Uncommon Descent Serving The Intelligent Design Community

Is there such a thing as morality or ethics?

Share
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Flipboard
Print
Email

Atheist broadcaster Matt Dillahunty now challenges neurosurgeon Michael Egnor: There is no way to know whether a moral doctrine represents any reality apart from belief:

Michael Egnor: You’ve agreed with me that there are people who act out of respect for an objective moral law.

Matt Dillahunty: I agree with you there are people who act that way because of their belief and whether they believe it’s objective or not is irrelevant. They can believe it’s subjective and still do it. [01:29:30]

Michael Egnor: So, you don’t believe that it’s objectively wrong, for example, to kill innocent people, or rape babies, or exterminate the Jews?

Matt Dillahunty: Hang on. We just went through a whole bunch of stuff and when you got to a point where it was exposed that you were wrong about what you said, you went back to: I don’t think it’s objectively wrong to rape people and kill babies. That’s not what we were just discussing. We were discussing altruism and whether or not there’s a justification for it.

Michael Egnor: Yeah. But it’s what we’re discussing now, Matt. My question is, is it objectively wrong to do certain things, outside of opinions? [01:30:00]

Matt Dillahunty: I’ve already answered this and I’m sorry that you don’t understand it. I will try one more time.

When you declare what a foundation of morality is, once that’s done, you can compare the consequences of various actions with respect to that foundation, with respect to that goal. That comparison can be objective in the same way that the rules of chess are ultimately arbitrary. They didn’t have to be that way. We made up the game. It is objectively against the rules for you to move your pawn forward four spaces at the beginning of the game. Now, you can say, is it objectively wrong? Well, no, we could have house rules, but we’re talking about these rules.

News, “8. Does morality really exist? If so, does it come from God?” at Mind Matters News

C.S. Lewis (1898–1963) certainly disagreed with Dillahunty in The Abolition of Man (1943), where he talks about the Tao that forms the basis of all human morality.

Takehome: Michael Egnor insists that a moral law exists independently of varying opinions. As C.S. Lewis pointed out, that has always been the traditional view worldwide.


The debate to date:

  1. Debate: Former atheist neurosurgeon vs. former Christian activist. At Theology Unleashed, each gets a chance to state his case and interrogate the other. In a lively debate at Theology Unleashed, neurosurgeon Michael Egnor and broadcaster Matt Dillahunty clash over the existence of God.
  2. A neurosurgeon’s ten proofs for the existence of God. First, how did a medic, formerly an atheist, who cuts open people’s brains for a living, come to be sure there is irrefutable proof for God? In a lively debate at Theology Unleashed, Michael Egnor and Matt Dillahunty clash over “Does God exist?” Egnor starts off.
  3. Atheist Dillahunty spots fallacies in Christian Egnor’s views. “My position is that it’s unacceptable to believe something if the available evidence does not support it.” Dillahunty: We can’t conclusively disprove an unfalsifiable proposition. And that is what most “God” definitions, at least as far as I can tell, are.
  4. Egnor now tries to find out what Dillahunty actually knows… About philosophical arguments for the existence of God, as he begins a rebuttal. Atheist Dillahunty appears unable to recall the philosophical arguments for God’s existence, which poses a challenge for Egnor in rebutting him.
  5. Egnor, Dillahunty dispute the basic causes behind the universe. In a peppery exchange, Egnor argues that proofs of God’s existence follow the same logical structure as proofs in science. If the universe begins in a singularity (where Einstein’s equations break down), what lies behind it? Egnor challenges Dillahunty on that.
  6. Is Matt Dillahunty using science as a crutch for his atheism? That’s neurosurgeon Michael Egnor’s accusation in this third part of the debate, which features a continued discussion of singularities, where conventional “laws of nature” break down.
    If the “supernatural” means “outside of conventional nature,” Michael Egnor argues, science routinely accepts it, based on evidence.
  7. Dillahunty asks 2nd oldest question: If God exists, why evil? In the debate between Christian neurosurgeon Michael Egnor and atheist broadcaster Matt Dillahunty, the question of raping a baby was bound to arise.
    Egnor argues that there is an objective moral law against such acts; Dillahunty argues, no, it is all just human judgment.
  8. Does morality really exist? If so, does it come from God? Matt Dillahunty now challenges Michael Egnor: There is no way to know whether a moral doctrine represents any reality apart from belief. Michael Egnor insists that a moral law exists independently of varying opinions. As C.S. Lewis pointed out, that has always been the traditional view worldwide.

