Uncommon Descent Serving The Intelligent Design Community

L&FP, 41a: Worldview formation, plausibility structures and geostrategic signs of our times

Share
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Flipboard
Print
Email

In discussing worldviews, I added an update on how they are formed and relate to plausibility structures, influencing how we decide and act individually and as community in ways that can be at least framed if not outright predicted.

As such, I think this is worth headlining separately:

++++++++++

An illustration on factors and influences in worldview formation:

Here, we can observe how our perceptions stimulate our thinking, which is also influenced by available knowledge, opinions and views including on key themes tied to core ideas on the world and oneself in it. As we work through our interior lives, we have perceptions, expectations, emotions, focus of attention, reasoning/logic, valuing informed by sense of duty/morals, solution strategies for challenges, discernment, decisions and judgements, actions and influences. As embodied agents in a world and community, we orient ourselves, move, manipulate objects, communicate.

Knowledge and its warrant are key issues, raising questions of reliability, credible truth, degree of certainty, possibility of error, opinion vs soundness and more. Such is a gateway to characteristic themes of philosophy:

  • the nature of knowledge and its credibility [epistemology]
  • the nature of reality — what exists, whence, what is the world, what are we etc [metaphysics embracing ontology, logic of being],
  • the accepted “world story” that uses these elements to build a narrative on how the world came to be or always was, how we came to be in it, how we are where we are now, why we are as we are
  • similarly, where are we headed individually and collectively
  • what death is and signifies
  • what is ultimate or source reality, or does such exist
  • what is duty, what of right and wrong, what of beauty [axiology, ethics and aesthetics]
  • what, then, is valuable and to be prized
  • thus, religions, philosophies, ideologies, mindsets etc and associated “plausibility structures”:

“In sociology and especially the sociological study of religion, plausibility structures are the sociocultural contexts for systems of meaning within which these meanings make sense, or are made plausible. Beliefs and meanings held by individuals and groups are supported by, and embedded in, sociocultural institutions and processes.” [Semantic Scholar, using Wikipedia]

  • what is seemingly or actually sensible, reasonable or logical [logic, plausibility, epistemology, ethics etc]
  • what is knowledge, what is known, why, who or what hold credibility, authority and wisdom, why should we trust such sources [epistemology, logic, language, decision-making, governance, policy, law and justice, politics, ponder Plato’s parables of the Cave and of the Ship of State (cf. Ac 27 as a real-life microcosm)]
  • Hence, we may see the significance of the following progression of equations:

1: WORLDVIEW + POLICY/CULTURAL AGENDA = IDEOLOGY

2: IDEOLOGY + POWER/STRONG INFLUENCE = REGIME

3: REGIME (AKA, BALANCE OF POWER-FACTIONS) + DECISION-MAKING INFLUENCES = BUSINESS AS USUAL (BAU)
_______________________________________________

4: BAU + INSISTENT VOYAGE OF SINFUL FOLLY = SHIPWRECK

  • what makes for a good and successful life
  • is there direct awareness of knowledge, i.e. intuition
  • is there knowledge communicated from God, revelation
  • etc

These help us to understand how we come to have a worldview. And, of how and why, in Francis Schaeffer’s phrase, “ideas have consequences.”

It is worth adding, that once a certain pattern of worldviews, associated patterns of attitudes, expectations, values, life goals etc is established, this model can help us identify the likely reaction to situations, trends, shocks, messages, communication etc.

+++++++++

Worldviews mapping is clearly a highly useful exercise, especially in so dangerous a geostrategic situation as has been developing in recent years:

We would be well advised to ponder where we are taking our civilisation. END

Comments
Socialism is a different case. The Scandinavian countries, NZ, Canada and several others would be considered to be far more socialist than the US, but I can’t agree that they are causing harm to their citizens. Are they perfect? Of course not.
Nonsense. They are free market economies. Where did you ever get the notion they are socialistic countries?jerry
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
10:38 AM
10
10
38
AM
PDT
Jerry
Communism and socialism have a track record of hurting people. Should any worldview that includes either be prohibited?
There has never really been a real example of communism so it would be hard to say. But my personal belief is that true communism simply is not compatible with human nature. Socialism is a different case. The Scandinavian countries, NZ, Canada and several others would be considered to be far more socialist than the US, but I can’t agree that they are causing harm to their citizens. Are they perfect? Of course not. I will try to respond to the rest later but I have to go paint my basement before it gets dark.paige
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
10:31 AM
10
10
31
AM
PDT
EDTA
My first question is, who gets to decide what is harm, and whether harm is being done?
I agree, this is the biggest question. Some harms are easy to discern. But once we dispense with those, others become more subjective, and some harms may not surface for years.
Different worldviews will answer that question differently, clearly each seeing their worldview as not doing any harm. How do we resolve that, in the absence of any global worldview we all agree on?
We don’t. All we can do is to grow, learn, experiment and learn from mistakes. But if we start from the point of tolerating and protecting different worldview applications until they clearly demonstrate harm, then it is my opinion that we as a society will benefit.paige
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
10:20 AM
10
10
20
AM
PDT
But as long as the application of these do no harm In other words, where does supporting your worldview end, and prohibiting another’s worldview begin?
Communism and socialism have a track record of hurting people. Should any worldview that includes either be prohibited? Should any worldview that prohibits free speech be prohibited? There is a contradiction here because those who are against the prohibition of free speech are then sanctioning those who would eliminate the protectors of free speech. We are currently in world where power is increasingly being used to control others and prohibit free speech Those who advocate "Can't we all just get along" are then met by a substantial sub population that want to impose their will on everyone. It gets very messy quickly.jerry
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
10:11 AM
10
10
11
AM
PDT
Paige, >But even if the views are deeply flawed, why shouldn’t they be tolerated and protected if the application of these views does no harm? My first question is, who gets to decide what is harm, and whether harm is being done? Different worldviews will answer that question differently, clearly each seeing their worldview as not doing any harm. How do we resolve that, in the absence of any global worldview we all agree on?EDTA
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
10:08 AM
10
10
08
AM
PDT
KF
Paige, this is a bit cross-threaded, but so it is. I suggest, on your concern, that people do harm because of the moral hazard of being human. We are finite, fallible, morally struggling, too often stubborn and ill-willed. This can be reinforced by deeply flawed views that open the door to injustice and may destabilise the cultural buttresses of lawfulnness, liberty and the civil peace.
Agreed. But even if the views are deeply flawed, why shouldn’t they be tolerated and protected if the application of these views does no harm? Obviously Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Native spiritualism, atheism and many more can’t all be correct. But as long as the application of these do no harm, and are not forced on others, shouldn’t they all be tolerated and protected? In other words, where does supporting your worldview end, and prohibiting another’s worldview begin?paige
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
09:38 AM
9
09
38
AM
PDT
F/N: One of the things that haunt me:
It is not too hard to figure out that our civilisation is in deep trouble and is most likely headed for shipwreck. (And of course, that sort of concern is dismissed as “apocalyptic,” or neurotic pessimism that refuses to pause and smell the roses.) Plato’s Socrates spoke to this sort of situation, long since, in the ship of state parable in The Republic, Bk VI:
>>[Soc.] I perceive, I said, that you are vastly amused at having plunged me into such a hopeless discussion; but now hear the parable, and then you will be still more amused at the meagreness of my imagination: for the manner in which the best men are treated in their own States is so grievous that no single thing on earth is comparable to it; and therefore, if I am to plead their cause, I must have recourse to fiction, and put together a figure made up of many things, like the fabulous unions of goats and stags which are found in pictures. Imagine then a fleet or a ship in which there is a captain [–> often interpreted, ship’s owner] who is taller and stronger than any of the crew, but he is a little deaf and has a similar infirmity in sight, and his knowledge of navigation is not much better. [= The people own the community and in the mass are overwhelmingly strong, but are ill equipped on the whole to guide, guard and lead it] The sailors are quarrelling with one another about the steering – every one is of opinion that he has a right to steer [= selfish ambition to rule and dominate], though he has never learned the art of navigation and cannot tell who taught him or when he learned, and will further assert that it cannot be taught, and they are ready to cut in pieces any one who says the contrary. They throng about the captain, begging and praying him to commit the helm to them [–> kubernetes, steersman, from which both cybernetics and government come in English]; and if at any time they do not prevail, but others are preferred to them, they kill the others or throw them overboard [ = ruthless contest for domination of the community], and having first chained up the noble captain’s senses with drink or some narcotic drug [ = manipulation and befuddlement, cf. the parable of the cave], they mutiny and take possession of the ship and make free with the stores; thus, eating and drinking, they proceed on their voyage in such a manner as might be expected of them [–> Cf here Luke’s subtle case study in Ac 27]. Him who is their partisan and cleverly aids them in their plot for getting the ship out of the captain’s hands into their own whether by force or persuasion [–> Nihilistic will to power on the premise of might and manipulation making ‘right’ ‘truth’ ‘justice’ ‘rights’ etc], they compliment with the name of sailor, pilot, able seaman, and abuse the other sort of man, whom they call a good-for-nothing; but that the true pilot must pay attention to the year and seasons and sky and stars and winds, and whatever else belongs to his art, if he intends to be really qualified for the command of a ship, and that he must and will be the steerer, whether other people like or not-the possibility of this union of authority with the steerer’s art has never seriously entered into their thoughts or been made part of their calling. Now in vessels which are in a state of mutiny and by sailors who are mutineers, how will the true pilot be regarded? Will he not be called by them a prater, a star-gazer, a good-for-nothing? [Ad.] Of course, said Adeimantus. [Soc.] Then you will hardly need, I said, to hear the interpretation of the figure, which describes the true philosopher in his relation to the State [ --> here we see Plato's philosoppher-king emerging]; for you understand already. [Ad.] Certainly. [Soc.] Then suppose you now take this parable to the gentleman who is surprised at finding that philosophers have no honour in their cities; explain it to him and try to convince him that their having honour would be far more extraordinary. [Ad.] I will. [Soc.] Say to him, that, in deeming the best votaries of philosophy to be useless to the rest of the world, he is right; but also tell him to attribute their uselessness to the fault of those who will not use them, and not to themselves. The pilot should not humbly beg the sailors to be commanded by him –that is not the order of nature; neither are ‘the wise to go to the doors of the rich’ –the ingenious author of this saying told a lie –but the truth is, that, when a man is ill, whether he be rich or poor, to the physician he must go, and he who wants to be governed, to him who is able to govern. [--> the issue of competence and character as qualifications to rule] The ruler who is good for anything ought not to beg his subjects to be ruled by him [ --> down this road lies the modern solution: a sound, well informed people will seek sound leaders, who will not need to manipulate or bribe or worse, and such a ruler will in turn be checked by the soundness of the people, cf. US DoI, 1776]; although the present governors of mankind are of a different stamp; they may be justly compared to the mutinous sailors, and the true helmsmen to those who are called by them good-for-nothings and star-gazers. [Ad.] Precisely so, he said. [Soc] For these reasons, and among men like these, philosophy, the noblest pursuit of all, is not likely to be much esteemed by those of the opposite faction [--> the sophists, the Demagogues, Alcibiades and co, etc]; not that the greatest and most lasting injury is done to her by her opponents, but by her own professing followers, the same of whom you suppose the accuser to say, that the greater number of them are arrant rogues, and the best are useless; in which opinion I agreed [--> even among the students of the sound state (here, political philosophy and likely history etc.), many are of unsound motivation and intent, so mere education is not enough, character transformation is critical]. [Ad.] Yes. [Soc.] And the reason why the good are useless has now been explained? [Ad.] True. [Soc.] Then shall we proceed to show that the corruption of the majority is also unavoidable [--> implies a need for a corruption-restraining minority providing proverbial salt and light, cf. Ac 27, as well as justifying a governing structure turning on separation of powers, checks and balances], and that this is not to be laid to the charge of philosophy any more than the other? [Ad.] By all means. [Soc.] And let us ask and answer in turn, first going back to the description of the gentle and noble nature.[ -- > note the character issue] Truth, as you will remember, was his leader, whom he followed always and in all things [ --> The spirit of truth as a marker]; failing in this, he was an impostor, and had no part or lot in true philosophy [--> the spirit of truth is a marker, for good or ill] . . . >>
