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The Best Five Books on Religion and Science: UD Readers Speak

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A couple of weeks ago, over on Biologos, Dr. Ted Davis, a fine historian of science (and one of the few TEs who does not misrepresent the ID position) ran an interesting column.  He invited all readers of Biologos to submit their “top five” books in the area of “science and religion,” i.e., the five books about the relation between science and religion which had most helped Biologos readers to come to terms with the subject.  He asked the readers to indicate very briefly the contents of their top five books and why they found those books significant.

Ted’s column set me to wondering whether or not some of the differences between ID and TE people spring from what they read.  More generally, it set me to wondering what books on science and religion UD posters (whether pro-ID or anti-ID or neutral) do in fact read.

I think an exchange of influential titles might be beneficial for all UD posters, whatever their stand on ID.  It also might help onlookers understand the kind of intellectual stimulants that animate the ID supporters here.  So I’m inviting people here to submit their own “top five” list of books in the area of “science and religion.”

Why “science and religion” rather than “evolution and religion”?  I think “science and religion” casts a wider net, allowing people to mention books which, though not directly about evolution, are about things that can seriously affect our ideas on evolution (e.g., methodology of science, philosophy of science, cosmology).

Here are the guidelines:

1.  They should be books you’ve actually read, not just skimmed, read bits of, or heard about.

2.  The books don’t have to be in essay form (as most ID, TE and Darwinian books are), but can be fiction or drama or autobiography or something else.

3.  They don’t have to be books that you agree with, or that you ever agreed with, as long as you found them very significant in shaping your thoughts and getting you to the level of understanding you are at today.  (For example, if you reject the conclusions of Dawkins’s The Blind Watchmaker, but found that it gave you a very clear picture of what Darwinian evolution was about, and therefore helped you to think out the relationship between Darwinian evolution and your religious beliefs, you might include it on your list.)

4.  The books don’t have to be directly about “science and religion” — they might be overtly only about science alone, or religion alone, or philosophy alone, or something else — as long as their contents are relevant to, and have seriously influenced, your thinking about science and religion.

5.  They don’t have to be books that are favorable to religion.

6.  “Religion” doesn’t have to mean Christianity in particular, but could refer to any religious tradition, or to views of the world which have religious aspects (such as Marxism, Freudianism, existentialism, and so on).

7.  You should give the author and name of the book, and a very brief statement (no more than 50 words) of what the book is about, and the main things it taught you or got you thinking about.

8.  Don’t reply to anyone else’s “top five” book list with critical comments.  The idea is not to stage a battle over which books are good or bad, but to provide ourselves with a compilation of influential and potentially valuable readings.

9.  Regular columnists here, as well as commenters, are encouraged to submit their lists, if they so desire.

I think this could be a useful exercise.  Fire when ready!

