reading of the three-base codons in the living cell leading to assembly of specified, functional, folding AA chains used in the living cell.
(Some have gone so far as to deny the reality of the genetic code as a code, on grounds like: we did not see it being made by a human being or something like that. H'mm, wasn't the point of origins science to infer on an abductive best explanation basis, to causes for phenomena on what we know produces the like effect in our observation, and traces we may observe in the present? Sauce for goose is also sauce for gander: such inferences are not to be taken up only when they are convenient for materialists in lab coats. On pain of patently inconsistent selective hyperskepticism.)
15 --> Typical proteins are 300 AA long, i.e requiring something like 900 4-state coded elements. 4^900 = 7.15 * 10^541 possibilities, and the sugar-phosphate D/RNA backbone does not chemically constrain the sequence in any material way [As Bradley et al showed in the 1980's connected to the publication of TMLO, contributing to Dean Kenyon's -- yes, the same who was subjected to an expelling attempt -- public recantation of his 1969 Biochemical Predestination thesis in the preface to the first ID technical book], i.e AGCT/U can come in any sequence. 16 --> The integrated living cell with hundreds of proteins, organised nanomolecular machines, and an integral coded, von Neumann self-replicator, is credibly designed. 17 --> Now, a poisonous switcheroo comes up. So let's get this straight, as Thaxton et al underscored right from the beginning in TMLO: this is an inference to design, not an inference to supernatural cause. 18 --> On the credibly designed features of the living cell, we may infer to design, but not to the ontological nature of the designer. That is, as Venter et al have recently shown, a SUFFICIENT explanation would be a molecular nanotech lab a few generations beyond where we now are. 19 --> That's a limitation of what the science can tell us, but the result is enough to demolish the pretensions of the materialists who dominate science in our day. Namely, starting with origin of life, and going on to origin of major body plans, the Darwinian mechanism -- chance variation and survival of the fittest based culling out of less successful variants of functional forms -- is unable to account for the large quantum of FSCO/I in living forms. It may explain minor adaptaitons like light/dark moths, or insecticide or antibiotic resistance or the like, but it cannot cogently account for what it has announced as its triumph for the past 150 years: macroevolution. 20 --> As the just linked post and current discussion thread demonstrates, this has led to a lot of kicking and screaming, but the objective onlooker can see that the point is in fact so. Observe the issues raised on OOL, on Gould's questions on the trade secret of paleontology, and the lingering issue of the Cambrian fossil life revolution [look at esp p. 2 that is being so consistently tiptoed around], and the matter will stand clear to the unprejudiced mind. 21 --> Which, per the problem of Lewontin, is exactly the problem. 22 --> But, doesn't all this leave theists in the lurch, too? 23 --> Not strictly a scientific issue, but suffice to say that theists are quite willing to confidently let the facts and evidence speak on their own terms; once science is liberated from Lewontinian materialist captivity. 24 --> We must also note that there is another side to design theory, where it actually BEGAN, with first signs some 60 years ago (and with early hints some 80 years ago, with the rise of the Big Bang and a direct empirically warranted inference to a beginning of the observed cosmos). 25 --> Namely, cosmological design, on signs of fine tuning. 26 --> That is, there is good reason to hold that our cosmos had a beginning -- thus, an external cause, and that its laws and parameters are finely balanced in ways that facilitate a cosmos in which C-chemistry, cell based life is possible. In addition, ours is a quite privileged planet. 27 --> That FSCO is best explained on design by an intelligent and awesomely powerful, skilled and knowledgeable agent intending to produce a cosmos habitable by C-chemistry, aqueous medium, cell based intelligent life invited to explore and make advantageous use of the cosmos and its materials, forces and potentials. 28 --> Even, through a speculative multiverse. 29 --> That's why there is a joke about the astrophysicists and cosmologists rushing out of their observatories and offices in lunch time to hear lifelong agnostic Sir Fred Hoyle give his lunch time meditation in the University Chapel on the Superintellect who Monkeyed with physics at the foundation of the cosmos, then lining up to be baptised into the First church of God in Christ, Big bang. 30 --> like all good jokes, it is funny because it has a serious point beneath the funny part. GEM of TKIkairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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Dr Liddle: Pardon, it is also a good reason to discuss the prejudices and bigotry of our time; including MATERIALIST ones. Which happen to be the biases with a lot of institutional power in and around science and policy centres in our civilisation. For instance, there is abundant and