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Proteins are defying textbooks

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We bet this isn’t the only time they have done so. 😉

Here, from U Utah Healthcare:

Open any introductory biology textbook and one of the first things you’ll learn is that our DNA spells out the instructions for making proteins, tiny machines that do much of the work in our body’s cells. Results from a study published on Jan. 2 in Science defy textbook science, showing for the first time that the building blocks of a protein, called amino acids, can be assembled without blueprints – DNA and an intermediate template called messenger RNA (mRNA). A team of researchers has observed a case in which another protein specifies which amino acids are added.

“This surprising discovery reflects how incomplete our understanding of biology is,” says first author Peter Shen, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in biochemistry at the University of Utah. “Nature is capable of more than we realize.”

To put the new finding into perspective, it might help to think of the cell as a well-run factory. Ribosomes are machines on a protein assembly line, linking together amino acids in an order specified by the genetic code. When something goes wrong, the ribosome can stall, and a quality control crew is summoned to the site. To clean up the mess, the ribosome is disassembled, the blueprint is discarded, and the partly made protein is recycled.

Yet this study reveals a surprising role for one member of the quality control team, a protein conserved from yeast to man named Rqc2. More.

But what is this about “Nature is capable of more than we realize”? Does nature have a mind that has a search space for solutions?

Like a half-made car with extra horns and wheels tacked to one end, a truncated protein with an apparently random sequence of alanines and threonines looks strange, and probably doesn’t work normally. But the nonsensical sequence likely serves specific purposes. The code could signal that the partial protein must be destroyed, or it could be part of a test to see whether the ribosome is working properly. Evidence suggests that either or both of these processes could be faulty in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Huntington’s.

“There are many interesting implications of this work and none of them would have been possible if we didn’t follow our curiosity,” says Brandman. “The primary driver of discovery has been exploring what you see, and that’s what we did. There will never be a substitute for that.”

Are these people trying to say, don’t fire us because we find evidence for design in nature?

If so, let’s hope they are not forced to yelp some fake disclaimer at a press conference.

Follow UD News at Twitter!

