Paul Giem on overlapping genetic codes

_{Denyse O'Leary

December 24, 2014

Genetics, News}

Share: Facebook; Twitter; LinkedIn; Flipboard; Print; Email

In the book “Biological Information: New Perspectives” Chapters 6 and 9 (at least) argue that stretches of DNA can have multiple functions encoded into them. We will partially evaluate the strength of the evidence behind that argument.

Follow UD News at Twitter!

Comments

Sebestyen, I guess I agree that "they can’t earn trophies for writing the most idiotic posts here." But that sure doesn't stop them from trying--check out the posts from BA77, Steve, or Dionisio (at 13).hrun0815_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
11:10 PM
11
11
10
PM
PDT}

Steve, that's impressive. Even more empty than the BA77 posts. At least he pretends to make an argument. You just put random words into other people's mouths.hrun0815_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
11:04 PM
11
11
04
PM
PDT}

Scientists discover double meaning in genetic code Scientists have discovered a second code hiding within DNA. The second code contains information that changes how scientists read the instructions contained in DNA and interpret mutations to make sense of health and disease. Genomes use the genetic code to write two separate languages. One describes how proteins are made, and the other instructs the cell on how genes are controlled. One language is written on top of the other. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131212142151.htmDionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
09:50 PM
9
09
50
PM
PDT}

Evidence for Transcript Networks Composed of Chimeric RNAs in Human Cells The classic organization of a gene structure has followed the Jacob and Monod bacterial gene model proposed more than 50 years ago. Since then, empirical determinations of the complexity of the transcriptomes found in yeast to human has blurred the definition and physical boundaries of genes. Using multiple analysis approaches we have characterized individual gene boundaries mapping on human chromosomes 21 and 22. Analyses of the locations of the 5? and 3? transcriptional termini of 492 protein coding genes revealed that for 85% of these genes the boundaries extend beyond the current annotated termini, most often connecting with exons of transcripts from other well annotated genes. The biological and evolutionary importance of these chimeric transcripts is underscored by (1) the non-random interconnections of genes involved, (2) the greater phylogenetic depth of the genes involved in many chimeric interactions, (3) the coordination of the expression of connected genes and (4) the close in vivo and three dimensional proximity of the genomic regions being transcribed and contributing to parts of the chimeric RNAs. The non-random nature of the connection of the genes involved suggest that chimeric transcripts should not be studied in isolation, but together, as an RNA network. Djebali S, Lagarde J, Kapranov P, Lacroix V, Borel C, et al. (2012) Evidence for Transcript Networks Composed of Chimeric RNAs in Human Cells. PLoS ONE 7(1): e28213. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028213 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0028213Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
09:34 PM
9
09
34
PM
PDT}

gpuccio, Please, can you comment on post #22? BTW, do posts #21 & 23 somehow relate to the TAD concept that you brought up in the 'third way' discussion thread? Thank you.Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
09:21 PM
9
09
21
PM
PDT}

Scientists discover double meaning in genetic code Scientists have discovered a second code hiding within DNA. This second code contains information that changes how scientists read the instructions contained in DNA and interpret mutations to make sense of health and disease. http://www.washington.edu/news/2013/12/12/scientists-discover-double-meaning-in-genetic-code/Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
09:16 PM
9
09
16
PM
PDT}

Overlapping genes referred in post #19 are not exactly the same as the overlapping languages referred in post #21. They seem like two different concepts, don't they? The former refers to overlapping protein code, which apparently was discovered in 1976, while the latter has to do with the alleged recent discovery of another DNA-related language used for the operating logic. Is this correct? Can someone elaborate on this? Thank you.Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
09:00 PM
9
09
00
PM
PDT}

Scientists Discover Another Genetic Code Overlapping language seems to help direct DNA activity in cells, researchers report Another code within DNA has been discovered by scientists -- a finding that the researchers say sheds light on how changes to DNA affect health. Since the genetic code was first deciphered in the 1960s, scientists have believed it was used solely to write information about proteins. But this new study from University of Washington scientists found that genomes use the genetic code to write two separate languages. One language describes how proteins are made, and the other helps direct genetic activity in cells. One language is written on top of the other, which is why this other language went undiscovered for so long, according to the report in the Dec. 13 issue of Science. "For over 40 years, we have assumed that DNA changes affecting the genetic code solely impact how proteins are made," team leader Dr. John Stamatoyannopoulos, an associate professor of genome sciences and of medicine, said in a university news release. "Now we know that this basic assumption about reading the human genome missed half of the picture," he said. http://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2013/12/12/scientists-discover-another-genetic-codeDionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
08:55 PM
8
08
55
PM
PDT}

