Uncommon Descent Serving The Intelligent Design Community

Has The Skeptical Zone Finally Earned its Name

Share
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Flipboard
Print
Email

Perhaps.  Its founder is preaching materialist heresy.

In a post over at The Skeptical Zone Elizabeth Liddle joins the ranks of our opponents who are finally admiting that biological design inferences are not invalid in principle.  She writes:

Has Barry finally realised that those of us who oppose the ideas of Intelligent Design proponents do not dispute that it is possible, in principle, to make a reasonable inference of design?  That rather our opposition is based on the evidence and argument advanced, not on some principled (or unprincipled!) objection to the entire project?

EL, welcome to the ranks of biological design theorists, by which I mean that group of people willing to follow the evidence for (or against) design in biology wherever it leads.

There is more good news.  EL quoted me when I set forth the following objection ID proponents often get:  “All scientific claims must employ methodological naturalism, and you violate the principle of methodological naturalism when you make a design inference in biology.”

EL writes:

Yes, indeed, Barry.  It is not a valid objection . . . There is nothing wrong with making a design inference in principle. We do it all the time, as IDists like to point out.  And there’s nothing wrong with making it in biology, at least in principle.  There is certainly nothing that violates the “principle of methodological naturalism when you make a design inference in biology”

There is even more good news.  EL rejects the idea that one most know who the designer is before one can infer design:

The objection to ID by people like me . . .  is not that it is impossible that terrestrial life was designed by an intelligent agent, nor that it would be necessarily impossible to discover that it was, nor even, I suggest, impossible to infer a designer even if we had no clue as to who the designer might be (although that might make it trickier).

She even agrees that biological design inferences can be made without invoking any supernatural agent:

If Barry means that we can only infer natural, not supernatural, design, he is absolutely correct

I have been saying biological ID infers merely “design” and not supernatural design for several years.  I am glad it has finally sunk it.

More good news.  EL quotes me again:  “You agree with us that it is the EVIDENCE that is important, and objections thrown up for the purpose of ruling that evidence out of court before it is even considered are invalid.”

And she agrees:

Yes, it is the EVIDENCE that is important,

Then she runs of the rails:

Of course, by the same token, nobody can claim that ID is false – it may well be true that life was designed by a supernatural designer

EL writes this sentence as if biological ID theory posits a supernatural designer.  Sigh.  Every prominent ID theorist has always (when speaking qua ID) said that it is a project to detect design, not supernatural design.

Then back to good news:

EL says she does not object to the broader ID project

. . . as stated in the UD FAQ:  In a broader sense, Intelligent Design is simply the science of design detection — how to recognize patterns arranged by an intelligent cause for a purpose. Design detection is used in a number of scientific fields, including anthropology, forensic sciences that seek to explain the cause of events such as a death or fire, cryptanalysis and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). An inference that certain biological information may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences.

Wow.  Yes, that is EL folks.  Don’t believe me, follow the link and check it out yourself.

As I write this her post has gotten over 750 comments, some of which are very interesting.

The first one is EL’s own:

And that’s my point, really – that it’s perfectly possible to test ID hypotheses (small case id I guess) because you can test specific predictions arising from specific hypothesised scenarios.

ID opponent Glen Davidson joins the bandwagon and even adds an area of biological design that has received too little attention:

It is done in biology in fact as well as in principle. Genetic engineering can often be detected, and certainly would be searched for in the case of any biologic warfare. I wouldn’t particularly disagree with Allan Miller so long as there is no context, but, within known context, we can find telltale evidence of genetic tampering or of domestication.

Our William J. Murray jumps in with this zinger:

REC and Moran say they can detect convincing indications of design by intelligence …. what are their definitions and methodology? I mean, isn’t that what you guys always ask ID advocates?

A heaping helping of hypocrisy anyone?  🙂

Our old foe Kantian Naturalist agrees with EL!

I concur with the general sentiments expressed here.

EL even comes up with a not-half-bad definition of “intelligence” for the “I” in ID.

an entity with a human-like type capacity to invent things

EL then writes:

I absolutely agree that inferring design does not require a supernatural hypothesis. That was one of the points I was making in the OP.