Comments
Functional annotation of proteome encoded by human chromosome 22. doi: 10.1021/pr401169d As part of the chromosome-centric human proteome project (C-HPP) initiative, we report our progress on the annotation of chromosome 22. Chromosome 22, spanning 51 million base pairs, was the first chromosome to be sequenced. Gene dosage alterations on this chromosome have been shown to be associated with a number of congenital anomalies. In addition, several rare but aggressive tumors have been associated with this chromosome. A number of important gene families including immunoglobulin lambda locus, Crystallin beta family, and APOBEC gene family are located on this chromosome. On the basis of proteomic profiling of 30 histologically normal tissues and cells using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we show protein evidence of 367 genes on chromosome 22. Importantly, this includes 47 proteins, which are currently annotated as "missing" proteins. We also confirmed the translation start sites of 120 chromosome 22-encoded proteins. Employing a comprehensive proteogenomics analysis pipeline, we provide evidence of novel coding regions on this chromosome which include upstream ORFs and novel exons in addition to correcting existing gene structures. We describe tissue-wise expression of the proteins and the distribution of gene families on this chromosome. These data have been deposited to ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD000561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24669763
Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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Proteome Software Products http://www.proteomesoftware.com/products/ Proteomics & Bioinformatics http://proteomicsconference.com/ HUPO 2014 last October in Madrid http://www.hupo2014.com/ HUPO 2015 in Vancouver http://www.hupo.org/ Proteome Science & Computational Biology http://www.hoajonline.com/Journal-of-Proteome-Science-and-Computational.html The Human Proteome (D7) In Stockholm this April http://www.keystonesymposia.org/15D7Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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hrun What prevented Dio from just C/P the PubMed link from 107 and then get the answers he was supposedly looking for? And even if he was not actually looking for those answers, why not just C/P and pretend that you are? Why repeat the endless description of his paper collection process?
What indeed? But rather than answer my simple question (and obtain the information he claims to seek), we get Brave Sir Robin and the Green Midget Cafe (x12). Cracks me up every time.DNA_Jock
January 11, 2015
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Epigenetic coordination of embryonic heart transcription by dynamically regulated long noncoding RNAs doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410622111 The vast majority of mammalian DNA does not encode for proteins but instead is transcribed into noncoding (nc)RNAs having diverse regulatory functions. The poorly characterized subclass of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) can epigenetically regulate protein-coding genes by interacting locally in cis or distally in trans. A few reports have implicated specific lncRNAs in cardiac development or failure, but precise details of lncRNAs expressed in hearts and how their expression may be altered during embryonic heart development or by adult heart disease is unknown. Analysis of protein-coding mRNAs from the same samples identified 22 concordantly and 11 reciprocally regulated mRNAs within 10 kb of dynamically expressed lncRNAs, and reciprocal relationships of lncRNA and mRNA levels were validated for the Mccc1 and Relb genes using in vitro lncRNA knockdown in C2C12 cells. Network analysis suggested a central role for lncRNAs in modulating NF?B- and CREB1-regulated genes during embryonic heart growth and identified multiple mRNAs within these pathways that are also regulated, but independently of lncRNAs. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25071214
Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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[In vivo functions of long non-coding RNAs]. Advances in genomics and molecular biology have led to discovery of a large group of previous uncharacterized long non-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Whether all of these transcripts are functional remains to be elucidated, but emerging evidence indicates that many lncRNAs play roles in multiple biological processes and that dysregulation of lncRNAs is often associated with diseases. Of significant interest, recent studies suggest that almost all of the regulatory lncRNAs function through interacting with different biological macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and discuss the role of lncRNAs in tumorigenesis and host defense. Distinct from small ncRNAs that regulate gene expression mainly through base pairing to target transcripts, most identified lncRNAs function by regulating protein activity or maintaining the integrity of protein complexes. As a result, identification and characterization of the lncRNA-protein interactions may be the primary task to decode functional lncRNAs. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24846963
Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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So you do find this offer unappealing, as I expected. I understand. Perfectly.
Heh. That surprisingly came out exactly as you suspected. However, I must admit, I do not understand. Not perfectly. Not a little bit. Nothing. What prevented Dio from just C/P the PubMed link from 107 and then get the answers he was supposedly looking for? And even if he was not actually looking for those answers, why not just C/P and pretend that you are? Why repeat the endless description of his paper collection process?hrun0815
January 11, 2015
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Dionisio,
when is Nat10 produced for the case of the discussed paper? what triggers that gene expression in relation to the discussed paper? what amount? or is it produced constantly? or is it produced for other processes and just happen to be available for the discussed process too?
