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Once More From the Top on the Fossil Record

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Barry:  “Are you suggesting that the fossil record now reveals the “finely graduated organic chain” that in Origin Charles Darwin predicted would be ultimately revealed as the fossil record was explored further?”

Alan Fox:  “As far as it reveals anything, yes.” 

Leading Darwinist authorities disagree:

No one has found any such in-between creatures. This was long chalked up to ‘gaps’ in the fossil records, gaps that proponents of gradualism confidently expected to fill in someday when rock strata of the proper antiquity were eventually located. But all the fossil evidence to date has failed to turn up any such missing links . . . There is a growing conviction among many scientists that these transitional forms never existed.

Niles Eldredge, quoted in George Alexander, “Alternate Theory of Evolution Considered,” Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1978.

Gradualism, the idea that all change must be smooth, slow, and steady, was never read from the rocks.

Stephen Jay Gould, “An Early Start,” Natural History 87, February 1978): 24.

Gradualism is a concept I believe in, not just because of Darwin’s authority, but because my understanding of genetics seems to demand it. Yet Gould and the American Museum people [i.e., Eldredge] are hard to contradict when they say there are no transitional fossils. As a paleontologist myself, I am much occupied with the philosophical problems of identifying ancestral forms in the fossil record. You say that I should at least ‘show a photo of the fossil from which each type of organism was derived.’ I will lay it on the line – there is not one such fossil for which one could make a watertight argument.

Colin Patteson to Luther Sunderland, April 10, 1979, quoted in quoted in Luther .D. Sunderland, Darwin’s Enigma: Fossils and Other Problems, 4th ed. (El Cajon, CA: Master Book Publishers, 1988), 89.

What is missing [in the record] are the many intermediate forms hypothesized by Darwin, and the continual divergence of major lineages into the morphospace between distinct adaptive types.

Robert L. Carroll, “Towards a New Evolutionary Synthesis,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15 (2000): 27, 27-32.

Species [in the strata of the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming] that were once thought to have turned into others have been found to overlap in time with these alleged descendants. In fact, the fossil record does not convincingly document a single transition from one species to another.

Steven M. Stanley, The New Evolutionary Timetable: Fossils, Genes, and the Origin of Species (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 95.

The fossil record itself provided no documentation of continuity – of gradual transition from one animal or plant to another of quite different form.

Steven M. Stanley, The New Evolutionary Timetable: Fossils, Genes, and the Origin of Species (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 40.

The lack of ancestral or intermediate forms between fossil species is not a bizarre peculiarity of early metazoan history. Gaps are general and prevalent throughout the fossil record.

R.A. Raff and T.C. Kaufman, Embryos, Genes, and Evolution: The Developmental-Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991), 34.

Alan Fox: “The current record is certainly not incompatible with gradual evolution over vast periods of time.”

Again, leading Darwinists disagree:

Darwin’s prediction of rampant, albeit gradual, change affecting all lineages through time is refuted. The record is there, and the record speaks for tremendous anatomical conservatism. Change in the manner Darwin expected is just not found in the fossil record.

Niles Eldredge and Ian Tattersall, The Myth of Human Evolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 45-46.

Alan Fox: “It doesn’t fit with six days of creation. That’s for sure.”

That’s your argument?  The fossil record does not demonstrate that the all life forms were created in six days 6,000 years ago; therefore Darwin must have been right?  If I had to rely on an outrageous caricature of my opponents’ arguments in my efforts to refute them, it would bother me.  Does it not bother you?