(There is more than an echo of this in Acts 27, a real world case study. [Luke, a physician, was an educated Greek with a taste for subtle references.] This blog post, on soundness in policy, will also help)
KFkairosfocus
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
09:25 AM
9
09
25
AM
PDT
Paige, this is a bit cross-threaded, but so it is. I suggest, on your concern, that people do harm because of the moral hazard of being human. We are finite, fallible, morally struggling, too often stubborn and ill-willed. This can be reinforced by deeply flawed views that open the door to injustice and may destabilise the cultural buttresses of lawfulnness, liberty and the civil peace. That civil peace of justice is marked by the due balance of rights, freedoms and duties. In that context, it is in the interests of the community to support the principles of that civil peace, starting with recognising the inescapable, self-evident duties to truth, right reason, prudence, sound conscience, neighbour, fairness, justice etc. (Even one who objects, must appeal to our duty to gain rhetorical traction.) In that context, a society that while it acknowledges freedom of opinion, promotes soundness, good governance and liberty under just law, will be more stable and long-run sustainable than one that yields the intellectual, educational and media high ground to those who would substitute licence, anarchy and libertinism or particular interests and advantages for the due balance of rights, freedoms and duties. (Here, I often point to the consequences of having dehumanised our living posterity in the womb, 800+ millions in 40+ years, the worst holocaust in history, which, sadly, proceeds apace.) In that context, education in worldviews and comparative difficulties is of significant value. KFkairosfocus
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
09:15 AM
9
09
15
AM
PDT
Yes, it is how beliefs turn into actions that is important.Viola Lee
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
08:51 AM
8
08
51
AM
PDT
Just a correction to my last paragraph. “ If the application of a worldview does not cause any harm, the best thing for society is to tolerate and protect people following these worldviews. Regardless of the “truth” of the worldview.” You don’t tolerate and protect a worldview. You tolerate and protect how someone applies it.paige
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
08:37 AM
8
08
37
AM
PDT
I second both the welcome and Paige's point of view.Viola Lee
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
08:27 AM
8
08
27
AM
PDT
KF, thank you for the welcome. I have no desire to get into an in-depth philosophical discussion about religion and world views. What I look at is whether or not a person’s worldview, and how they apply it, can cause harm to others or to our society. Every religion has people with extreme views that, in my opinion, can cause harm. This includes extreme views of atheism. If a worldview does not cause any harm, the best thing for society is to tolerate and protect people following these worldviews. Regardless of the “truth” of the worldview.paige
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
08:05 AM
8
08
05
AM
PDT
Anyone who is drilled for 15 + years in the education system, to think in terms of material and fact, cause and effect, things being forced, will naturally have a materialist worldview. And the political application of materialism is socialism. The only real solution is to teach the difference between fact and opinion in school, which is already an established education goal. But then learn it more precisely with the creationist conceptual scheme. 1. Creator / chooses / spiritual / subjective / opinion 2. Creation / chosen / material / objective / fact So imagine what would happen if the creationist conceptual scheme were taught in school. Then in the first place it is a question if students would accept it, because there is a very deep psychological obsession with making good and evil out to be facts. Students may just rebel and discard it. But say it is accepted, then there would be a general atmosphere of acceptance of the validity of personal opinions, as distinct from matters of fact. Materialism, socialism, would be gone. Students would just choose personal opinions, and it would be obvious that everyone should pay dedicated attention to subjective issues, as in religion. And by paying dedicated attention to it, and praying to God, they would produce better personal opinions. And then you would probably still get a lot of evil, evil of the kind that is dangerously exciting and tempting. Straightforward greed and lust. But not this kind of systematic evil of materialism / socialism that is based on insanity, because of throwing out subjectivity. And intelligent design theory would be accepted as a matter ofcourse, based on accepting the fact that choice is real. Everyone who accepts choice is a reality of physics, also supports some form of intelligent design theory, just because it makes perfect sense. So simply by teaching the diference between fact and opinion the major problems are solved.mohammadnursyamsu
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
07:31 AM
7
07
31
AM
PDT