Comments
I started to read 'The Universe in a Single Atom' by the Dalai Lama a few years back, but I put it down almost as fast I as picked it up. I can't even remember why... so perhaps I should not have mentioned it.Lock
June 27, 2010
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Perhaps TEs spend more time reading up on reconciling science and religion because they have a harder time doing it without help. Perhaps ID people don't feel the need to study the subject because to us the solution is immediately obvious.tragic mishap
June 27, 2010
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Thomas Cudworth, I've read a few books that talk about science and religion from an 'eastern viewpoint', but they were ones of low quality. Usually getting as far as claiming that quantum physics is weird, and eastern religions tend to view the world as illusory in one way or another, therefore hinduism and buddhism predicted quantum physics. I'm sure there's better out there.nullasalus
June 27, 2010
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Steve Fuller @50. Choosing only five books is a wrenching exercise for those who have read hundreds or even thousands of books. Submit yourself to that same discipline and you will find that you have left out countless authors that you consider to be absolutely essential. So much so, that you will spend the rest of the day second guessing yourself. Go ahead and try your luck.StephenB
June 27, 2010
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Thomas Cudworth, you are right. I did fudge the experiment a little. I graciously accept the fraternal discipline. Thanks for a second chance. I will use it to make a couple of changes. Here we go: G.K. Chesterton--Orthodoxy C.S. Lewis--Abolition of man Fulton J. Sheen--God and Intelligence Benjamin Wiker, Jonahan Witt--A Meaningful World Michael Behe--The Edge of Evolution.StephenB
June 27, 2010
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1. Bernard Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture (1954) which I read in about 1958 and which strengthened my intuition that the earth was old. 2. Perspectives on an Evolving Creation Keith B. Miller 3. Belief in God in an Age of Science by John Polkinghorne From another thread Thomas you are correct that I hold an Evolutionary Creation position in that I accept common descent and small scale evolution via neo Darwinian mechanisms but most importantly that all of this universe is God's creation and as such open to God's intervention/governance. AFAIK not that different than Behe accepts. However, I am doubtful/uncertain that neo Darwinian mechanisms are capable of complex evolutionary changes. Other than fine tuning I have not found any ID style arguments convincing and I have read Behe, Dembski, Hunter, O'Leary and Johnston, often in more than one book. Dave Wgingoro
June 27, 2010
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With the kind permission of readers here, I'd like to submit my own list of five. I didn't do so at the beginning, in part because I didn't want to influence anyone's spontaneous understanding of the subject "science and religion"; however, now that a large number of people have posted without inhibition, I don't think it will do any harm to give my personal suggestions. Like everyone else, I find the task of selecting five favorites very difficult, since one book may be “the best” from one angle, whereas another book may be “the best” from another, and when you add up all those “bests”, you come up with dozens or hundreds of titles. Nonetheless, for our purposes, I think I can indicate five books which capture a range of ideas about religion and science which I have found essential to my understanding of the relation between the two: 1. Plato, Timaeus Classic ancient discussion of design. Not light reading. After initial reading and reflection, make use of commentaries (e.g., Taylor, Cornford). 2. Lucretius, De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) Classic ancient argument for “chance.” TEs who write blithely about how “randomness” is perfectly compatible with a providential God need to read this. 3. Michael Denton, Nature’s Destiny A modern case for a science-based natural theology (though apparently more Deistic than theistic), incorporating fine-tuning and complexity arguments into an evolutionary scheme. 4. Lynn White, jr., Medieval Religion and Technology Collection of essays, the overall drift being that the impulse towards a scientific and technological civilization predates Bacon etc. and was evident in the Christian Middle Ages. 5. Theodore Roszak, Where the Wasteland Ends Root-and-branch critique of modern scientific civilization, with a 60s/70s-ish angry “counterculture” tone, and therefore rhetorically dated, but nonetheless shrewd and insightful, especially on aspects of the Bible, Protestantism, Bacon and Descartes. Contains an interesting appeal to reactionary Christian poet William Blake. Note that my list, like that of everyone else so far, is Western-centric. Has anyone read any significant books on science and Eastern religion?Thomas Cudworth
June 27, 2010