I have an offer for you. I will provide the answers (including references) to these questions for free, if you first provide the URL for the text that you pasted into comment 107. If you find this offer unappealing, I’ll understand.
So you do find this offer unappealing, as I expected. I understand. Perfectly. ;) P.S. Your 145 reminds me somewhat of Gary Gaulin...DNA_Jock
January 11, 2015
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Human NAT10 Is an ATP-dependent RNA Acetyltransferase Responsible for N4-Acetylcytidine Formation in 18 S Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). doi: 10.1074/jbc.C114.602698 Human N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is known to be a lysine acetyltransferase that targets microtubules and histones and plays an important role in cell division. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25411247
Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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#140 DNA_Jock
I have an offer for you. I will provide the answers (including references) to these questions for free, if you first provide the URL for the text that you pasted into comment 107. If you find this offer unappealing, I’ll understand.
Did you read my posts in this thread, after AVS initiated this latest discussion by posting his comments and/or questions @ 109 & 110? If you did, then it seems like you did not understand my point. Can you tell me briefly (in a nutshell), what you understood is the main idea expressed in my posts? Remember that understanding someone else's message does not imply agreeing with it at all. But communication can't be efficient and discussions can't be productive, unless both sides are willing to understand each other very well, though still they may disagree. The bottom line of my posts was to answer AVS' initial questions on why I highlight certain text in some of my posts. The highlighting is a way of reminding myself about possible areas of additional search for details that may be in the given paywalled paper or in other papers or textbooks. Note that there are verbs highlighted in some posts, keywords in others, or entire expressions in some of the posts. Within the web logs linked from Zotero and Mind Meister, the highlighting is more dynamic, keeps changing as information is found and newer questions pop up, even causing new deeper layers of search to appear either as subfolders in an existing branch within Zotero or a separate link in Mind Meister or another post in the linked web logs. This is a new and very challenging experience for me, but I'm enjoying it very much. It's kind of fun too. As I said, my more experienced and sharper colleagues could have done this project much faster, but they just don't care much about the biology part. Simply don't feel the attraction to it. Hence they did not embark on this thrilling journey along with me. I fully understand their position. They prefer complex engineering stuff that are better documented and where one can talk anytime to the expert engineers to get all the required explanations about their way of doing things, in order to reflect their ideas in the tech specs for the programmers. To me this is a wonderful learning experience too. The papers I share here in this site are part of the whole database of references gathered in the online tools mentioned above. In the specific case AVS pointed to, there are many details that are unknown to me, but I don't need them now, so I mark up the text as a reminder for future search, if it comes to that. I may not get back to it at all, but someone else could follow up. Later, after reviewing the references, stored in Zotero (tagged, sorted, hierarchically organized in subfolders) and with the associations between different Zotero branches graphically visualized in Mind Meister, or referenced in a set of restricted WordPress web logs, then I could decide to search a particular detail further, to dig deeper, or simply leave that particular 'branch' of info alone (shelved/on the back burner) and move on with other details, according to the progress of the system implementation schedule and priorities. The highlighted text in the web log posts may be associated with different tags in the Zotero information or with links in the Mind Meister interconnected maps. Perhaps others out there have better systems to reference all that information in easier ways to access it. This approach I'm taking is not mine originally, but was suggested by colleagues and friends. They recommended the online tools and the general approach. They are quite flexible. The online accounts may be setup and owned by someone who shares them with me and allows me to modify the information or add new one. Really cool. I recommend it too. But perhaps most folks in this site have used these or other similar tools for their research projects. Anyway, the project seems to be moving ahead well, though a little behind schedule (what else is new?). Have a good day.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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hrun, I would like Dionisio to confirm the specific URL that he used to copy the text he used in 107. If it was the pubmed link he provided in that post, then answering will be really easy...DNA_Jock
January 11, 2015
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DNA_Jock:
I have an offer for you. I will provide the answers (including references) to these questions for free, if you first provide the URL for the text that you pasted into comment 107.
I don't understand. I believe he did provide the URL. The quote is taken directly from PubMed (or PLOS or PMC). Did you mean a different post?hrun0815
January 11, 2015
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Dionisio writes at 9:15am:
That’s fine. But then why did you get involved in this discussion after all?
Hrun0815 wrote at 8:15am:
My guess is that you will use this answer to justify discarding my more general advice [...]
and
[...] this is of course your prerogative. It is your time, your project, and you are solely responsible for its success or failure.
What a surprise.
Your unsolicited opinion could have indicated that you know the discussed subject and are interested in it. Now, when the heat of my direct questions cornered you against the wall, you felt forced to confess (reveal, admit) your lack of interest in this discussion and your poor knowledge of the subject details.
