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Darwin lobby: Don’t teach epigenetics, kids won’t understand

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Readers may recall that yesterday we noted that Darwin’s darling Zack Kopplin didn’t want to talk about epigenetics (the way in which interactions with the environment affect our genetic instructions).

A friend writes to say that soon-to-retire “Darwin in the schools” lobbyist Eugenie Scott thinks it’s fine not to teach students about epigenetics because

It was almost a relief when an antievolutionist contended that the books should be rejected because they don’t include epigenetics. At least the epigenetics argument is relatively recent (perhaps only 5-8 years old). In creation-think, including epigenetics in biology textbooks will weaken evolution because epigenetics is evidence against evolution. Yeah, I know it isn’t, but to creationists, any process that isn’t natural selection weakens natural selection as an evolutionary mechanism, and if natural selection isn’t strong enough to produce evolution, that means that evolution didn’t take place, and…and…You get the picture. Never mind that epigenetics isn’t in the TEKS, the state science education standards, and generally isn’t a topic for beginning biology learners. [colour emphasis added]

What’s really interesting here is how important Darwin’s hot 19th century theory about natural selection acting on random mutation seems to her. To doubt its near—or actual (I don’t have the script in front of me)—divine power is to doubt that any kind of evolution occurs.

In short, the best-known Darwin lobbyist thinks the evidence for evolution in general is so weak that doubts about the power of natural selection to randomly produce intricate new equipment must mean that evolution never happens. Good thing she said it herself.

By the way, here’s more evidence that some media sources were floating the story that “Texas law bans teaching about evolution in books” as of late yesterday. Who are these airheads, and why do you rely on them for news, if you do?