F/N: It is worth clipping Naugle on the history of the term:
There is virtually universal recognition that the notable Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant coined the term Weltanschauung, that is, worldview in his work Critique of Judgment, published in 1790. It originates in a quintessential Kantian paragraph that emphasizes the power of the perception of the human mind. Kant writes, “If the human mind is nonetheless to be able even to think the given infinite without contradiction, it must have within itself a power that is supersensible, whose idea of the noumenon cannot be intuited but can yet be regarded as the substrate underlying what is mere appearance, namely, our intuition of the world” [Weltanschauung].[3] That last phrase — “our intuition of the world” — is an English translation of Kant’s coined German term Weltanschauung. The context of this quotation suggests that for Kant, Weltanschauung means something rather simple like a perception of the world gained empirically. Martin Heidegger notes that Kant employed Weltanschauung in reference to the mundus sensibilis, that is, as a “world-intuition in the sense of contemplation of the world given to the senses”[4] From its coinage in Kant, who used the term only once and for whom it was of minor significance, it evolved rather quickly to refer to an intellectual conception of the universe from the perspective of a human knower. [--> signs of an idea whose time had come] Kant’s Copernican revolution in philosophy, with its emphasis on the knowing and willing self as the cognitive and moral center of the universe, created the conceptual space in which the notion of worldview could flourish. The term was adopted by Kant’s successors and soon became a celebrated concept in German intellectual life. Weltanschauung captured the imaginations not only of the German intelligentsia, but of thinkers throughout Europe and beyond. The term’s success is seen by how readily it was adopted by writers in other European languages either as a loanword, especially in the Romance languages, or as a copy word in the idiom of Slavic and Germanic languages. This concept, indeed, had legs. Given its prominence, it was impossible for it to remain isolated on the Continent for long. Soon it crossed the channel to Great Britain and made its way across the Atlantic to the United States. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, within seventy-eight years of its inaugural use in Kant’s Critique of Judgment, Weltanschauung entered the English language in 1868 its naturalized form as “worldview.” Ten years later, the German term itself gained currency as a loan word in Anglo-American academic discourse. Since their mid-nineteenth-century beginnings, both Weltanschauung and worldview have flourished, and become significant terms in the thought and vocabulary of thinking people in the English-speaking world. Throughout the nineteenth century, therefore, Weltanschauung became enormously popular. By the 1890s, the Scottish theologian James Orr could say that as a concept, it had become “in a manner indispensable.”[5] It is no wonder, then, that Orr himself, as well as Abraham Kuyper, capitalized on its notoriety as a convenient and potent expression to configure their respective versions of a comprehensive Christian worldview of Calvinist persuasion.
Naugle also cites Chesterton's striking remark on significance of the term (which also hints at its tie-in with the older term, philosophy):
But there are some people, nevertheless — and I am one of them — who think that the most practical and important thing about a man is still his view of the universe. We think that for a landlady considering a lodger, it is important to know his income, but still more important to know his philosophy. We think that for a general about to fight an enemy, it is important to know the enemy’s numbers, but still more important to know the enemy’s philosophy. We think the question is not whether the theory of the cosmos affects matters, but whether, in the long run, anything else affects them.”
In short, rhetorical gambits that have tried to stigmatise the term as a dogmatising projection by those branded with the scarlet label, Religious Right or the like, fail. So long as people have a framework that tries to make sense of significant aspects of the world and to orient themselves therein, or claim to know or understand significant things about the world, they have a worldview. Which is therefore open to significant consideration informed by philosophical themes. Where, too, particular propositions, beliefs and disbeliefs -- including the assertions of agnosticism or "positive form" or "negative form" atheism do not stand in isolation. They are part of worldviews. Indeed, that should be obvious from the existential and logical implications of the claims of certain new atheists -- a fading but still significant movement -- that their disbelief in God should be regarded as default (often on their assertion that it is those who make a positive assertion who have a burden of "proof"). Such claims bristle with far-reaching worldview import. (And, as is usual, if the unexamined life is not worth the living, unexamined metaphysics are not worth thinking.) KFkairosfocus
April 25, 2021
April
04
Apr
25
25
2021
04:07 AM
4
04
07
AM
PDT
Worldview formation, plausibility structures and geostrategic signs of our timeskairosfocus
April 24, 2021
April
04
Apr
24
24
2021
04:33 AM
4
04
33
AM
PDT
1 2

Leave a Reply