I am not quite sure how she squares that with what she wrote before (which seemed to imply that she believes the “D” in ID is always posited to be supernatural agent even though all ID proponents say otherwise):

Of course, by the same token, nobody can claim that ID is false – it may well be true that life was designed by a supernatural designer

KN makes an astute observation:

I also think, quite frankly, that Dembski and Behe are also methodological naturalists (on my suggestion of what that concept means), and this comes out in their refusal to identify the putative designer(s) with any deity or deities. ID is consistent with methodological naturalism — as well as consistent with metaphysical naturalism.

Comments
What I presented meets your definition, Daniel. You owe me an apology.
A biological example, relevant to mutation and natural selection: Hypothesis: Genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection.
That has nothing to do with whether or not the mutations were happenstance occurrences or induced by the organism in response to some environmental cue. How about a relevant hypothesis for natural selection, drift or neutral changes producing something like ATP synthase or any bacterial flagellum?Virgil Cain
November 28, 2015
November
11
Nov
28
28
2015
08:41 AM
8
08
41
AM
PDT
If a hypothesis is “an explanation of some phenomena (object/ structure/ event) that can be tested in some way such that it can be confirmed or refuted”, then what I posted is a hypothesis. I don’t know what definition my little pufferfish uses but he is free to find one and post it.
How can any of those creationist "hypotheses" @173 be tested? My definition of hypothesis:
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.
A biological example, relevant to mutation and natural selection: Hypothesis: Genetic mutations arise in the absence of selection, rather than being a response to selection. Test: http://www.genetics.org/content/28/6/491.full.pdfDaniel King
November 28, 2015
November
11
Nov
28
28
2015
08:18 AM
8
08
18
AM
PDT
My little puffer fish swam away rather than try to support its nonsensical accusation?! No surprise there...Virgil Cain
November 28, 2015
November
11
Nov
28
28
2015
07:06 AM
7
07
06
AM
PDT
If a hypothesis is "an explanation of some phenomena (object/ structure/ event) that can be tested in some way such that it can be confirmed or refuted", then what I posted is a hypothesis. I don't know what definition my little pufferfish uses but he is free to find one and post it.Virgil Cain
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
07:33 PM
7
07
33
PM
PDT
OK my little pufferfish, give us a hypothesis for evolutionism so we can compare. Make sure it has to do with natural selection, drift and/ or neutral changes. Or just admit that you don't know jack. cheers, Virgil CainVirgil Cain
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
07:25 PM
7
07
25
PM
PDT
Virgil Cain:
OK, my little pufferfish: ID is based on three premises and the inference that follows (DeWolf et al., Darwinism, Design and Public Education, pg. 92): 1) High information content (or specified complexity) and irreducible complexity constitute strong indicators or hallmarks of (past) intelligent design. 2) Biological systems have a high information content (or specified complexity) and utilize subsystems that manifest irreducible complexity. 3) Naturalistic mechanisms or undirected causes do not suffice to explain the origin of information (specified complexity) or irreducible complexity. 4) Therefore, intelligent design constitutes the best explanations for the origin of information and irreducible complexity in biological systems.
No surprises here. Virgil doesn't have a clue as to what constitutes an hypothesis. Pitiful.Daniel King
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
07:07 PM
7
07
07
PM
PDT
Zachriel:
No, it’s a hypothesis based on what is know of how life arose and diversified on Earth.
Except we don't know how life arose and diversified on Earth
See Drake’s Equation for some idea of the thinking involved.
The Drake equation is antiquated and has been superseded, first by the <b.rare earth equation and then by the Privileged Planet equationVirgil Cain
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
05:31 PM
5
05
31
PM
PDT
Daniel pufferfish:
Virgil can’t formulate a testable hypothesis.
Not for evolutionism. No one can.
Be a man. Post one here.
OK, my little pufferfish: ID is based on three premises and the inference that follows (DeWolf et al., Darwinism, Design and Public Education, pg. 92): 1) High information content (or specified complexity) and irreducible complexity constitute strong indicators or hallmarks of (past) intelligent design. 2) Biological systems have a high information content (or specified complexity) and utilize subsystems that manifest irreducible complexity. 3) Naturalistic mechanisms or undirected causes do not suffice to explain the origin of information (specified complexity) or irreducible complexity. 4) Therefore, intelligent design constitutes the best explanations for the origin of information and irreducible complexity in biological systems.