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1. Coffin, H. G., Brown R. H. ed. 1983. Origin by design YEC perspective, mainly treating geological evidence supporting recent creation/flood model. Very thorough and in-depth exposition that thought me that "alternative" views are, at least, scientifically plausible. 2. Denton, Michael. ed. 1985. Evolution: A theory in crisis No introduction to this book is necessary. With some other books greatly influenced my understanding of evolution. 3. Johnson, Phillip E., ed. 1993. Darwin on trial An eye opener, exposing evolutionary idolatry otherwise called "the fact of evolution". For me personally, it explained the all important philosophical foundation of evolutionary thinking. 4. Stove, David. 1995. Darwinian fairytales. As one reviewer said: "A deadly serious and hilariously funny, enemy of intellectual cant and the higher pretensions, he wrote to kill." This, not to be missed book, is a deserved treatment of evolutionary pseudoscience. 5. Yockey, Hubert P. 2005. Information theory, evolution, and the origin of life Although fairly technical, this book is so Intelligent Design friendly, that author deemed necessary to include at the end, chapter "Does evolution need an intelligent designer?" to which he answers in the negative. Nevertheless, this "prequel" to Mayer's Signature in the cell, offers few final nails for Neo-Darwinian coffin.inunison
June 27, 2010
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Nullasalus, Thomas Cudworth, You’re right about Kuhn, of course. However, I was also thinking about the tendency for people on both sides of the ID debate to misread Kuhn as a ‘relativist’ in the sense of allowing anything to pass as science, just as long as you’ve got a ‘paradigm’ (understood in the minimalist sense of an overarching theory you feel strongly about). On the basis of that misreading, anti-ID people often think that pro-ID people are endorsing Kuhn. I run across this line of argument a lot, and it does nothing but muddy the waters. This relates to a general point about debates in the philosophy of science: It is often difficult to tell whether philosophical claims about science are meant as descriptions of how science actually works (in which case many of them would just seem to be false) or prescriptions for how science should work. Kuhn seriously added to the confusion because he never explicitly criticised scientific practice (which is usually a giveaway that you’re being prescriptive). But in any case, I hope to provide a list of five later today.Steve Fuller
June 27, 2010
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Dr. Fuller: Glad to hear from you. A few points: 1. I don't think the ID people who admire the writing of Kuhn are agreeing that science *should* work in the way that Kuhn describes; I think they are saying that science *does* work in the way that Kuhn describes. And in Kuhn's description they see the crucial elements (recalcitrance to new evidence, general intellectual defensiveness, professional exclusiveness, etc.) that are so evident in the behavior of the upholders of the Darwinian paradigm. They therefore see Kuhn as someone who can explain the power that ID is "up against" -- who can show why Darwinian thinking, though riddled with theoretical problems and suffering from huge deficits in empirical evidence, continues to resist the challenge of ID, and succeeds in marginalizing it. 2. I, too, am a bit surprised to see how many people are interpreting "books on science and religion" to mean "books advocating intelligent design" or "books attacking Darwinism". I expected *some* books by ID proponents to show up, because ID can of course be used to establish a modern form of natural theology, and therefore is relevant to "science and religion" in a broad sense. I expected *some* books by Dawkins etc. to show up, as such books generally promote, subtly or overtly, the warfare thesis that science has disproved religion. But I also expected to see more books which explicitly connect science and religion (e.g., works like Polkinghorne's, or Hooykaas's, or Jaki's, or Rodney Stark's, or, for that matter, your own). Over on the Biologos site, the lists (though not very many, as few have participated in the exercise there) for the most part comprise books whose titles indicate an explicit concern with the question how science and religion should be related or harmonized. It is thus interesting, from a sociological point of view at least, that TE and ID proponents instinctively interpret "science and religion" in such different ways. 3. I echo nullasalus's request for an official list from yourself. I'm inclined to put you down for Funkenstein, Leibniz and Kant (with your permission of course), but I'd be glad to see you offer a fresh list of five.Thomas Cudworth
June 27, 2010
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Steve Fuller, However, Kuhn is probably the philosopher of science who most explicitly justifies the idea that science should adopt a ‘winner-takes-all’ approach to its own history. In other words, there is room for only ONE paradigm in a science at any given time, and that paradigm is entitled to claim all of the science’s previous history as its own. Speaking as someone who put Kuhn on his list, I'd only say that what most impressed me about Kuhn is that he rejected the idea of science as this singular juggernaut that does nothing but expand while adding to its ever-growing pile of knowledge. Instead, science is shown as relying on various assumptions, cultural influences, and is prone to some radical rethinking of what used to be foundational concepts and interpretations to advance. What Kuhn may *prescribe* is of less interest (to me, at least) - that's not why I found him interesting. The same would go for (though I didn't add him to the list) Feyerabend. I'm not as interested in how he thinks modern science should operate as I am in his descriptions of how it does operate, how it has operated, and why. That said, I hope you add a list of your own!nullasalus
June 26, 2010