Maybe it could be that rather than knowing something about the one paper I know something about software engineering and development in biology? In fact, if you lack back at my recent posts you will find that this is the topic I was referring to?
In your case, someone else would rather refrain from getting involved in the discussion.
Or not? Who cares? Just like your time is yours to spend how you like, mine is mine alone (well maybe my family has a claim on it as well).
Unless you change your mind and decide to learn about biology seen from a software development perspective, where all the conditions that may affect the programming decisions, must be precisely described in all the necessary details, in the tech specs the programmers follow in order to code the logic of the developed system. There’s more to this than what I just wrote, but in a nutshell that’s basically it. Now you know for next time.
Just like you had NO IDEA about my knowledge of the specific paper in question you also have NO IDEA about my knowledge regarding biology as seen from a software development perspective. The beauty of my comments is that you can evaluate without knowing anything about the author if they are useful or not. From your answer here I can probably readily deduce your decision on this. Again... your time and your prerogative. Here is yet another bit of 'unsolicited' and 'pontificating' opinion: If you do not believe me or can not see the logic in what I am saying I would suggest you look for the nearest Systems Biology Department or contact some people there by email (a solid Bioinformatics Department would also do the trick). Find a few of the many software engineers there and have a brief conversation about my advice here. You'll likely be surprised. :)hrun0815
January 11, 2015
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#139 hrun0815
I do not know the answers to your questions. I have no interest in reading the paper. It’s not in a field I am interested in and I already have way more papers to read than I can reasonably get through. Also, I have little interest in attempting to exactly parse your questions either or hash out in what detail the answers are known or why the answers are even relevant to whatever project you are working on.
That's fine. But then why did you get involved in this discussion after all? Why did you volunteered your unsolicited opinion on the discussed subject? At least AVS pointed to a specific issue he misunderstood (and apparently still doesn't understand well) in my posts, but you jumped into wrong conclusions and gave pontificating opinions. In your case, someone else would rather refrain from getting involved in the discussion. If one sees a post that is not understood well, but it's related to a subject that one doesn't know and/or doesn't care much about, one simply ignore it. That happens to me all the time in this blog and everywhere around. Your unsolicited opinion could have indicated that you know the discussed subject and are interested in it. Now, when the heat of my direct questions cornered you against the wall, you felt forced to confess (reveal, admit) your lack of interest in this discussion and your poor knowledge of the subject details. Next time just ignore my posts, skip them. No one can force you to get involved in any discussion here. Basically, don't provoke others. Unless you change your mind and decide to learn about biology seen from a software development perspective, where all the conditions that may affect the programming decisions, must be precisely described in all the necessary details, in the tech specs the programmers follow in order to code the logic of the developed system. There's more to this than what I just wrote, but in a nutshell that's basically it. Now you know for next time.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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Dionisio,
when is Nat10 produced for the case of the discussed paper? what triggers that gene expression in relation to the discussed paper? what amount? or is it produced constantly? or is it produced for other processes and just happen to be available for the discussed process too?
I have an offer for you. I will provide the answers (including references) to these questions for free, if you first provide the URL for the text that you pasted into comment 107. If you find this offer unappealing, I'll understand.DNA_Jock
January 11, 2015
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Dionisio, I think you still don't understand the tenor of my comments or advice. IF you want to base any kind of useful work on the published work then you have to make sure you actually are able to access all the relevant published work AND you have to make sure that you can somehow understand the relevant published work. It looks to me that in this case neither is the case. In both respects your nearest local university is probably your best bet. Go to the library and see if the relevant journals are available. If not, you can get them for a small fee (which at some universities is waved) through inter-library loan programs. Alternatively, you can actually write to the corresponding author on the paper to ask for a reprint (these days a pdf of the complete paper). As for understanding the papers and the missing biological assumptions there is no substitute for a trained biologist in the relevant field. Either you learn it yourself which will be extremely time consuming or you find an actual collaborator. A collaborator in this case is somebody who is vested in your project and has their own motivation for the project to succeed. In your case I presume that there is a very limited budget for the project, so I would not recommend subcontracting this (paying a biologist a fee for their work). Subcontracts are notoriously expensive (at least in the US) and you generally get much better work from a truly interested biologist. For starters, a subcontractor may not actually advise you properly on the importance of the work (they are mainly interested in keeping a project going), while a collaborating biologist will of course tell you if the project is not worth their (and your) time. Finding some guys on the internet to answer a few questions about one paper (out of many dozens or even hundreds) you are interested in is no substitute. For starters, how do you know you can even trust any of the info you'd be getting from me or AVS? Would