You may also wish to read:

Science can and does point to God’s existence. Michael Egnor: Natural science is not at all methodologically naturalist — it routinely points to causes outside of nature. If we are to understand natural effects, we must be open to all kinds of causes, including causes that transcend nature.

The Divine Hiddenness argument against God’s existence = nonsense. God in Himself is immeasurably greater than we are, and He transcends all human knowledge. A God with whom we do not struggle — who is not in some substantial and painful way hidden to us — is not God but is a mere figment of our imagination.

Atheist Claims about logical fallacies often just mean: Shut Up! In the recent debate, Matt Dillahunty accuses theists of “the fallacy of the argument from personal incredulity” because we examine his claims and find them incredible. What atheists fear most is having to explain themselves, and the invocation of fictitious “fallacies” is one of their favorite ways to evade scrutiny.

and

Theists vs. atheists: Which group has the burden of proof? Because Dillahunty refuses to debate me again, I’ll address his claim that atheists have no burden of proof in the debate over God’s existence in this post. Both atheists and theists make positive statements about the nature of the universe. If atheists shun the ensuing burden of proof, it should count against them.

Comments
PS: Again, I exist is warranted, which makes it not just a perception of an agent but tested and found so, in this case to utter certainty. But then, I have pointed this out repeatedly, you are being unresponsive.kairosfocus
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
04:30 AM
4
04
30
AM
PDT
Origenes, nope, this is not about subjective value, it is about presence and degree of warrant. A wallet with $ 1,000 in it is of more value than the same wallet empty. KFkairosfocus
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
04:28 AM
4
04
28
AM
PDT
KF:
Subjective claims or perceptions etc may be true or false, as in general may be objective ones, but having been tested and seen as reliable and credibly true, the latter are of higher epistemic value.
Value depends on one’s epistemology. One could have experienced a NDE and have exactly zero warrant for it in the ‘real world’ (yet another biased term!), but attach a higher epistemic value to it than anything else. And of course the same goes for “I exist” —conscious self-awareness—which also cannot be tested in the world of objects, to the point that people, cultures & materialistic science deny its existence.Origenes
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
03:27 AM
3
03
27
AM
PDT
Origenes Both objective and subjective statements can be true or false.
:) Oh dear...Lieutenant Commander Data
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
03:21 AM
3
03
21
AM
PDT
Origenes, what is internal to the subject may or may not be warranted. Perceived, believed, imagined, conceived, considered etc, yes. But the testing process that leads to warrant is after that. Subjective claims or perceptions etc may be true or false, as in general may be objective ones, but having been tested and seen as reliable and credibly true, the latter are of higher epistemic value. BTW, obviously this includes { } and its von Neumann extensions etc, which are not physically instantiated in any world. It also includes how, with limitations -- a key caveat -- we generally take what we see and hear as sounds as being rooted in real sources, reasonably accurately sensed. We are at a sad pass as a civilisation because corrosive hyperskepticism has led us to undermine our perceived ability to credibly, reliably, accurately recognise what is real. KFkairosfocus
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
02:50 AM
2
02
50
AM
PDT
MNY, my longstanding remarks on fundamentals of logic, here. Start with bright red ball A on a table in the world. See how distinct identity, non contradiction and excluded middle emerge. Extend to being, thence power to ask why of being, thence possible vs impossible and contingent vs necessary across possible worlds. Thence causality. Draw in error proneness and need to distinguish perception, idea, inference, opinion and reliable, tested, credibly true knowledge. Draw in the self-evident certainly true case. Recognise truth as what accurately describes states of affairs and/or entities etc. Apply to structure and quantity, i.e. Math. And more. Then, address the phenomenon of how arguments implicitly appeal to first duties, including those objecting to such duties. Voila. KFkairosfocus