Comments
You can just see the with their fingers in their ears, chanting, 'happenstance! happenstance! happenstance!Axel
December 5, 2013
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wd400, =>Forget fingers and junk etc, have you looked at a butterfly wing? and then a SEM image of that wing?How can ANYONE EVER think that the precise nano lattice structure of the scales on the wing,held precisely in body (like nano feathers)is possible by no-goal probability and random mutation? Just go ahead and search for 'SEM of butterfly wings'.coldcoffee
December 4, 2013
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Natural selection also maintains the presence of earlobes. While we do not fully understand the selective advantage they convey, obviously they must do so or they would have disappeared long ago! ;-) Actually, a scan of the Web reveals: - Earlobes have a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance. - Earlobes which are the fleshy pendulous part of the external human ear have a main function of funnelling sound in the ears better by directing it into the inner ear. - the lobule — the part hanging down — isn’t any help. In fact, some people are born lobeless because of recessive genes, and this doesn’t seem to affect their hearing. - Not every part of the human body is essential for our well being and not every obsolete feature of our anatomy is eliminated as soon as it becomes unnecessary. - It is unlikely that we evolved the earlobe for purposes of piercing. In reality, there is no known biological function associated with the earlobe in man. This small piece of flesh does have a prominent blood supply but it does not contain cartilage like the other parts of the external ear. - However, earlobes are not generally considered to have any major biological function. The earlobe contains many nerve endings, and for some people is an erogenous zone. - One (theory) is that earlobes developed when our distant ancestors walked on four legs to act as a buffer between the ear canal and the dust and dirt of the earth. Other scientists believe that earlobes have to do with sex appeal. - The anatomical function of this structure is not well understood; unlike the rest of the auricle, it does not appear to play a role in hearing and the direction of sound. - Did you know 98% of the populations earlobes line up directly with their nipples? - Professor Philip Lieberman of Brown University suggests that since "the external ear allows you to determine with more certainty whether sound is coming from in front of you or behind you," the earlobe "might have a very slight effect on directionality." - Suzanne Wyatt, executive director of the Education and Auditory Research (EAR) Foundation, adds, "It serves no purpose whatsoever. It's just one of those medical mysteries." - Professor Tony Wright, director of the University College London Ear Institute, notes that "when all is said and done, earlobes are very sensitive and tactile, and it is most people's experience that a gently nibbled earlobe is a real treat. I do not think you need to cite evolution or the preservation of the species to give a reason for the presence of earlobes. They just are." - As bizarre as this sounds it is true and actually works. If you get an annoying itch in your throat you can scratch it by massaging your earlobes. By massaging the earlobes it stimulates a nerve in the ear that will trigger a reflex in the throat. When the reflex in the throat occurs it will cause a small muscle in the throat to spasm which removes the itch. - Also apparently chimps have earlobes too so they must have developed before humans split from other great apes. (chickens, dogs, and some other animals also have earlobes) - Carrière (1922) and Hilden (1922) were among the first to study the genetics of earlobes, and they reached opposite conclusions. References Carrière, R. 1922. Über erbliche Orhformen, insbesondere das angewachsene Ohrläppchen. Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 28: 288-242. Dutta, P., and P. Ganguly. 1965. Further observations on ear lobe attachment. Acta Genetica 15: 77-86. El Kollali, R. 2009. Earlobe morphology: a simple classification of normal earlobes. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery 62: 277-280. Hilden, K. 1922. Über die Form des Ohrläppchens beim Menschen und ihre Abhängigkeit von Erblanglagen. Hereditas 3: 351-357. Lai, L.Y.C., and R.J. Walsh. 1966. Observations on ear lobe types. Acta Genetica 16: 250-257. Mohanraju, C., and D.P. Mukherjee. 1973. Ear lobe attachment in an Andhra village and other parts of India. Human Heredity 23: 288-297. Mowlavi, A., D.G. Meldrum, and B.J. Wilhelmi. 2004. Earlobe morphology delineated by two components: the attached cephalic segment and the free caudal segment. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 113: 1075-1076.[not seen yet] Powell, E.F., and D.D. Whitney. 1937. Ear lobe inheritance: an unusual three-generation photographic pedigree chart. Journal of Heredity 28: 184-186. Quelprud, T. 1934. Familienforschungen über Merkmale des äusseren Ohres. Zeitschrift fü Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 67: 296-299. Wiener, A.S. 1937. Complications in ear genetics. Journal of Heredity 28: 425-426.Querius
December 4, 2013
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... err, 'not junk', obviouslywd400
December 4, 2013
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I'm very happy leave this thread as a monument to your continued inability to grasp a simple point (or perhaps my own inability to explain myself). But if anyone else wants to tell me why they think most of the human genome is junk I'm very interested to know.wd400
December 4, 2013
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Not because it is necessarily better than four or six-fingered hands, but because the 4 and 6-fingered hands that actually arise by mutation are less functional