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I find the proposed lists so far a bit curious, in that relatively few of the books deal with the science-religion relationship head-on – though Dembski’s ‘The End of Christianity’ is one that obviously does. For example, I’m surprised that natural theology is not more strongly represented – not even old Paley makes anyone’s list! Here I would put in a special plug for Leibniz’s Theodicy, as well as the severe criticism it receives from Kant in Critique of Pure Reason. ID is ultimately about whether one can find God through science, which is the bone of contention between Leibniz and Kant. The best historical book that captures this aspect of the science-religion relationship is Amos Funkenstein’s great synthetic work, Theology and the Scientific Imagination (Princeton, 1986). Funkenstein focuses mainly on the medieval roots of the Scientific Revolution, especially how attributes of the personal God of the Abrahamic faiths gradually became the impersonal properties of the physical universe. In short, modern science emerges as a by-product of the systematic search for God in nature, something that first Muslims and then Christians came to realize as a legitimate enterprise, despite the doctrinal landmines it exposed one to. The aspects of this quest that could not be decisively handled by mathematics and experiment provided the basis for the problems of modern philosophy. As someone who has spent a lot of time studying Kuhn, I am always bemused whenever ID supporters cite his work in a positive vein. Maybe it’s simply due to Kuhn’s fondness for religious imagery (e.g. paradigm change as ‘conversion experience’). However, Kuhn is probably the philosopher of science who most explicitly justifies the idea that science should adopt a ‘winner-takes-all’ approach to its own history. In other words, there is room for only ONE paradigm in a science at any given time, and that paradigm is entitled to claim all of the science’s previous history as its own. Rhetorically speaking, this means that an enormous burden of proof is shifted to any scientific newcomers, since they’re basically forced to come up with an alternative science from scratch or (Kuhn’s own preferred view) wait for the dominant paradigm to self-destruct from the weight of its own self-generated problems. Most Darwinist understandings of biology fit Kuhn’s picture, which has been very effective in marginalizing ID as a scientific outlier. No other philosophy of science is so clearly dedicated to the epistemological significance of a ‘scientific establishment’. Even the positivists and the Popperians mainly defend a ‘scientific method’, understood as something detached from any substantive body of thought or discipline, which is why you would never see them endorse anything as question-begging as ‘methodological naturalism’.Steve Fuller
June 26, 2010
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StephenB: You'll have to tell me which work you want to delete for the Wiker book. In fact, you already have *six* books on your list, so you'll have to knock off two. :-)Thomas Cudworth
June 26, 2010
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Thomas asked me to narrow my list to 5, and I was stuck between "Darwin's God" and "Darwin on Trial." I sided with "Darwin's God" because of the attempt among Darwinists to label ID theorists as the ones who mix religion with science. Dr. Hunter has given us a clear indication that this is not the case. Darwin's thinking was nothing if not religious. The new atheists in particular tend to avoid this fact, because they too are blinded by how much theological considerations enter their own assumptions about reality. Chris Doyle, Welcome. Having lived in an Islamic country (Saudi Arabia), I'm looking forward to some fruitful discussions. In fact, it was my exposure to the overtly religious culture of this country, which stimulated my interest at a young age, in all things religious. I have a copy of "The Mythmaker," and have not as yet got around to reading it. You have just sparked my interest. Ted Davis mentioned NT Wright in his list. As one of the Christian experts on the life of Paul, I'm sure that he would have some excellent insight that might counterbalance what Maccoby proposes. But such a discussion will have to be left to another thread. :)CannuckianYankee
June 26, 2010
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Fickle reader that I am, I have just finished reading "A meaningful world" by Benjamin Wiker and Jonathan Witt and have decided that it must be in my top five.StephenB
June 26, 2010
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The Blind Watchmaker/Darwin's Black Box : put them head to head and I think the correct conclusion is extremely obvious. Miracles by C.S. Lewis : Probably the most important (important in the sense of mattering from the standpoint of eternity) philosophical work of the 20th Century. Nature's Destiny by Denton : Even if you hand the Darwinists variation and selection, they still haven't explained jack squat. Also some deeply profound and even poetic thinking here, covering an absolutely foundational topic that almost everyone else has missed. God's Undertaker? by Lennox : Eloquent, absolutely thorough demolition of atheist scientism, accomplished in a great economy of pages. The Devil's Delusion by Berlinski : The appropriate blend of erudition and gentle mockery against scientistic arrogance. What I had always hoped for in this debate (since the 1996 publishing of Darwin's Black Box) was an honest answer from the Darwinists to specific (chapter and verse) arguments in these and other similar books. Alas, such was not to be. Instead they seem content to thoroughly misrepresent their opponents, all the while shrieking "Creationist!!" and calling it a win. In other words, they've forfeited.Matteo