accessible reason for the reasonable to see that theism is not to be equated with superstition or irrationality or ignorance or stupidity or wickedness, and a refusal to acknowledge the role of the Judaeo-Christian tradition and adherents in the history of modern science, joined to the Lewontinian caricatures and hostility above, are therefore not good signs. Add to that the sort of arrogant and supercilious attitude -- pardon, this needs to be said fairly frankly -- that would join prayer to a list of superstitions, or would equate believing in God with believing in UFOs or fairies or the like, taken as examples of irrationality. Multiply by Lewontin's own example of the woman who doubted the provenance of the TV broadcasts of the Moon landing, in a context where he somehow failed to see that Wernher von Braun, the man who sent the rocket to the Moon -- as in this IS rocket science [start with the controls challenge of balancing a broomstick on its tip . . . ] -- was an Evangelical Christian and Creationist. Never mind, failing to understand how Newton, whose physics did so much of the underlying work, saw an orderly cosmos as a strong sign pointing to the handiwork of its Architect and Pantokrator [which Greek term he actually used]. Let us get something basic straight: believing in miracles is not chaotic superstition, nor is it -- on the actual history of science and linked philosophical issues -- antithetical to science. It is antithetical to MATERIALISM, but that is not the same as science by any reasonable means. Which, however, is exactly the confusion and conflation that Lewontin et al are making. And which is exactly the confusion that the US NAS and NSTA, NCSE etc are wishing to embed into the popular understanding and even the schools-taught definition (insofar as a definition is possible) of science. (And yet, these seem to be blissfully unaware of the inherent self referential incoherence of materialism as a worldview, its inescapable amorality and the menace to good order it has repeatedly historically shown itself to be -- including (as 100 million ghosts of the past century will remind us), in living memory.) It is precisely this sort of ill-informed, polarising and unbalanced, irresponsible prejudices and talking points that the likes of a Lewontin, or a Dawkins or a Sagan, or a Coyne or a NAS or a NSTA or a NCSE or a Scott or a Forrest or a Matzke may toss off that then feed the ever-present fever swamps of hate. And, frankly, outright hate stirred up through bigotry is what is driving things like those who have threatened my wife and children; innocents who have nothing whatsoever to do with what is being debated, other than that they can be held implicit hostage. (Nor is this the only case in point, nor -- sadly -- is such plain thuggishness confined to fringe groups and individuals, cf. below on what happened in Kansas across the last decade.) Do you see how ugly things are becoming? And when it comes to the false accusation of "quote-mining" that now seems to be a standard talking point in the fever swamps when this article by Lewontin is cited, and which occasionally pops up here, let it be noted far and wide:
I: the above fourteen points of serious concern in the clip from Lewontin show that no, the matter is not that we misunderstand or misrepresent Lewontin, but that we understand where he is coming from all too well.
Let us be direct:
II: if Lewontin were simply attacking real superstition or ignorance, he would not be appealing to broad-brush dismissals of anything that dares differ from an ill-digested, ill-understood a priori materialism such as he promotes.
And, also:
III: the notion that to believe in GOD is to lose all critical faculty, and to become chaotic is outright inexcusable poisonous slander,
. . . slander in the teeth of easily accessible facts of history on the founding of modern science, the nature of theistic belief and the contribution theists have made and continue to make to the advancement of both science and civilisation. Indeed, this is if anything the capstone that crowns the edifice of the prejudicial declaration, and condemns it and those who would defend or excuse it, much less see it as grounds for the sort of prejudice and question-begging imposition of materialism on science that Lewontin advocated before reaching that point. You will see that I have for long refrained myself from being so direct and explicit in my criticisms, but it now seems that -- thanks to the dismissive spin that is raging out of control across the fever swamps leading to a poisonous miasma that spreads across the Internet including here at UD (and on into the real world) -- nothing less than this will suffice to get attention to the seriousness and injustice of what has gone wrong. Oh, yes, I know some will take umbrage, and will project the problem unto the messenger. That nasty rhetorical stunt is as old as what was done to Socrates, and was probably old in his day. Kindly, cut it off, and look, carefully, at what we are dealing with. Remember, Lewontin is not merely giving his idiosyncratic view, he is consciously summarising the views and underlying notions of the dominant factions of the scientific elites. Notice: "To Sagan, as to all but a few other scientists . . . " This claim is backed up by any number