Some new characteristics of large genomes DOI: 10.1134/S2070048213030071 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/257865080_Some_new_characteristics_of_large_genomesDionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
08:29 PM
8
08
29
PM
PDT}

Computation of the genetic code DOI: 10.1134/S1064562410040095 The author has conducted mathematical analysis of genetic decoding for a number of years. Overlapping genes, discovered in 1976, were one of the main objects of the study. These are cases where the same segment of DNA encodes two or more protein sequences. Numerous cases of identified genetic overlaps allowed setting a number of mathematical problems that have been successfully solved. A detailed exposition of these problems is given in the author’s monograph Mathematical Analysis of Genetic Code (BINOM, Moscow, 2010). Such problems have made it possible to penetrate deeply enough into the structure of the genetic code and its relationship with the overlapping genes. As a result, a new problem was set: the computation of the genetic code on the basis of the amino acid sequences that record overlapping genes. One approach to this problem is described in this paper. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/243092380_Computation_of_the_genetic_code
Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
08:24 PM
8
08
24
PM
PDT}

Overlapping genes and variability of the genetic code DOI: 10.1023/A:1026631030516 the finding that the meanings of some codons of the mitochondrial genetic code differ from the usual ones was unexpected. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/12118880_Overlapping_genes_and_variability_of_the_genetic_code
Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
08:15 PM
8
08
15
PM
PDT}

Different types of secondary information in the genetic code doi: 10.1261/rna.044115.113 Whole-genome and functional analyses suggest a wealth of secondary or auxiliary genetic information (AGI) within the redundancy component of the genetic code. Although there are multiple aspects of biased codon use, we focus on two types of auxiliary information: codon-specific translational pauses that can be used by particular proteins toward their unique folding and biased codon patterns shared by groups of functionally related mRNAs with coordinate regulation. AGI is important to genetics in general and to human disease; here, we consider influences of its three major components, biased codon use itself, variations in the tRNAome, and anticodon modifications that distinguish synonymous decoding. AGI is plastic and can be used by different species to different extents, with tissue-specificity and in stress responses. Because AGI is species-specific, it is important to consider codon-sensitive experiments when using heterologous systems; for this we focus on the tRNA anticodon loop modification enzyme, CDKAL1, and its link to type 2 diabetes. Newly uncovered tRNAome variability among humans suggests roles in penetrance and as a genetic modifier and disease modifier. Development of experimental and bioinformatics methods are needed to uncover additional means of auxiliary genetic information. http://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/20/7/977.abstract
Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
07:57 PM
7
07
57
PM
PDT}

Multiple roles of the coding sequence 5? end in gene expression regulation doi: 10.1093/nar/gku1313 The codon composition of the coding sequence's (ORF) 5? end first few dozen codons is known to be distinct to that of the rest of the ORF. Various explanations for the unusual codon distribution in this region have been proposed in recent years, and include, among others, novel regulatory mechanisms of translation initiation and elongation. However, due to the fact that many overlapping regulatory signals are suggested to be associated with this relatively short region, its research is challenging. Here, we review the currently known signals that appear in this region, the theories related to the way they regulate translation and affect the organismal fitness, and the debates they provoke. http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/12/12/nar.gku1313.abstract
Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
07:50 PM
7
07
50
PM
PDT}

Exploiting hidden information interleaved in the redundancy of the genetic code without prior knowledge doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu797 Dozens of studies in recent years have demonstrated that codon usage encodes various aspects related to all stages of gene expression regulation. When relevant high-quality large-scale gene expression data are available, it is possible to statistically infer and model these signals, enabling analysing and engineering gene expression. However, when these data are not available, it is impossible to infer and validate such models. http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/12/24/bioinformatics.btu797.abstract
Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
07:45 PM
7
07
45
PM
PDT}