How does natural selection know if something is less functional unless it causes death before reproduction? A three or four-fingered hand with an opposable thumb would be just as viable and would not cause death before reproduction. Are you smoking something that impairs your judgement or something? PS. This is my last comment on this topic. I've said all I needed to say on this thread.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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If you want to clarify your argument go ahead, but you seem to think the fact 5-fingered-ness is maintained is evidence things can be maintained without being selected for? Well, five-fingered-ness is maintained by natural selection. Not because it is necessarily better than four or six-fingered hands, but because the 4 and 6-fingered hands that actually arise by mutation are less functional (so, for instance Querius' friend had to have an operation). Since mutations producing other than 5-fingered hands are kept out of the population and 5-fingered-ness is indeed maintained by the action of natural selection.wd400
December 4, 2013
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wd400 @106, if you're a scientist, it's kind of scary because your reading comprehension and your logic are pathetic. But I suspect just plain dishonesty. If mutations are so prevalent in creating everything, there should be all sorts of hands that would be just as functional as the five-fingered hand. But that is not the point. The point is that you claimed that selection is needed to maintain stasis and that a non-functional sequence would be destroyed by mutations. I refuted your nonsense but you will not admit it because your are either a coward or dishonest. See ya.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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I'm not sure where you get your information, but a friend of mine in college was born with five fingers (no thumbs) and had operations to make two of them opposable. On the other hand earlobes obviously did evolve, allowing people to socialize better by providing a place for social status symbols. Naturally, people lacking earlobes did not do as well, could not compete for mates, had fewer children, and suffered social ostracism as a result. They did not survive. Wow, this Darwinism bit is creative and kinda fun! ;-) -QQuerius
December 4, 2013
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And I am saying that a four-finger hand could not possibly be selected by natural selection because having only four fingers would not prevent us from surviving and reproducing ... but mutations making functional 4-finger hands don't arise, so by maintaning functional hands natural selection effectively maintains 5-fingered-nesswd400
December 4, 2013
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<blockquoteI did not claim this. The ENCODE researchers did Read the paper. They really didn't (all some of the press releases were abject and did seem to make this claim).wd400
December 4, 2013
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And I’m saying they are stablised because mutations that change, say, finger number also make sub-optimal hands. So, these traits are indeed maintained by natural selection.
And I am saying that a four-finger hand could not possibly be selected by natural selection because having only four fingers would not prevent us from surviving and reproducing. I have seen robots with only three fingers that do pretty well at manipulating all sorts of objects. Heck, some animals have no hands at all and they survive very nicely, thank you very much.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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Wow. Talk about deviousness. You’re the one who argued that if a DNA sequence is not stabilized by selection, they disappear eventually. Remember? So I’m asking you, how are facial hair (or even hair on the top of the head), all 32 teeth and all five fingers stabilized by natural selection?
And I'm saying they are stablised because mutations that change, say, finger number also make sub-optimal hands. So, these traits are indeed maintained by natural selection.wd400
December 4, 2013
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What are the genes for love of arts?
They don't exist, in my opinion, but I'm sure Darwinists believe they must have been created by random mutations and selected by natural selection. Which would be stupid, of course. But how else can they explain the inordinate human infatuation with music and the arts?
What mutations could make someone have 20 otherwise happily functional teeth? Or 4 fingers?
Wow. Talk about deviousness. You're the one who argued that if a DNA sequence is not stabilized by selection, they disappear eventually. Remember? So I'm asking you, how are facial hair (or even hair on the top of the head), all 32 teeth and all five fingers stabilized by natural selection? Functionality is selected by NS, no? The point is that we can function and survive perfectly well with just 20 teeth or less.
I haven’t read the ENCODE results
Then perhaps you should before you claim they prove our genome has almost no junk DNA?
I did not claim this. The ENCODE researchers did. Why don't you ask them? Why come on an ID forum to to ask for help? I was under the impression that you people think we're all a bunch of idiots?
You might also want to learn some molecular biology, to understand how RNA transcription happens.