Comments
I agree, jerry. But there is certainly an argument for teaching the biggest effects first, and leaving the small print for later. Although I'd be all for mentioning it germline epigenetic effects in passing. Genetics is a far greater determiner of the phenotype than germline epigenetics. On the other hand, somatic epigenetics is vital to development, as it is key to tissue differentiation.Elizabeth B Liddle
September 20, 2013
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teaching it in schools
There should never be any problem teaching what is known and not known in the schools. Unfortunately a lot of the text books over sell what is known. My guess is that some or a lot of examples of evolution have not been evolution but examples of change in gene expression. Darwin's finches being probably one. These change in gene expression is not Darwinian and should not be considered as evolution. The end result may be that Darwin's ideas would be trivialized even more than they have been in recent years. Maybe that is what they are afraid of.jerry
September 20, 2013
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Oh dear. Whoops. When I started writing my last post, only Elizabeth had left any comments. Now I just appear inattentive. Apologies. That will teach me not to go and prepare tea whilst mid-flow in writing a comment.Ho-De-Ho
September 20, 2013
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nighlight:
It is evidence against gratuitous, algorithmically primitive and empirically unsupported neo-Darwinian mechanism for generating novelty: random, aimless mutation (serving as the main bludgeon of the militant atheists).
No, really, it is not. Nobody here, surely, of all places, disputes that DNA sequences are overwhelmingly responsible for the phenotype, or that polymorphisms have phenotypic effects. You are not seriously suggesting that germline epigenetic marking is what primarily makes us different from each other, rather than the alleles we inherit? If you are, this is simply, and demonstrably, untrue. Germline epigenetic marking is certainly interesting, but not even the most ardent enthusiast for the adaptive effects of germline epigenetic marking would claim that the effect is anything but marginal! If you want something to challenge the idea that variation is not orthogonal to reproductive success, you'd be better looking at at the mechanisms of DNA rearrangement in the germline (for instance, recombination) than epigenetics. Although that doesn't take you all that far, because, as Shapiro and Noble note, Darwin's principle can be applied to any reproducing level, including population level, and we know that the vast majority of populations go extinct. Therefore any population that has a reproductive system that renders the population more robust to environmental change, including the capacity for adaptive evolution, or, for that matter, epigenetic blunting of adaptive evolution (i.e. epigenetics doing some of the adapting, thus keeping the gene-pool rich), is likely to contribute to that populations chances of not going extinct. Not that I expect this to go down to a standing ovation here, so I'll just reiterate my first point: nobody is suggesting that epigenetics will replace genetics as the primary vector of inheritance! Lamarck wasn't as wrong as was once thought, but he was a lot wronger than Mendel, nonetheless!Elizabeth B Liddle
September 20, 2013
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Greetings greetings one and all. Good evening, or day, Elizabeth B Liddle? Nice to see you about on the boards again with your usual polite discussion. Whatho News. Thank you for the post. Epigenetics eh? Exciting stuff! News, would you mind if I to chime in alongside Elizabeth? In what way is the epigentics revolution (as I believe Nessa Carey dubbed it) a threat to the Evolution status quo? In some respects, one would imagine that it would really give it quite a fistful more oomph in its ability to produce lots of novelty items. In your opinion, News, how has epigenetics thrust an unwanted wrench in Darwin's motor? Is it because we have all been told for many a moon, that Natural Selection working on Random Mutation is responsible for all of the diversity of life around about? It is a fact as well understood as Gravity and that the Earth orbits the Sun...except that now it evidently is not quite as factual. I am genuinely interested on your take and anybody else's. Of course, there are likely to be snags or perforations in most arguments, but let us be generous towards others opinions. Like a fine pair of scales purchased from Harrods maybe we can weigh the merits of each others opinions and try to see from where they approach the matter. I look forward to all you topping ladies and gents putting forth on this topic. I will read with bated breath, although my remarks will be limited due to my lack of expertise. Hope you don't mind my throwing in a question or two though.Ho-De-Ho
September 20, 2013
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Try thinking of epigenetics at the early stages of evolution. Epigenetics control/trigger/regulate jumping genes (transposible elements. Now think of metamorphosis as in a caterpillar to a butterfly. There, the code is less defined (like stem cells in an embryo - not fully programmed until signals are given from the environment). It is really hard for us to get our heads around all this because we are so indoctrinated about Common Descent. I am working on a book about it all as we speak. Good discussion.cosmicrabbit
September 20, 2013
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That's an interesting point, Jerry. What is interesting about germline epigenetics is that it does potentially provide an additional adaptive mechanism to that of natural selection (although by no means all epigenetic changes are adaptive - some, I don't know what proportion - are actually maladaptive). You could argue, that epigenetic effects might blunt the effects of natural selection. That might itself be adaptive at population level, of course, in that it might help maintain robustness in the face of environmental change. So yes, it is an interesting line of research. My own take on teaching it in schools, is that it would be worth teaching, as it is extremely important in understanding the development of multicellular organisms. Its role in gene expression during function is less clear, and, as yet, the size of the effect on germline cells, and to what extend these effects tend to be adaptive, is not clear, and so probably not ready for HS. But the idea that it might be suppressed because it undermines evolutionary theory really is very strange. It does mean we have to move beyond classical neo-Darwinism, which is a good thing, because I think (being Noble fan) that it is time we moved on from an exclusively gene-centred model. We also need to consider natural selection at between-population level as well as within-population (as Noble, and Shapiro) have argued, rightly in my view. But, as Noble himself says (and, interestingly, Margulis), that's not a problem for Darwin's theory - it does however lead us beyond neo-Darwinian models.Elizabeth B Liddle
September 20, 2013
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Ask Eugenie Scott, I guess. She seems to think including epigenetics in text books will lead the children astray. C'mon this sounds a little "1984"-ish, Dr. Liddle. Whether the concern has merit or not, this instance makes it appear as though Eugenie Scott wants to wait until minds of students are indoctrinated before anything that can be deemed as counter to Darwinism is introduced to them. It's not exactly a great PR move.TSErik
September 20, 2013
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nightlight, interesting all, but wouldn't call James Shapiro "conventional biochemist." He's sort of like not having to open the window.News
September 20, 2013
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Can you explain why epigenetics is evidence against Darwinian evolution, news? It is evidence against gratuitous, algorithmically primitive and empirically unsupported neo-Darwinian mechanism for generating novelty: random, aimless mutation (serving as the main bludgeon of the militant atheists). The actual process producing evolutionary novelties is increasingly looking like computation by the biochemical networks running anticipatory algorithms, i.e. there is intelligent source of novelties, which is a position well within the ID perspective (minus the gratuitous, sterile "consciousness" mystification by Stephen Meyer and few others). Even the conventional biochemist James Shapiro has arrived to similar conclusions, that the evolutionary novelties are result of sophisticated molecular engineering, not the aimless random mutations of the "modern" synthesis. Despite his denials that is in the ID camp, he is being shunned by the neo-Darwinians and praised by the ID folk.nightlight
September 20, 2013
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Selection based on epigenetics may not be evolution. Then again it depends on how one defines evolution. If morphological changes over time are just changes in gene expression while not changing the gene pool, is that evolution? If this is true then the morphology may revert back when the environment changes and we are back to square 1. This may be the case in Darwin's finches and cichlids. Are there other cases of so called evolution that may be just epigenetic changes. Should be a ripe area for research. What causes the methylation changes to change the gene expression? Why might it change back. Was most of what Darwin thought was changes in species just differences in gene expre ssion? Interesting questions which we will find out in the coming years.jerry
September 20, 2013
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Can you explain why epigenetics is evidence against Darwinian evolution, news? I am still mystified. As I said in the other thread, without epigenetic marking, multicellular development wouldn't work. Why should that be a problem for Darwinian evolution? Why is it a problem for natural selection? It seems to me that there is powerful selective pressure for it. Or are you thinking of germline epigenetics? Again, why is this a problem for natural selection? Natural selection is heritable variance in reproductive success. It doesn't matter whether the heritable variance is genetic or epigenetic as long as it is heritable and has phenotypic effects. Darwin didn't even know what caused heritable variance, and at one point favored the Lamarckian model. Which is essentially what this is. I really don't understand why you think this is such a big deal.Elizabeth B Liddle
September 20, 2013
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