Exonic Transcription Factor Binding Directs Codon Choice and Affects Protein Evolution DOI: 10.1126/science.1243490 Genomes contain both a genetic code specifying amino acids and a regulatory code specifying transcription factor (TF) recognition sequences. We used genomic deoxyribonuclease I footprinting to map nucleotide resolution TF occupancy across the human exome in 81 diverse cell types. We found that ~15% of human codons are dual-use codons (“duons”) that simultaneously specify both amino acids and TF recognition sites. Duons are highly conserved and have shaped protein evolution, and TF-imposed constraint appears to be a major driver of codon usage bias. Conversely, the regulatory code has been selectively depleted of TFs that recognize stop codons. More than 17% of single-nucleotide variants within duons directly alter TF binding. Pervasive dual encoding of amino acid and regulatory information appears to be a fundamental feature of genome evolution. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6164/1367.abstract?sid=10ce3b98-d907-4d26-be90-89ffa3a245fb
Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
07:39 PM
7
07
39
PM
PDT}

BA77 Ignore the whiners, specially when they're barking up the wrong trees. Keep providing the information you post. :)Dionisio_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
07:22 PM
7
07
22
PM
PDT}

Sorry hrun0815, they can't earn trophies for writing the most idiotic posts here. You can go back to YouTube now... SebestyenSebestyen_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
05:51 PM
5
05
51
PM
PDT}

hrun0815 is reduced to spitballing in absence of an argument. Oh, but he has complicated narratives galore. Just a sec, hrun, i gotta get the popcorn. OK, hrun, go!! hrun: Ok, ready. in the beginning there was nothing...but then something happened, a twitch, an itchy scratch, then life....yes, it 'twas but an itch that started little round marbles movin' about, then out of nowhere a little nub pops out of one, then another, and before you know it..they weren't marbles anymore...they became .....jacks. yes the jacks you know so well from your childhood. some jacks stayed jacks because they liked being jacks (and thats why our kids can still play jacks see, well they used to like them anyway) but some wanted more than a jack life. but they had to wait, wait for a chance....something to trigger more change...it took a while, an excruciating long while, but in the end it happened, and some jacks slowly, slowly, morphed..... ....and the rest was history. i like those fuzzy little evolution fables. sleep like a baby every time. thanks hrun!!!Steve_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
05:18 PM
5
05
18
PM
PDT}

"I rest my case." And a devastating 'case' it was. And may your Christ's-mass (at least I assume that's what you were alluding to) be as filled with joyful pagan rituals as for many of us.hrun0815_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
04:20 PM
4
04
20
PM
PDT}

hrun0815, since you are not even in the realm of empirical science but are instead in the realm of proclaiming whoever's personal opinion should matter, I rest my case. i.e. your argument is 'empty'. Merry Christ-mas sir.bornagain77_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
03:55 PM
3
03
55
PM
PDT}

Wrong again. I did not claim that or want to discuss the content of my post. I did not pretend it was anything other than my opinion. And I certainly did not make any argument or comment about "Darwinian processes" creating overlapping codes. It was you who made the false argument, obviously without any reasoning or supporting evidence, that this is "devastating for Neo-Darwinism". I guess all those biology Ph.D.s who failed to notice this since the overlapping code was discovered in the late seventies (including the guys that actually put this info into textbooks) were not "as sharp as the minds of the PhDs behind the paper that was the inspiration of the video."hrun0815_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
03:49 PM
3
03
49
PM
PDT}