June 26, 2010
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My top five. 1) Extraordinary Popular Delusions and The Madness of Crowds” by Charles Mackay 2) “Algeny A new World a New World” A Provocative Critique of Darwinism, The Age of Genetic Engineering, And Our Relationship To Nature” Jeremy Rifkin. 3) “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” Kuhn. 4) “Darwin on Trial” Johnson 5 “The Mystery of Lifes Origin" My top five includes two books that have not been mentioned. The first one” Extraordinary Popular Delusions and The Madness of Crowds” by Charles Mackay On the surface this book may seem to be a strange choice. However this book demonstrates how experts and societies can adopt the most extraordinary delusions that leaves one wondering about how people can be so deceived.. This book directed me to start looking for popular delusions in our current time and Darwinian evolution was a prime suspect. My second book “Algeny A new World a New World” A Provocative Critique of Darwinism, The Age of Genetic Engineering, And Our Relationship To Nature” Jeremy Rifkin. This book by a secular writer introduced me to how worldviews drive science . It also introduce me to Kuhns work. Rifkins chapter titled “The Darwinian Sunset” really opened my eyes to the stranglehold Darwinism has on free thought and its importance to the underpinnings of the industrial revolution. My third book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” Kuhn has been commented already by others. My fourth book “Darwin on Trial” . Opened my eyes to the hidden metaphysical assumptions employed by Darwinists and really explains why Darwinism can be such a popular delusion. Johnson does a terrific job in demonstrating that Darwinism is metaphysics masquerading as science My fifth book“The Mystery of Lifes Origin" IMO will go down as the book that launched the ID movement. Vividvividbleau
June 26, 2010
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TC says:
I thought about adding Miracles from Lewis, but I decided only one book per author for my list Please add four more to your list, even if those four are already covered. I’m interested in the frequencies as much as the titles.
Ok, in no particular order... 1. The Bible (specifically the Gospel of John chapter 1 and Romans 1) 2. Miracles / C.S. Lewis 3. Darwin's black Box / Behe 4. Signature in the Cell / Meyer 3. Orthodoxy / ChestertonLock
June 26, 2010
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Lock @26:
I am suprised no one mentioned this one: Miracles – C.S. Lewis
That was actually my second choice for C.S. Lewis.tragic mishap
June 26, 2010
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equinoxe: Dawkins and Dennett counted as two, so you already had five. Do you want to dump one of the New Atheists and add one of the others? If so, specify the drop and add.Thomas Cudworth
June 26, 2010
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And Theology in the Context of Science by Polkinghorne. Eat the meat; spit out the bones. That's six - I'll stop now, honest!equinoxe
June 26, 2010
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I'll have my 5th now. It hasn't massively impacted my view of the world, but: - 1. My impression is that it is little known, and if so, I think it deserves a wider audience. 2. It is actually about science and religion - reformed Christianity - heavily committed to neither ID nor TE. Really a history of ideas, but written by scientists. 3. It addresses Thomas's request for general science/religion literature. Morris and Petcher, Science and Grace. That's me done. Thanks for ideas everyone. And greetings, Chris Doyle.equinoxe
June 26, 2010
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Ted: Thanks for this information. I'll use your second list for the statistics.Thomas Cudworth
June 26, 2010
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Granville: Glad to hear from you. I'll put you down for two Behes. But you only used up two of your five. And while Behe's books certainly have theological relevance (to the question of natural theology, for example), and therefore are legitimate for our purposes, I'm interested in hearing about more than ID books here; I'm trying to get a feel for what we all read in the religion/science area more generally. I'm trying to get a sense of what people read when they're not reading books directly about evolution, Darwinism, design, etc. Are there any theological, historical, or spiritual favorite works of yours, which maybe don't touch directly on evolution, but deal with how a religious person might regard nature, or the differences between religious and scientific knowledge, or how one should read passages about nature in the Bible, or how one should think about miracles, or how Eastern and Western religions stack up in relation to modern physics, etc.?Thomas Cudworth
June 26, 2010
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1. Thomas Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Taught us about the role of presuppositions in scientific research. 2. Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Taught us about methodology and how to distinguish operational science from non-operational "science." Also, loved his critique of analytic philosophy. 3. Morris & Whitcomb, The Genesis Flood. Provided an introduction to the idea that the geological column is an ecological column rather than an evolutionary column; and discussed many other relevant issues. 4. Donovan Courville, The Exodus Problem & its Ramifications. Discussed the need for revision in archaeology; identified the MB1 people as the Israelites of the Exodus & Conquest. 5. Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box. Taught us how the concept of non-reducible complexity is an overwhelming problem for Darwinism.Vern Crisler