of statements from a significant number of eminent scientists, and from official publications and declarations of august bodies like the US National Academy of Science and its National Science Teacher's Association's Board. Indeed, it is being embedded into law and public policy, and apparently not just in Kansas. When it comes to defining the strengths and limitations of scientific reasoning, I have already called attention here to what is a much better summary, one that I built on the sounder view of science that -- precisely under the influence of the US NAS, NSTA and NCSE et al amplified by media manipulation and Alinskyite public relations tactics, as well as a subtly worded, menacing threat that held the children of Kansas hostage to toeing the materialist line -- was explicitly rejected and replaced by imposition of a priori materialism, in Kansas, over the past decade:
BANNED IN KANSAS: “Science is a systematic method of continuing investigation, that uses observation, hypothesis testing, measurement, experimentation, logical argument and theory building, to lead to more adequate explanations of natural phenomena. (2005, replacing this materialist ideology-loaded radical redefinition,from 2001: “Science is the human activity of seeking natural explanations of the world around us.”; banned after a questionable and nasty PR campaign, 2007 that pushed back in a version of the tendentious, historically and philosophically inapt 2001 definition.) OXFORD DICTIONARY, 1990: science: a branch of knowledge conducted on objective principles involving the systematized observation of and experiment with phenomena, esp. concerned with the material and functions of the physical universe. [Concise Oxford, 1990 -- and yes, they used the "z" Virginia!] WEBSTER'S 7th COLLEGIATE, 1966: scientific method: principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge [”the body of truth, information and principles acquired by mankind”] involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. [Webster's 7th Collegiate, 1965] IOSE SCIENTIFIC METHODS & INVESTIGATORY TIPS: let us give a working definition of science as it should be (recognising that we will often fall short): science, at its best, is the unfettered — but ethically and intellectually responsible — progressive, observational evidence-led pursuit of the truth about our world (i.e. an accurate and reliable description and explanation of it), based on:
a: collecting, recording, indexing, collating and reporting accurate, reliable (and where feasible, repeatable) empirical -- real-world, on the ground -- observations and measurements, b: inference to best current -- thus, always provisional -- abductive explanation of the observed facts, c: thus producing hypotheses, laws, theories and models, using logical-mathematical analysis, intuition and creative, rational imagination [[including Einstein's favourite gedankenexperiment, i.e thought experiments], d: continual empirical testing through further experiments, observations and measurement; and, e: uncensored but mutually respectful discussion on the merits of fact, alternative assumptions and logic among the informed. (And, especially in wide-ranging areas that cut across traditional dividing lines between fields of study, or on controversial subjects, "the informed" is not to be confused with the eminent members of the guild of scholars and their publicists or popularisers who dominate a particular field at any given time.)
As a result, science enables us to ever more effectively (albeit provisionally) describe, explain, understand, predict and influence or control objects, phenomena and processes in our world.
Do you see what is going on, and what in the end is at stake here? [ . . . ]kairosfocus
October 17, 2011
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"Please provide a citation for these data." How about the entire book I already cited twice: How God Changes Your Brain. "Over the past decade or so, numerous studies have suggested that prayer and meditation can enhance physical health and healing from illness. In this stimulating and provocative book, two academics at the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Spirituality and the Mind contend that contemplating God actually reduces stress, which in turn prevents the deterioration of the brain's dendrites and increases neuroplasticity." http://www.amazon.com/How-Changes-Your-Brain-Neuroscientist/dp/0345503414 Your cute. You first say that the data is "dodgy" but provide no reason as to why, then you pivot and ask for a cite to the dodgy data as if you didn't know it existed.
It’s also dodgy data, but that doesn’t matter.
Which one is it attorney liddle, is the data dodgy or are you unaware it exists?junkdnaforlife
October 17, 2011
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After all, there is plenty of data supporting a correlation between theism and happiness, less stress, better health, better coping, greater altruism etc.
Please provide a citation for these data. Thanks.Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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hey, CY, nice to see you!
But that doesn’t leave such claims outside of science. It would be so if and only if your idea of science is bred by your prior commitment to materialism.