I note, that instead of producing any counter evidence that Darwinian processes can create genes/proteins or overlapping codes, you instead want to squabble over whether or not your posts were empty of anything other than ad hominem. You accused my posts of being 'empty', yet you presented no evidence whatsoever. You merely stated your personal opinion as if that mattered in science! Despite how highly you may value your own personal opinion that multiple overlapping genetic codes are no problem for unguided Darwinian processes to account for, and your self-declaration that any evidence, presented against Darwinian processes producing as such, are 'non-sequiturs and false arguments', the fact of the matter is that you are the one making 'non-sequiturs and false arguments' since you are in fact not addressing the evidence on its merits but are instead pretending as if your personal opinion mattered. Let me be the first to inform you, as far as empirical science is concerned, your personal opinion doesn't matter one iota if you can't back it up. You need to present counter evidence that Darwinian processes can create such extreme complexity as we see in overlapping coding and not just belittle anything are anyone who questions Darwinism! The Scientific Method - Richard Feynman - video Quote: 'If it disagrees with experiment, it’s wrong. In that simple statement is the key to science. It doesn’t make any difference how beautiful your guess is, it doesn’t matter how smart you are who made the guess, or what his name is… If it disagrees with experiment, it’s wrong. That’s all there is to it.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL6-x0modwYbornagain77_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
03:36 PM
3
03
36
PM
PDT}

Nope, BA77. It was not an ad hominem. I did not criticize you as s person to discredit your post. Your post, no matter who made it, is a link-fest sprinkled with non-sequiturs and false arguments.hrun0815_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
02:48 PM
2
02
48
PM
PDT}

as to "A typically empty post by BA77." Well that responce was certainly empty of anything other than usual ad hominem of dogmatic Darwinists.. but anyways,, What is truly EMPTY is the empirical evidence that unguided Darwinian processes can create even a single gene/protein, much less create the several layers of overlapping coding that our best computer programmers can only dream of imitating!
'It's becoming extremely problematic to explain how the genome could arise and how these multiple levels of overlapping information could arise, since our best computer programmers can't even conceive of overlapping codes. The genome dwarfs all of the computer information technology that man has developed. So I think that it is very problematic to imagine how you can achieve that through random changes in the code.,,, and there is no Junk DNA in these codes. More and more the genome looks likes a super-super set of programs.,, More and more it looks like top down design and not just bottom up chance discovery of making complex systems.' - Dr. John Sanford - Inventor of the ‘Gene Gun’ - 31 second mark - video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=YemLbrCdM_s#t=31s
In the following artcile/paper, Dr. Behe surveys four decades of laboratory evolution experiments and finds that not a single gene/protein has been created by Darwinian processes during that time. In fact, Dr. Behe points out that the overwhelming tendency of unguided Darwinian processes is to break things rather than ever build them up. He dubs it, “The First Rule of Adaptive Evolution”:
“The First Rule of Adaptive Evolution”: Break or blunt any functional coded element whose loss would yield a net fitness gain - Michael Behe - December 2010 Excerpt: In its most recent issue The Quarterly Review of Biology has published a review by myself of laboratory evolution experiments of microbes going back four decades.,,, The gist of the paper is that so far the overwhelming number of adaptive (that is, helpful) mutations seen in laboratory evolution experiments are either loss or modification of function. Of course we had already known that the great majority of mutations that have a visible effect on an organism are deleterious. Now, surprisingly, it seems that even the great majority of helpful mutations degrade the genome to a greater or lesser extent.,,, I dub it “The First Rule of Adaptive Evolution”: Break or blunt any functional coded element whose loss would yield a net fitness gain. http://behe.uncommondescent.com/2010/12/the-first-rule-of-adaptive-evolution/