Understanding design is one thing. Designing something is another. Understanding design is obviously way above your capabilities.
Spewing cowardly nonsense is your only capability.
That doesn’t help your position.
Of course it does. Newton's four rules of scientific investigation, aka Occam's Razor and parsimony says necessity and chance explanations have to be considered and rejected first. And we can easily reject evolutionism because all it has for support are cowardly losers like yourself.
Hypotheses pose questions, Virgil
And we were discussing ANSWERING the questions. Dio try to follow along.
Can’t you think of a testable hypothesis generated by ID?
I can think of many. But I gave you one that you can choke on. cheers, Virgil CainVirgil Cain
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
05:24 PM
5
05
24
PM
PDT
Virgil Cain:
Daniel King: Formulate a testable hypothesis. Virgil Cain: Let’s see an example of testable hypotheses for evolutionism.
Virgil can't formulate a testable hypothesis. We all knew that.
Daniel: I’ve seen how vague your answers are when it comes to formulating a testable hypothesis. Virgil: I have posted testable hypotheses for ID.
Be a man. Post one here.
Virgil: Obviously the design of living organisms and planetary systems is way above our capability. Daniel: Not obvious. Virgil: We cannot design those so obviously they are above our capabilities. And obviously thinking is above yours.
Understanding design is one thing. Designing something is another. Understanding design is obviously way above your capabilities.
Daniel: Giving up before even starting is a ticket to nowhere. Virgil: Your position gave up, Daniel. It doesn’t have any hope of figuring out how things evolved.
That doesn't help your position.
Daniel: What kind of resources? Mental resources? Virgil: ALL resources- the resources that evolutionism is wasting by not even trying to figure out how things evolved.
Still no testable hypotheses from Virgil Cain.
Daniel: It doesn’t cost anything to think up testable hypotheses. Virgil: Those do not answer questions and your position doesn’t have any.
Hypotheses pose questions, Virgil. Can't you think of a testable hypothesis generated by ID?Daniel King
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
05:13 PM
5
05
13
PM
PDT
mike1962: Chance and necessarily are not known to have given rise to that process. There are molecular replicators, and random sequences can catalyze the appropriate reactions. It's not a complete theory, however. mike1962: Is that suppose to be a refutation of my point? If you had a point it was that there is no evidence supporting abiogenesis. We provided a broad outline of that evidence. mike1962: Organisms are not known to have arisen spontaneously on any star systems. No, it's a hypothesis based on what is know of how life arose and diversified on Earth. See Drake's Equation for some idea of the thinking involved. http://www.seti.org/drakeequation mike1962: But that’s not stopping SETI from searching for coded information that is a marker for intelligence. Again, they are not trying to detect coded information, but narrow-band electromagnetic emissions from other star systems. If such a signal is found, then, of course, they'll see if it includes some sort of message. Any such claim would be subject to a great deal of scrutiny though.Zachriel
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
09:00 AM
9
09
00
AM
PDT
Zächrielein: The replicator has a sequence which encodes a complex three-dimensional structure of itself. Chance and necessarily are not known to have given rise to that process. Zächrielein: The hypothesis of abiogenesis comes from common descent, knowledge of the chemical processes in organisms, and knowledge of the primordial Earth. So? Is that suppose to be a refutation of my point? Zächrielein: SETI is looking for human analogues, organisms that arose spontaneously on other sun systems Organisms are not known to have arisen spontaneously on any star systems, including our own. Despite SETI's philosophical bias, that's not stopping them from searching for coded information, that is a marker for intelligence, on other star systems.mike1962
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
08:55 AM
8
08
55
AM
PDT