My point, CY, is that scientific methodology simply does not cover supernatural hypotheses, not because of any ideological prior, but because, well, it just doesn't. This is why my challenge is: tell me how you would test a supernatural hypothesis scientifically? My point is that all you can do is fail to find a material explanation. In other words, "supernatural" is simply an interpretation of a null finding. It is not supported by evidence, but merely by lack of evidence. And absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. So for science to deal with supernatural hypotheses, we would have to make a radical change to the methodology, not mrely abandon some alleged prior commitment. My challenge is: what would that change be?Elizabeth Liddle
October 17, 2011
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Hi Elizabeth, Spoon bending is an example of a claimed supernatural act. Yet the "Amazing Randy" was able to test that claim against another more natural explanation. Clearly then, supernatural claims are not entirely outside the ability of science to deal with. The reason why miracles are stated as such is because they defy material explanations. If they have material explanations then they are no longer miracles. Spoon bending is thus not a miracle, but material manipulation, and science has demonstrated it as such. But that doesn't leave such claims outside of science. It would be so if and only if your idea of science is bred by your prior commitment to materialism.CannuckianYankee
October 17, 2011
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Yup, When I gave up believing that there was no God I gave up spoon bending and looking at my astrological charts and safeguarding myself against alien probes, and......CannuckianYankee
October 16, 2011
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Petrushka: The definition of science you provide is different from Elizabeth's and has been tried as well. It is not as neat and tidy as we might wish our scientific enterprise to be. Don't take my word for it. Spend some time delving into the demarcation problem for defining science. <blockquote cite= Try going into a courtroom with the claim that some unspecified something was done by an unspecified agency having unspecified capabilities [and motivations] at some unspecified times and places. You mean like the materialist abiogenesis story? :)Eric Anderson
October 16, 2011
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Science is defined by the methods available for investigation. It's a pragmatic definition. It's not defined by philosophical principles, but by what has worked. Try going into a courtroom with the claim that some unspecified something was done by an unspecified agency having unspecified capabilities and motivations at some unspecified times and places. But wait, it's been tried.Petrushka
October 16, 2011
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Why do we need to pin down a definition? People much smarter than you and me have been wrestling with the definition of science for centuries and haven't come up with a definitive definition. That is OK. At least for those who are interested in looking at all the evidence and following it where it leads. On the other hand, just hypothetically, if I were trying to exclude certain explanations by definitional fiat -- say, by applying the approving label of "science" to only those things that are acceptable to my particular worldview and applying the disapproving label of "non-science" to things I deem unacceptable -- then I might be tempted to define "science" in a particular way and then strive mightily to make everyone accept my definition of "science" before we even look at the evidence.Eric Anderson
October 16, 2011
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I can't always tell if 'you materialists' believe there really is such a thing as information, but that's something that appears to be independent of all physical medium - super natural, but real. I would say minds exist, and can be shown not to be material in origin.butifnot
October 16, 2011
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I would like data collected from the discipline of neuroscience that supports a correlation between atheism and greater happiness, less stress, better health, better coping etc. After all, there is plenty of data supporting a correlation between theism and happiness, less stress, better health, better coping, greater altruism etc. If a scientists then promotes strong atheism with full knowledge of all the data supporting the correlations between theism and greater net well being, than that scientist is promoting a behavior that, if adopted by the subject, will increase the probability of greater misery and illness for said subject. Therefore scientists promoting strong atheism are increasing the probability of a net loss of overall well-being throughout the population. At best the scientist should at lest withhold on promotion of atheism until further neurological studies can be conducted. And engage in atheist promotion when and only when data of equal rigor is produced supporting a correlation between atheism and an overall greater well being.junkdnaforlife
October 16, 2011
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I am not "attempting to mislead" junkdnaforlife. I don't do that. On the contrary, you implied that I had wanted people to rid people of their belief in God. I said no such thing. I said I wanted people to get rid of irrational belief in things that they believe and make them miserable – even ill So if you don't class belief in God irrational, then belief in God is not included. I don't think belief in God is irrational. I do think the belief that gay sex is proscribed is irrational and makes people miserable and even ill. And as far as I know, there are no good data showing that atheists are any more miserable than theists.Elizabeth Liddle
October 16, 2011
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Presumably you are not claiming that you want people to retain irrational beliefs that make them miserable and ill? Or that belief in God is irrational?
This is your worst lawyer-like attempt as of yet to mislead. Nowhere did I say any of these things. In fact I said the opposite:
Based on contemporary neuroscience, (as you know), religious people, spiritual people and people who believe in God tend to be happier, healthier, less anxiety etc: “…lowering anxiety and depression, enhancing social awareness and empathy, and improving cognitive functioning.” Book: How God changes the Brain So if you wanted to rid people of their misery and ill, rid them of atheism.
And if you're calling Newberg's data dodgy, perhaps you should write a paper on why. Perhaps you should provide data that less spirituality, less religion and disbelief in God leads to more happiness, less anxiety, less depression better health etc.junkdnaforlife
October 16, 2011
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Thanks for the response KF, but it was a rhetorical question, albeit not an obvious one. The highly contingent nature of life's origin, as with any other extremely contingent event, places it in the category of "miracle" whether your definition of miracle hinges on divine intervention or absurd improbability. Nobody in general questions the contingency of “miraculous” events, be they creations or resurrections. These are not known to be strictly impossible, therefore even likely (or certain) given infinite probabilistic resources. It’s the limitations of those resources which lets us define the events as “miracles,” that is, divine causation or absurdly improbable. As an example, there’s no reason to assume that I can’t “unbeat” an egg within an infinity of attempts. Any such occurrence in this universe could be labeled miraculous, and nobody would reasonably protest, given a flexible definition of “miracle.” Since the OOL (as far as anyone knows) is a singular historical event, necessity can reasonably be put aside as a primary cause. Even if one insists that necessity becomes relevant given the proper conditions, those conditions arguably are themselves highly contingent. Therefore so is the OOL, based on any sort of logical reasoning about empirical observations -- and that puts it in the category of the miraculous.material.infantacy
October 16, 2011
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