Alan H. Linton, emeritus professor of bacteriology at the University of Bristol, also notes that in 150 years of testing no one has ever seen one bacteria change into another.
Scant search for the Maker Excerpt: But where is the experimental evidence? None exists in the literature claiming that one species has been shown to evolve into another. Bacteria, the simplest form of independent life, are ideal for this kind of study, with generation times of 20 to 30 minutes, and populations achieved after 18 hours. But throughout 150 years of the science of bacteriology, there is no evidence that one species of bacteria has changed into another, in spite of the fact that populations have been exposed to potent chemical and physical mutagens and that, uniquely, bacteria possess extrachromosomal, transmissible plasmids. Since there is no evidence for species changes between the simplest forms of unicellular life, it is not surprising that there is no evidence for evolution from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells, let alone throughout the whole array of higher multicellular organisms. - Alan H. Linton - emeritus professor of bacteriology, University of Bristol. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=159282
In fact, as far back in time that we can revive spores of bacteria that have remained dormant for millions of years, we find no evidence for Darwinian evolution in those bacteria.
The Paradox of the "Ancient" (250 Million Year Old) Bacterium Which Contains "Modern" Protein-Coding Genes: “Almost without exception, bacteria isolated from ancient material have proven to closely resemble modern bacteria at both morphological and molecular levels.” Heather Maughan*, C. William Birky Jr., Wayne L. Nicholson, William D. Rosenzweig§ and Russell H. Vreeland ; http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/9/1637
The fossil evidence agrees:
AMBER: THE LOOKING GLASS INTO THE PAST: Excerpt: These (fossilized bacteria) cells are actually very similar to present day cyanobacteria. This is not only true for an isolated case but many living genera of cyanobacteria can be linked to fossil cyanobacteria. The detail noted in the fossils of this group gives indication of extreme conservation of morphology, more extreme than in other organisms. http://bcb705.blogspot.com/2007/03/amber-looking-glass-into-past_23.html Static evolution: is pond scum the same now as billions of years ago? Excerpt: But what intrigues (paleo-biologist) J. William Schopf most is lack of change. Schopf was struck 30 years ago by the apparent similarities between some 1-billion-year-old fossils of blue-green bacteria and their modern microbial counterparts. "They surprisingly looked exactly like modern species," Schopf recalls. Now, after comparing data from throughout the world, Schopf and others have concluded that modern pond scum differs little from the ancient blue-greens. "This similarity in morphology is widespread among fossils of [varying] times," says Schopf. As evidence, he cites the 3,000 such fossils found; http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Static+evolution%3A+is+pond+scum+the+same+now+as+billions+of+years+ago%3F-a014909330 Scientists find signs of life in Australia dating back 3.48 billion years - Thu November 14, 2013 Excerpt: “We conclude that the MISS in the Dresser Formation record a complex microbial ecosystem, hitherto unknown, and represent one of the most ancient signs of life on Earth.”... “this MISS displays the same associations that are known from modern as well as fossil” finds. The MISS also shows microbes that act like “modern cyanobacteria,” http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/13/world/asia/australia-ancient-life/
bornagain77_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
02:30 PM
2
02
30
PM
PDT}