we attach our name to the work to take responsibility for it? Anyway, my guess is that you will disregard this advice, and, again, this is of course your prerogative. It is your time, your project, and you are solely responsible for its success or failure. Cheers... hrun PS: And here is the answer to your specific question. My guess is that you will use this answer to justify discarding my more general advice: I do not know the answers to your questions. I have no interest in reading the paper. It's not in a field I am interested in and I already have way more papers to read than I can reasonably get through. Also, I have little interest in attempting to exactly parse your questions either or hash out in what detail the answers are known or why the answers are even relevant to whatever project you are working on. Again, that's why I would strongly urge you to collaborate with an interested biologist who has good motivation in walking you through your open questions.hrun0815
January 11, 2015
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AVS, Is Nat10 a systemic enzyme that's available all the time in the nucleus? How is the expression of the gene NAT10 regulated? Those are known facts to biologists, but not to me. Do you see the difference? That's why I highlight things you may not need to because you already know all that.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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AVS and hrun0815 See post #136 for another example of my highlighting style that has so bothered you. Note that sometimes I highlight text that might require additional search in other to complete the puzzle using the information available in the same paper or in other papers. When you see a verb highlighted, it may indicate that I may have to look for the definition of that given action within the given context, and a detailed description of the given action. Are we starting to understand each other now? Can you show me that you have understood what I meant in my previous posts that caused so much discussion here? Are we seeing light at the end of the tunnel yet? Bottom line, were my questions about Nat10 answered within the paper AVS chose to discuss, or outside that paper? If you answer the preceding question, we can move on. Thanks.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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The Complexity of Human Ribosome Biogenesis Revealed by Systematic Nucleolar Screening of Pre-rRNA Processing Factors doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.08.011 Mature ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are produced from polycistronic precursors following complex processing. ...human cells adopt unique strategies and recruit distinct trans-acting factors to carry out essential processing steps, posing fundamental implications for understanding ribosomopathies at the molecular level... http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276513005844
Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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Chemical Inhibition of NAT10 Corrects Defects of Laminopathic Cells. DOI: 10.1126/science.1252651 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/262017310_Chemical_Inhibition_of_NAT10_Corrects_Defects_of_Laminopathic_CellsDionisio
January 11, 2015
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NAT10, a nucleolar protein, localizes to the midbody and regulates cytokinesis and acetylation of microtubules. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.007 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216617_NAT10_a_nucleolar_protein_localizes_to_the_midbody_and_regulates_cytokinesis_and_acetylation_of_microtubulesDionisio
January 11, 2015
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AVS and hrun0815 Again, I appreciate that you have decided to discuss this 'highlighting' style issue with me here. Perhaps together we'll be able to clarify a few things, four our mutual benefit. Please, respond the questions about Nat10, so that we can move on and I can ask you other questions related to other issues also left unanswered in the given paper.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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AVS As you well know, N-acetyltransferase 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NAT10 gene. I just read it online. There are many online references to this enzyme. There's some reading there, but it was not in my plan to read about this now. However, since you brought it up,... But when is Nat10 produced for the case of the discussed paper? what triggers that gene expression in relation to the discussed paper? what amount? or is it produced constantly? or is it produced for other processes and just happen to be available for the discussed process too? Perhaps those are easy questions for you, but not for me. Remember that I'm not a biologist, just a software developer, with engineering background. That's why I highlight text to remind myself that more search is required for my project, if the given issue ends up in the final example for the software testing and user documentation. Can you answer the questions I asked you in 129 and repeated for hrun0815 in 130? Well, they have been implicitly asked since post 121.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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AVS Please, read post #130 and see if you can help hrun0815 to answer my questions about the given paper, which you chose to discuss in this thread. Thank you. Since you two chose to discuss this with me here, let's take it to a valid conclusion.