It's not rocket science. You people are not nearly as smart as you think you are. And one does not have to be a Darwinist to study or do research in biology.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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There are lots of features of the human genome that are not selected for (or stabilized as you say) by natural selection and yet they persist for millenia if not millions of years. The love of music and the arts and facial hair, for example, are not needed for survival. All of us would survive perfectly well with only four fingers or 20 teeth, no?
What are the genes for love of arts? What mutations could make someone have 20 otherwise happily functional teeth? Or 4 fingers?
I haven’t read the ENCODE results
Then perhaps you should before you claim they prove our genome has almost no junk DNA? You might also want to learn some molecular biology, to understand how RNA transcription happens.wd400
December 4, 2013
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What’s bad code? Sounds like junk.
How does one translate "genetic defect" into "junk"?
In any case, your just so story won’t work. If a given sequence has a function only in some envrionment to which its carrier is never exposed then stabalising selection is not in effect, mutations will accrue and in relatively short orer that sequence will no longer function. That was (more or less) Ohno’s argument from the start. If you want to find future-function in the genome you’d need to find evidence some regions are shielded form mutation.
Whether or not it was Ohno's argument makes no difference to me. I can think for myself, thank you very much. I think it's a stupid argument. There are lots of features of the human genome that are not selected for (or stabilized as you say) by natural selection and yet they persist for millenia if not millions of years. The love of music and the arts and facial hair, for example, are not needed for survival. All of us would survive perfectly well with only four fingers or 20 teeth, no? The fact is that the genome has powerful mechanisms for DNA repair that are designed specifically to maintain stasis and prevent mutations which are almost always deleterious. We don't need natural selection to retain our features over time.
So, can someone please explain to me how you get form “made into RNA” to “has a function”?
I haven't read the ENCODE results but how do you know that this is the only criterion that they employed to determine functionality and how do you know that “made into RNA” is not all that is needed. Obviously something triggered RNA production for a reason.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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What's bad code? Sounds like junk. In any case, your just so story won't work. If a given sequence has a function only in some envrionment to which its carrier is never exposed then stabalising selection is not in effect, mutations will accrue and in relatively short orer that sequence will no longer function. That was (more or less) Ohno's argument from the start. If you want to find future-function in the genome you'd need to find evidence some regions are shielded form mutation. So, can someone please explain to me how you get form "made into RNA" to "has a function"?wd400
December 4, 2013
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wd400:
Because you’d have to make an argument as to why being transcribed = having function. And the idea that every base of every intron serves a function is pretty bizarre – to you really think removing a parts of some introns would break a function? If that’s the case why does the presence or absence of intron sequences vary among individuals with no apparent effect?
You know, Darwinists are very clever at creating just-so stories to defend their mediocre fairy tale theory but when it comes down to the nitty-gritty of actual scientific evidence, they suddenly have room-temperature IQ, as if they de-evolved in a blink of an eye or something. The absence of a DNA sequence does not have to result in any apparent effect. It's more than likely that the sequence has a function that is programmed to be triggered under the right environmental circumstances. For example, let's say a human has a natural immunity against a specific contagious disease. If the genetic code that is responsible for the special immunity is removed, there will be no immediate apparent effect. That does not mean the code is not useful or does not have a function. Besides, the human genome is bound to have all sorts of bad code and/or code deletions/additions due to ancestral inbreeding and natural variability. So what?Mapou
December 4, 2013
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Do you think being transcribed in some tissue at some time makes DNA functional? If so, that means every base of every intron is functional – does that sound reasonable to you?
Absolutely. Why not?
Because you'd have to make an argument as to why being transcribed = having function. And the idea that every base of every intron serves a function is pretty bizarre - to you really think removing a parts of some introns would break a function? If that's the case why does the presence or absence of intron sequences vary among individuals with no apparent effect?wd400
December 4, 2013
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bornagain77 observed:
And exactly what is a TRUE Darwinist? Is it an atheist that believes neo-Darwinism to be true no matter what the evidence says to the contrary?
Precisely. It demonstrates that Eldredge has fallen in love with an ideology, and now has True Faith and Absolute Loyalty to Darwinism no matter what. It's sad to see someone willingly tying themselves to the wooden mast of a worn-out, sinking, 19th century fantasy. However, it does cease to be Science at that level of commitment and stasis. -QQuerius
December 4, 2013
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Jerry:
I know one can not trust creationist and ID supporters such as Shermer, Valentine and Gould but take it for what it is worth.
LOL. I assume you're being sarcastic.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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I haven't read most of the comments. But I did a search for the term "valentine" and it came up empty. James Valentine is the premier researcher of the Cambrian fauna and he with a colleague published a book about a year ago on this topic, titled 'The Cambrian Explosion: The Construction of Animal Biodiversity ' http://www.amazon.com/The-Cambrian-Explosion-Construction-Biodiversity/dp/1936221039 Valentine is on record in the past as saying Darwinian processes cannot explain the Cambrian Explosion. He postulates other processes. From what I understand there is nothing in Meyer's book that is at odds with Valentine's analysis of the data. Meyer's explanation is different from Valentine's speculation on the origins of the phyla but not on the data. Here is a quote from Valentine on a video he made about the Cambrian
“Darwin had a lot of trouble with the fossil record because if you look at the record of phyla in the rocks as fossils why when they first appear we already see them all. The phyla are fully formed. It’s as if the phyla were created first and they were modified into classes and we see that the number of classes peak later than the number of phyla and the number of orders peak later than that. So it’s kind of a top down succession, you start with this basic body plans, the phyla, and you diversify them into classes, the major sub-divisions of the phyla, and these into orders and so on. So the fossil record is kind of backwards from what you would expect from in that sense from what you would expect from Darwin’s ideas. Although once we get into the fossil record where we got a complete fossil record we can see the gradual changes within lineages as Darwin predicted.” http://www.arn.org/arnproducts/php/video_show_item.php?id=7
Another Valentine quote.
“If we were to expect to find ancestors to or intermediates between higher taxa, it would be the rocks of the late Precambrian to Ordivician times, when the bulk of the world’s higher animal taxa evolved. Yet traditional alliances are unknown or unconfirmed for any of the phyla or classes appearing then.” (Valentine, Development As An Evolutionary Process, p.84, 1987)
A Stephen Gould quote
“The Cambrian Explosion occurred in a geological moment, and we have reason to think that all major anatomical designs may have made their evolutionary appearance at that time. …not only the phylum Chordata itself, but also all its major divisions, arose within the Cambrian Explosion…. Contrary to Darwin’s expectation that new data would reveal gradualistic continuity with slow and steady expansion, all major discoveries of the past century have only heightened the massiveness and geological abruptness of this formative event…” (Gould, Nature, Vol.377, 26 10/95, p.682).
A Michael Shermer quote.
Almost all currently existing Metazoan phyla emerged during a relatively short Cambrian period around 510–550 million years ago (Cambrian Explosion) (reviewed in refs. 1 and 2). In previous periods paleontologists find diverse fauna of unicellular organisms and spongi. Shortly before Cambrian period some Cnidarian and Ediacaran fauna was found, but no other Metazoa. The appearance in evolution of the entire Metazoan fauna seems to have been very sudden. Interestingly, even in early Cambrian layers, in addition to primitive representatives of various phyla, more advanced forms, including relatively complex Crustaceae were discovered.3 Based on these data it was suggested that diversification of Metazoa started way before Cambrian period, however this suggestion appeals to existence of effectively unfossilizable forms, making these types of organism paleontologically “invisible”. This idea is supported by reports of putative trace fossils (e.g., tracks or burrows) dating to pre-Cambrian era. These claims, however, raise a question why fossilizable forms of various phyla appeared almost simultaneously, and were generally refuted, as discussed in recent review (ref. 2). Therefore, it appears that there was no sequential appearance of the major Metazoan taxons from simpler to more complex phyla, as would be predicted by the classical evolutionary model. Shermer, M. - Universal genome in the origin of metazoa: thoughts about evolution. Cell Cycle. 2007 Aug 1;6(15):1873-7
I know one can not trust creationist and ID supporters such as Shermer, Valentine and Gould but take it for what it is worth.jerry
December 4, 2013
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wd400:
Do you think being transcribed in some tissue at some time makes DNA functional? If so, that means every base of every intron is functional – does that sound reasonable to you?
Absolutely. Why not?
If “the entire genome” is functional how do you explain differing genome sizes, or between-individual variation within humans? Or some of us missing functional genes?
Since we are all different and we all look different, I don't see why we should have identical genomes. Your objection amounts to complaining that Michelangelo's David is missing something because it has no clothes, no shoes and no facial hair. Get real.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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Do you think being transcribed in some tissue at some time makes DNA functional? If so, that means every base of every intron is functional - does that sound reasonable to you? If "the entire genome" is functional how do you explain differing genome sizes, or between-individual variation within humans? Or some of us missing functional genes?wd400
December 4, 2013
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ENCODE (emphasis added):