June 26, 2010
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And, here's the second: Books that have influenced my current scholarship: 1. John Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (1991) 2. David Lindberg and Ronald Numbers, God & Nature (1986) 3. Robert Boyle, Robert Boyle: A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature (1686) 4. John Polkinghorne, Belief in God in an Age of Science (1998) 5. N. T. Wright, The Resurrection of the Son of God (2006) Brooke, Lindberg, and Numbers are longtime friends, and their work skillfully debunks the “warfare” view. My own scholarship has the same goal. I hope to help create a new history of Christianity and science that is more accurate and ipso facto much friendlier to religion. In 1981 I attended the conference that put together God & Nature, and several of the participants encouraged me to pursue a dissertation on science & religion. Much of my subsequent work has focused on Boyle. I edited a student edition of this work, a profound treatise on God & nature. No one has influenced my own views of Christianity & science more than Polkinghorne; I could have chosen several of his books. Wright’s superb defense of the bodily resurrection of Jesus is central to my spiritual and intellectual life: my views of both God & nature are shaped by my conviction that it actually happened.Ted Davis
June 26, 2010
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Since Mr Cudworth begins by referencing my lists on BioLogos--there are actually two of them--but he doesn't link them, I thought I would copy them here. Here's the first: Books of formative influence on my decision to study science and religion, and on my early views: 1. Bernard Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture (1954) 2. Ian Barbour, Issues in Science and Religion (1966) 3. Richard Bube, The Human Quest (1971) 4. James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies (1979) 5. Reijer Hooykaas, Religion and the Rise of Modern Science (1972) I encountered Ramm (an evangelical theologian trained in philosophy of science) and Bube (a Stanford physicist who taught science & Christianity for a quarter century) through the American Scientific Affiliation; without them or the ASA, I would not be doing religion & science today. Without Barbour, whom I also encountered through the ASA, there would be no academic field of religion & science in which to work. I read Moore’s book in graduate school. It convinced me that evolution could be consistent with orthodox theism and showed me how to debunk the “warfare” view of the history of religion & science: both of these influences were crucial for my career. Hooykaas, more than any other book, led to my dissertation about the influence of voluntarist theology on early modern natural philosophy.Ted Davis
June 26, 2010
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I won't try to work this into my top 5, but Philip Johnson's "Darwin on Trial" was probably the first book I read that opened my eyes specifically to the scientific weaknesses of evolution.lars
June 26, 2010
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1. Darwin On Trial by Phillip Johnson because it opened my eyes to how the philosophical bias of materialism is driving science severely astray. I think I highlighted about half the book 8) . 2. Edge Of Evolution by Michael Behe because it totally shattered any chance for non-teleological evolution from a purely empirical basis. 3. Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome by John Sanford because it outlines the true overriding principle governing all biological adaptations, Namely that all beneficial adaptations will always be found to come at a cost of the original "optimal" information that was encoded in a parent species, (though that is not the main emphasis of his book). 4. The End Of Christianity by William Dembski because it establishes a coherent, well reasoned, Theodicy from which a Christian can defend his faith from the old earth perspective, namely death preceding the fall of man. 5. The Holy Bible by Almighty God because???,, well because "The Word Is Alive", and I mean that literally for the Bible speaks clearly into my life at important times of my life like no other book I've ever seen do before. Inanimate objects just ain't suppose to do that!!! Casting Crowns - The Word is Alive (Lyrics on video) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3ucyoy7sbkbornagain77
June 26, 2010
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Behe's two books would certainly top the list for me. I remember in 1997 discovering "Darwin's Black Box" and thinking, FINALLY, the biologists are starting to get it too. I think history will point to "Darwin's Black Box," as the beginning of the "resurgence" of intelligent design. When Behe was on the Texas A&M campus a few years ago, I pointed to one of the science buildings, where the names of great scientists were inscribed (Darwin, Newton, Galileo,...?) and said, some day your name will be up there. He made a joke about this, of course, but I was quite serious!Granville Sewell
June 26, 2010
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