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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#128 hrun0815 You have not answered the questions about Nat10, which I asked you in post #126 and you posted @128. Can you tell me where in the given paper they answer the questions I implicitly asked @121 about the enzyme Nat10? Why does it appear on the scene (i.e. what events trigger it), when, how does that happen, how many of them, what determines the right amount (if there is such)? Are those questions answered explicitly in the paper, but I did not understand it? Are they assumed knowledge the biologists have, but I have to still look for a text where it is explained explicitly? Can you respond these questions, and indicate what document you find that information in? Thank you. No, I don't have access to most paywalled papers, that's why I highlight text in the abstract, as a reminder to keep looking for the missing details. Later I may ask my friends, who do have access to those papers, to see whether the information I'm looking for is in the given papers or not. Or I keep looking for that information somewhere else online. That's why the search is so extensive. The references I share here are part of the ones I gather, in a more organized manner, within Zotero, which detects duplicate references, and has hierarchical trees of folders and subfolders, tagging, and other cool features that facilitate the reviewing of the information. Now, please, go back to the above highlighted text and answer those questions. Or simply tell me you don't know the answer either. Thank you.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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AVS, The paper resolved the main issue in the title, but from a software development point of view, they left unanswered questions, perhaps because it was known to other biologists, but not to me. Hence I highlight that text as a reminder to indicate that the given explanation may not contain explicitly all the details required for the 4D simulation software. Apparently you did not understand well what I wrote in my previous posts here. You may want to read it all again, carefully. Can you tell me where in the given paper they answer the questions I implicitly asked @121 about the enzyme Nat10? Why does it appear on the scene (i.e. what events trigger it), when, how does that happen, how many of them, what determines the right amount (if there is such)? Are those questions answered explicitly in the paper, but I did not understand it? Are they assumed knowledge the biologists have, but I have to still look for a text where it is explained explicitly? Can you respond these questions, and indicate what document you find that information in? Thank you.Dionisio
January 11, 2015
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Would you like to collaborate? How much would you charge per hour of consultation?
How could I decide if I want to collaborate without knowing the first thing about your project other than that it is some sort of software project tied to biology? And before you inquire about my rate for consultation wouldn't you first want to establish if my expertise is actually relevant to what you are trying to achieve?
Can you answer the questions I implicitly asked @121 about the enzyme Nat10? Why does it appear on the scene (i.e. what events trigger it), when, how does that happen, how many of them, what determines the right amount (if there is such)? Are these questions answered in the paper, as AVS seemed to claim?
Again, how do you think did I misinterpret what you were writing before? The last question you ask only leaves two possibilities: Either you do not actually have access to the whole paper and are trying to make sense of it from the publicly available abstract alone or you are unable to understand the paper. In either case, my two suggestions to you are: 1) Figure out how to get access and understand the complete papers rather than searching through abstracts alone. 2) Figure out if biologists are interested in your project and find somebody to work with.hrun0815
January 10, 2015
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The explicit objective of the paper was to present information on “identification of acetylation sites and the responsible acetyltransferase in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe.” And they did both. I repeat, the question you highlighted because you thought it was “not explained in the given paper,” was explained in the given paper. I didn’t arrive at any wrong conclusions, don’t worry. Were just trying to help you out!AVS
January 10, 2015
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#125 hrun0815 Would you like to collaborate? How much would you charge per hour of consultation? Can you answer the questions I implicitly asked @121 about the enzyme Nat10? Why does it appear on the scene (i.e. what events trigger it), when, how does that happen, how many of them, what determines the right amount (if there is such)? Are these questions answered in the paper, as AVS seemed to claim? The project is moving well. Perhaps it's a little behind schedule, but that's fine. The main goal is achievable within a reasonable timeframe.Dionisio
January 10, 2015
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Why does it bother you that I collect the papers without understanding them? Does that violate any rule in this blog or somewhere else?
Nope. Not at all. That's why I wrote:
It’s your time and you can spend it on whatever floats your boat.
As hard as it might be for you to believe, this is actually just advice. And considering your stated desires probably relatively good advice, too. Think about it some more:
That’s why in all cases I know of such software is indeed always designed, developed, tested, and implemented by biologists or in close collaboration with biologists. You should take your own advice to heart rather than ignoring it. Maybe, just maybe, if it turns out that you can’t find biologists to collaborate on your project you either need to put a bit more effort into finding such collaborators or you should examine if maybe this project is not of any worth to biologists (hence their reluctance to collaborate with you on this).
hrun0815
January 10, 2015
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#123 hrun0815 Why does it bother you that I collect the papers without understanding them? Does that violate any rule in this blog or somewhere else? BTW, this is supposed to be an educational software. Not to please biologists. Would you like to collaborate? How much would you charge per hour of consultation? Can you answer the questions I asked @121 about the enzyme Nat10? Why does it appear on the scene, when, how, how many? The researchers I've contacted so far work on diabetes, allergy, stem cells, protein folding, respectively. They have said my approach seems correct, as far as they could understand it. They can't work on this project because they don't have much time left after family and work.Dionisio
January 10, 2015
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