On 5 September 2012, initial results of the project were released in a coordinated set of 30 papers published in the journals Nature (6 publications), Genome Biology (18 papers), and Genome Research (6 papers).[7][8] Their summary publication claimed to have assigned biochemical function for 80% of the human genome.[9][10] Much of this functional non-coding DNA is involved in the regulation of the expression of coding genes.[9] Furthermore the expression of each coding gene is controlled by multiple regulatory sites located both near and distant from the gene. These results demonstrate that gene regulation is far more complex than was previously believed.[11] [...] The part of the DNA that has long been best understood is the exome, consisting of around 20,000 protein-coding genes. These genes, however, make up in total only around 1.5% of the DNA, and are separated from each other by long stretches of DNA that does not code for proteins. This remaining DNA includes the so-called regulome, which comprises a variety of DNA elements that in one way or another modulate the expression of protein-coding genes. It has not been clear, though, how much of the total DNA is comprised within the regulome. Until recently, the majority view has been that much of the DNA is "junk"—DNA that is never transcribed and has no biological function. The central goal of the ENCODE project is to map out the regulome, by determining which parts of the DNA belong to it and the mechanisms by which those parts influence gene transcription.
At various times, Darwinists claimed that most of the genome consists of junk DNA. ENCODE proved them wrong. It pays to emphasize that these are initial results. My personal prediction is that, eventually, the entire genome will prove to functional.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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wd400. Stamping your foot is not an argument. You should write that down. I'm making an argument for the junkiness of our genomes (though I could). I'm just trying to understand where this certainty that recent evidence has shown our genomes are mostly functional comes from. It don't think it can be the results reported in the ENCODE papers, because there's no evidence for that proposition there. I've asked this question quite a few times now, an never got an answer. I find that quite curious.wd400
December 4, 2013
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Alright, in the spirit of reconciliation and fair play, I apologize to Alan Fox for impugning his courage and suggesting that he lacks gonads. So come back, Alan, write a proper apology to Barry and let's start anew.Mapou
December 4, 2013
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What comment? I just see "[snip]".JWTruthInLove
December 4, 2013
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[snip] UD Editors: Alan apologized but then added a smart-assed comment that made the apology clearly insincere. He will remain in moderation.Alan Fox
December 4, 2013
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Fox:
Do Barry, Mapou etc really believe that there were times when the offspring was radically different from the parents and yet was viable?
The late Dr. John A. Davison was a great fan of Goldschmidt and saltation. He even used the handle “Salty” at ISCID. He and others like Mike “Gene” developed “front-loading” as a sort of theory. I think Mapou is persuaded by such ideas. With Barry, who can tell? The key fault of this theory is that one is left wondering how “sudden emergences” are synchronised with niche availability, whereas, in evolutionary theory, niche adaptation is central to the explanation. Two birds with one stone!
Alan Fox, if you got any kind of gonads, you should reply to my comment @49 where I take you to task for not knowing that intelligent design over time generates an evolution of designs, something that is so obvious, it's not even part of Intelligent Design 101. Don't be a gutless poltron. Put on a sackcloth and ashes and then confess your ignorance. Nobody will laugh at you. OK, maybe a little. :-D As to the question of whether I believe that "there were times when the offspring was radically different from the parents and yet was viable", my first reaction is this: what a loaded and stupid question. Bad faith is rampant among Darwinists, I swear. Do you people actually believe that a race of beings advanced enough to engineer life on earth are just a bunch of farm animal breeders? Amazing. Do you really think that the designers of life on earth need "parents" to incubate newly engineered "offsprings"? That's a laugh. More than likely, the designers had a huge database of genes, code sequences, and full genomes that they could mix and match to design whatever new lifeforms they desired. Generating and incubating these lifeforms by the billions before dropping them in the oceans would be child's play. And yes, they could design new lifeforms that were more complex than the previous ones. Why not? That's the whole point of design, is it not? As to "how "sudden emergences” are synchronised with niche availability", again, how naive can you be? Beings that are advanced enough to engineer life on earth would certainly understand ecology, don't you think? It is easy to imagine that the whole ediacaran and cambrian eras were part of some initial terraforming process. Judging by the weirdness of the fossils, I suspect that the designers were also having a blast. It was like what designing robots is to us modern humans. It's a lot of fun. And, if you're immortal, a few million years is just a blink of an eye. Besides, I'm sure those immortal brainiacs have many other awesome projects to attend to elsewhere in the vast universe.Mapou
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