mike1962: That’s not an example of chance and necessity created coded information. The replicator has a sequence which encodes a complex three-dimensional structure of itself. mike1962: Nature created stones therefore Stonehenge? No. The hypothesis of abiogenesis comes from common descent, knowledge of the chemical processes in organisms, and knowledge of the primordial Earth. mike1962: Do you think SETI is looking for humans? SETI is looking for human analogues, organisms that arose spontaneously on other sun systems, as it is thought happened on Earth, that have developed technology, much like humans, and use electromagnetic radiation to communicate, much like humans. That's why scientists search for water on local planets, and Earth-like exoplanets. They are not trying to detect coded information, but narrow-band signals . If one is found, they will certainly subject the signal to all sorts of tests, including whether there is coded information, where the signal is coming from, how might have sent it, what the signal might mean, or whether it is simply due to some natural causes. This requires addressing specifics of the signal, not vague generalities about "codes".Zachriel
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
08:39 AM
8
08
39
AM
PDT
Zächrielein: Molecular replicators can store information about the structure of the replicator and also act as an enzyme. That's not an example of chance and necessity created coded information. Zächrielein Sure Thanks for the concession. Zächrielein but there is support for many facets of abiogenesis. So? Nature created stones therefore Stonehenge? Zächrielein: Therefore, coded information in the cell points towards humans. Huh? Coded information points towards human-like intelligence (something with foresight and the ability to manipulate matter to its ends), just like coded information from a star system would point to the existence of a human-like intelligence, which is why SETI is looking for it. Do you think SETI is looking for humans?mike1962
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
07:48 AM
7
07
48
AM
PDT
Zachriel:
As for the evidence for evolution, the best place to start is with the historical progression.
LoL! Evidence for evolution exists regardless of any imagined historical progression. Fish-> tetrapods-> fish-a-pods, is what we observe and that is contrary to Common Descent.
Do you agree that the fossil record shows a progression from primitive vertebrates to primitive gnathostomes to tetrapods to amniotes to mammals to primates to hominids?
No.
Do you accept that sunfish share ancestry with sunflowers? Or bakers with bonobos?
There isn't any evidence for that nor any way to objectively test the claim. It isn't a scientific claim.Virgil Cain
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
07:27 AM
7
07
27
AM
PDT
"No. We provided support." You provided assertions, I debunked the assertions and you have no rebuttal. You wave your hands.Jack Jones
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
07:09 AM
7
07
09
AM
PDT
Jack Jones: Stating something is not demonstrating it as being a necessity. No. We provided support, from SETI, from the history of the search for extra terrestrial life. You waved your hands. Jack Jones: Not only have you failed to show investigating the universe for alien life requires believing in spontaneous generation of life on earth or believing alien intelligence came about spontaneously ... That wasn't the claim, but that SETI is based on that belief, as discussed by Eric Anderson @132. EugeneS: Do you accept that OS Windows appeared by random generation of machine code? No. Windows OS was designed and manufactured by humans. As for the evidence for evolution, the best place to start is with the historical progression. Do you agree that the fossil record shows a progression from primitive vertebrates to primitive gnathostomes to tetrapods to amniotes to mammals to primates to hominids? Do you accept that sunfish share ancestry with sunflowers? Or bakers with bonobos?Zachriel
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
07:06 AM
7
07
06
AM
PDT
Daniel King:
Formulate a testable hypothesis.
Let's see an example of testable hypotheses for evolutionism. Try one for the evolution of any bacterial flagellum via natural selection, drift and neutral changes.
I’ve seen how vague your answers are when it comes to formulating a testable hypothesis.
I have posted testable hypotheses for ID. OTOH you have never posted one for evolutionism. Obviously the design of living organisms and planetary systems is way above our capability.
Not obvious.
We cannot design those so obviously they are above our capabilities. And obviously thinking is above yours.
Giving up before even starting is a ticket to nowhere.
Your position gave up, Daniel. It doesn't have any hope of figuring out how things evolved.
What kind of resources? Mental resources?
ALL resources- the resources that evolutionism is wasting by not even trying to figure out how things evolved.
It doesn’t cost anything to think up testable hypotheses.
Those do not answer questions and your position doesn't have any.Virgil Cain
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
05:38 AM
5
05
38
AM
PDT
Zachriel The best place to start is primary school. Do you accept that OS Windows appeared by random generation of machine code?EugeneS
November 27, 2015
November
11
Nov
27
27
2015
01:59 AM
1
01
59
AM
PDT
Zachriel:
The facts are what they are, as stated by SETI. The history is what it is, including Drake’s early work. That’s why humans send robot explorers to Mars to look for water. It’s why they point radio telescopes at distant star systems, looking for electromagnetic signals.
A religion of cretins and impostors playing scientists.Mapou
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
12:51 PM
12
12
51
PM
PDT
"The facts are what they are, as stated by SETI." Stating something is not demonstrating it as being a necessity. Not only have you failed to show investigating the universe for alien life requires believing in spontaneous generation of life on earth or believing alien intelligence came about spontaneously but you have also failed to show how such a belief in dumb chance for how humans came about provides grounding for scientific investigation. Waving your hands doesn’t change any of that.Jack Jones
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
12:29 PM
12
12
29
PM
PDT
Jack Jones: In fact, Believing that they can investigate the universe and evaluate signals is consistent with the idea that the mind is designed to understand truth and logically evaluate what is being received. The facts are what they are, as stated by SETI. The history is what it is, including Drake's early work. That's why humans send robot explorers to Mars to look for water. It's why they point radio telescopes at distant star systems, looking for electromagnetic signals. Waving your hands doesn't change any of that.Zachriel
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
10:10 AM
10
10
10
AM
PDT
"No. The history and origin of SETI is steeped in the concept of life and evolution as natural occurrences. Stars are suns for other worlds!" No, it is gloss, In fact, Believing that they can investigate the universe and evaluate signals is consistent with the idea that the mind is designed to understand truth and logically evaluate what is being received. Believing their brains were the result of dumb luck provides no grounds for doing scientific investigation, believing they are just chemistry in motion provides no grounds for free will and Unintentionalism provides no grounds for the correspondence of perception with reality or the laws of logic needed for logical evaluation. They may hold to their dumb luck faith and do investigation but that is Compartmentalization of their minds. The more you go on about science and understanding how nature works shows that you reject your faith of Unintentionalism and dumb luck. To argue is to in essence say your faith is a false one. You really shouldn't argue at all, because the more you argue about truth and scientific investigation etc is to say your faith of unintentionalism and dumb luck is false.Jack Jones
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
09:44 AM
9
09
44
AM
PDT
Virgil Cain:
How do you propose we answer those questions...?
Formulate a testable hypothesis.
...seeing how vague and general our answers are when it comes to artifacts- artifacts that we are capable of reproducing?
I've seen how vague your answers are when it comes to formulating a testable hypothesis.
Obviously the design of living organisms and planetary systems is way above our capability.
Not obvious. Giving up before even starting is a ticket to nowhere.
I am sure that once ID has the resources that are being squandered on evolutionism we will put our efforts into answering those questions that the design inference opens.
What kind of resources? Mental resources? It doesn't cost anything to think up testable hypotheses.Daniel King
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
09:00 AM
9
09
00
AM
PDT
EugeneS: Everything from A to Z needs to be explained. We don't have to explain what causes gas pressure, or why comets have tails. Evolution does have to provide a general explanation for the mechanisms responsible for the history of life, including the evolution of complex adaptations. EugeneS: Evolution is nowhere near an adequate explanation of complex functional systems. The best place to start is with the historical progression, so we can see what needs to be explained. Do you accept that sunfish share ancestry with sunflowers? Or bakers with bonobos?Zachriel
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
08:48 AM
8
08
48
AM
PDT
"so we can see what needs to be explained." Everything from A to Z needs to be explained. Evolution is nowhere near an adequate explanation of complex functional systems.EugeneS
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
08:34 AM
8
08
34
AM
PDT