Linkedy link link link Extremely selective admiration of authority Non-sequiturs False arguments A typically empty post by BA77.hrun0815_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
01:33 PM
1
01
33
PM
PDT}

hrun0815, I did not make the video, so I am not the 'sharp mind' behind the video nor do I pretend to be as sharp as the minds of the PhDs behind the paper that was the inspiration of the video. But as to your claim that 'overlapping genetic encoding has been textbook knowledge since the eighties', I do have a bit of knowledge in that area and it turns out when overlapping coding was first discovered in viruses a few decades ago, it created a bit of a stir but, as Dr. Bohlin explains in the following video, people wrote it off as a anomaly. The Extreme Complexity Of Genes - Dr. Raymond G. Bohlin https://vimeo.com/106012299 Thus, though is may have been 'textbook knowledge' back in the eighties, overlapping coding was certainly not expected on neo-Darwinian presuppositions, nor does discovering further levels of overlapping coding, several on top of each other, give comfort to the atheistic belief that such an extreme level of code crowding arose accidentally: Multiple Overlapping Genetic Codes Profoundly Reduce the Probability of Beneficial Mutation George Montañez 1, Robert J. Marks II 2, Jorge Fernandez 3 and John C. Sanford 4 - published online May 2013 Excerpt: In the last decade, we have discovered still another aspect of the multi- dimensional genome. We now know that DNA sequences are typically “ poly-functional” [38]. Trifanov previously had described at least 12 genetic codes that any given nucleotide can contribute to [39,40], and showed that a given base-pair can contribute to multiple overlapping codes simultaneously. The first evidence of overlapping protein-coding sequences in viruses caused quite a stir, but since then it has become recognized as typical. According to Kapronov et al., “it is not unusual that a single base-pair can be part of an intricate network of multiple isoforms of overlapping sense and antisense transcripts, the majority of which are unannotated” [41]. The ENCODE project [42] has confirmed that this phenomenon is ubiquitous in higher genomes, wherein a given DNA sequence routinely encodes multiple overlapping messages, meaning that a single nucleotide can contribute to two or more genetic codes. Most recently, Itzkovitz et al. analyzed protein coding regions of 700 species, and showed that virtually all forms of life have extensive overlapping information in their genomes [43]. 38. Sanford J (2008) Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of the Genome. FMS Publications, NY. Pages 131–142. 39. Trifonov EN (1989) Multiple codes of nucleotide sequences. Bull of Mathematical Biology 51:417–432. 40. Trifanov EN (1997) Genetic sequences as products of compression by inclusive superposition of many codes. Mol Biol 31:647–654. 41. Kapranov P, et al (2005) Examples of complex architecture of the human transcriptome revealed by RACE and high density tiling arrays. Genome Res 15:987–997. 42. Birney E, et al (2007) Encode Project Consortium: Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature 447:799–816. 43. Itzkovitz S, Hodis E, Sega E (2010) Overlapping codes within protein-coding sequences. Genome Res. 20:1582–1589. http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789814508728_0006 Multiple Overlapping Genetic Codes Profoundly Reduce the Probability of Beneficial Mutation George Montañez 1, Robert J. Marks II 2, Jorge Fernandez 3 and John C. Sanford 4 - May 2013 Conclusions: Our analysis confirms mathematically what would seem intuitively obvious - multiple overlapping codes within the genome must radically change our expectations regarding the rate of beneficial mutations. As the number of overlapping codes increases, the rate of potential beneficial mutation decreases exponentially, quickly approaching zero. Therefore the new evidence for ubiquitous overlapping codes in higher genomes strongly indicates that beneficial mutations should be extremely rare. This evidence combined with increasing evidence that biological systems are highly optimized, and evidence that only relatively high-impact beneficial mutations can be effectively amplified by natural selection, lead us to conclude that mutations which are both selectable and unambiguously beneficial must be vanishingly rare. This conclusion raises serious questions. How might such vanishingly rare beneficial mutations ever be sufficient for genome building? How might genetic degeneration ever be averted, given the continuous accumulation of low impact deleterious mutations? http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789814508728_0006 Biological Information - Overlapping Codes 10-25-2014 by Paul Giem - video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OytcYD5791k&index=4&list=PLHDSWJBW3DNUUhiC9VwPnhl-ymuObyTWJ At the 10:30 minute mark of the following video, Dr. Trifonov states that the idea of the selfish gene 'inflicted an immense damage to biological sciences', for over 30 years: Second, third, fourth… genetic codes - One spectacular case of code crowding - Edward N. Trifonov - video https://vimeo.com/81930637 In the preceding video, Trifonov elucidates codes that are, simultaneously, in the same sequence, coding for DNA curvature, Chromatin Code, Amphipathic helices, and NF kappaB. In fact, at the 58:00 minute mark he states, "Reading only one message, one gets three more, practically GRATIS!". And please note that this was just an introductory lecture in which Trifinov just covered the very basics and left many of the other codes out of the lecture. Codes which code for completely different, yet still biologically important, functions. In fact, at the 7:55 mark of the video, there are 13 codes that are listed on a powerpoint, although the writing was too small for me to read. Concluding powerpoint of the lecture (at the 1 hour mark): "Not only are there many different codes in the sequences, but they overlap, so that the same letters in a sequence may take part simultaneously in several different messages." Edward N. Trifonov - 2010bornagain77_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
12:09 PM
12
12
09
PM
PDT}

This is yet again very amusing. Overlapping genetic encoding has been textbook knowledge since the eighties. I guess 'Darwinists' are just so stupid that they need more than a quarter century and sharp minds like BA77 to figure out just how devastating that news is. And News, could you actually mark in your posts which part is a direct quote and which one isn't? I'm curious who is responsible for this sentence: "We will partially evaluate the strength of the evidence behind that argument." It's clearly another sign of a very sharp mind so I'd like to know who to attribute it to.hrun0815_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
11:41 AM
11
11
41
AM
PDT}

The evidence presented in the video is simply devastating to Neo-Darwinism! As to why that would be extremely sad news for some determined nihilistic atheists, well that is a mystery that may never be figured out completely by man.bornagain77_{December 25, 2014
December
12
Dec
25
25
2014
06:57 AM
6
06
57
AM
PDT}

Prev 1 … 5 6 7

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Leave a Reply