EugeneS: How relevant is it to our discussion?! Directly relevant. Not knowing the origin of the "semiotic system" doesn't mean we can't have a valid theory of how such systems evolve. EugeneS: The putative theory of evolution concerns the appearance of new function (i.e., borrowing your flawed analogy, the appearance of new planets). However, it does not satisfactorily explain new function. Evolution does provide a valid model for the origin of new functions. There is support from many different fields of research. The best place to start is with the historical progression, so we can see what needs to be explained. EugeneS: Middle ear, right arm, left toe… Handwaving. The mammalian middle ear is an excellent example of how evolution works to produce irreducibly complex structures. Jack Jones: It’s added gloss. No. The history and origin of SETI is steeped in the concept of life and evolution as natural occurrences. Stars are suns for other worlds. Amazingly, it was only recently that the first exoplanets were discovered, though scientists long believed they existed.Zachriel
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
08:06 AM
8
08
06
AM
PDT
Zach "Archaeology is not a biological species." Just Like I taught you. Zach "Have no idea what you’re going on about." It was what you were going on about. Zach “Archaeology specifically studies human material culture. Perhaps you’ve heard of them. They’re a peculiar species of ape on the third rock from the sun.” But I taught you otherwise and now you say: Zach "Archaeology is not a biological species." You're welcome. "It does for SETI." It's added gloss. You could believe life was deliberately created on earth and there is a chance it was deliberately created elsewhere. You could be Agnostic about how life originated but believe that because there is life on earth then it is possible that it exists elsewhere. Their addded gloss is not showing it is needed to do their work, It may be politically correct to use the gloss but it is not demonstrating that it is needed.Jack Jones
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
07:31 AM
7
07
31
AM
PDT
Zachriel "Yes, and theories about planetary motion require planets. That doesn’t mean we can’t have theories of planetary motion absent an explanation for the origin of planets. See Newton 1687." How relevant is it to our discussion?! The putative theory of evolution concerns the appearance of new function (i.e., borrowing your flawed analogy, the appearance of new planets). However, it does not satisfactorily explain new function. That is what makes it irrelevant to your flawed analogy. If the theory of planetary motion had concerned the appearance of new planets, that would have been similar to what we discuss here on this blog. "Strong evidence, for example, mammalian middle ear" Your comments show desperation. Middle ear, right arm, left toe... Your standards for the strength of scientific evidence are inacceptably low. You have zero evidence of non-telic causation producing telic semiotic systems.EugeneS
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
07:28 AM
7
07
28
AM
PDT
Box: Sure, but let’s be clear: follow-up questions regarding the designer, like “how, what, when, where and why” only come up AFTER it has been established that the signal is designed. You keep missing the point. The followup studies may impact the original hypothesis. The evidence is all intertwined. The "reach a conclusion and wipe your hands and go home method" is contrary to how science is done. As Daniel King said, "Start asking." Let us know what you determine. Eric Anderson: Trying to determine who the designer was may be an interesting follow-up question after design has been established, but it is not part of the design inference itself. Nope. You can't say you've reached a valid conclusion while ignoring its most obvious entailments. It's part-and-parcel. Jack Jones: And Archaeology is not a species just like I taught you. Archaeology is not a biological species. Have no idea what you're going on about. Jack Jones: No, your chance evolutionary faith of how man came to be does not factor in to looking for other intelligent life. It does for SETI.
SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, is an exploratory science that seeks evidence of life in the universe by looking for some signature of its technology. Our current understanding of life’s origin on Earth suggests that given a suitable environment and sufficient time, life will develop on other planets. Whether evolution will give rise to intelligent, technological civilizations is open to speculation. However, such a civilization could be detected across interstellar distances, and may actually offer our best opportunity for discovering extraterrestrial life in the near future. http://www.seti.org/node/647
Zachriel
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
07:19 AM
7
07
19
AM
PDT
"No. Archaeology is a field of study." Just like I taught you. "Yes Archaeology is the study of the material culture of humans, not of a disembodied intelligence." And Archaeology is not a species just like I taught you. " They look for signals from star systems because humans evolved on a planet" No, your chance evolutionary faith of how man came to be does not factor in to looking for other intelligent life.Jack Jones
November 26, 2015
November
11
Nov
26
26
2015
07:05 AM
7
07
05
AM
PDT
1 2 3 4 7

Leave a Reply