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
02:41 AM
2
02
41
AM
PDT
Here I offer simple definitions of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ that IMHO make sense: Objective — A statement is objective when it can be warranted in the world of objects, that is, outside the subject. Subjective — A statement is subjective when it can be warranted solely by the subject. Both objective and subjective statements can be true or false. Therefore I oppose the biased usage of the term ‘objective’ as synonymous for ‘truth’ and the biased usage of the term ‘subjective’ as if it means ‘error’ or ‘false’. In line with that I would like to do away with empty terms like ‘objective truth’, ‘objectively true’ and so on. Self-evident truths, such as “2 + 2 =4” and “I exist”, can either be objective or subjective. “2 + 2 = 4” has plenty of objective support (outside the subject), but “I exist” has none.Origenes
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
02:38 AM
2
02
38
AM
PDT
WJM, I do not have the energy to go through yet another round on a distraction on a thread where there is already much distraction from a matter that is both pivotal and resolvable on inescapable first truths . . . which BTW you implicitly appealed to yet again, for rhetorical leverage. What I will note is that a comparison to a networked simulation is rough but sufficiently relevant to point to the grand delusion fallacy of mental reality theory as you put forward. KF PS: I link: https://uncommondescent.com/laws/should-we-recognise-that-laws-of-nature-extend-to-laws-of-our-human-nature-which-would-then-frame-civil-law/#comment-725627 after many contentious months and much side tracking, further for record https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/sabine-hossenfelder-argues-that-the-multiverse-is-no-better-than-god/#comment-735722 I clip an excerpt from the first, on my core comment above:
[WJM:] >>Nope, because under MRT, there is a distinction between self and mind. Please note that I never say “your mind” or “my mind.” Everything exists in mind.>> 17: In short, you confirm my point that our localised sense of individual conscious mindedness is a manifestation of a grand in common mind, so that these centres with a sense of a common external world are grandly delusional. So, utterly untrustworthy. 18: So, how can delusional local centre W claim to have any better insight into M than delusional centre K? On what principles of credibility that are independent of the spreading miasma of delusion? >> There is no world external of mind.>> 19: This of course further carries forward the point. >> There are countless “selfs” in mind. Thus, nothing about MRT is “fatally self-referential.”>> 20: How the self-referential incoherence arises is thus seen. First, at the level of the local self-aware centres then by extension to the central mind having such in it. If buggy in the local, buggy. If buggy, untrustworthy.
More can be said, but the point will be clear enough on the architecture of the MRT, and why it fails as self-referentially self-undermining despite its network character.kairosfocus
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
02:22 AM
2
02
22
AM
PDT
Ram
Querius no, I don’t understand everything.
Now we’re getting somewhere. Thanks for the admission.
@Querius :) Querius I don't know if you noticed but you have this dialoque with Ram in his/her terms and her terms are literally the satan's point of view(satan's ideas can indeed produce cognitive dissonance). Ram engage only with people that play after her rules : satan's frame of thinking :focus on "injustice" "eternal punishment vs temporal sins" and ignore all the facts that are going against this point of view. Why the truth that Jesus Christ(Son of God) died for all humans to be saved is ignored by Ram and she is pedaling only on "eternal torment" ? How in the world Ram(a limited ,created being) can be more moral than the source of morality(eternal being )? If you observe she doesn't want to focus on her "authority" on morality /if she has the authority and knowledge to make this judgement but to focus only on the "injustice" of "eternal torment" (vs temporal sins) . It's a kind of brainwashing to force you think in her frame. Yep , ignore WHO(a non-authority) is doing the statement ignore all the facts(For God so loved the world, that he gave...) that contradict her optuse and limited view and focus ONLY on "eternal punishment vs temporal sin " :) Indeed if she brings you in this narrow place of thinking seem a big injustice. Hahaha! But you don't have to listen to her stupid "focus" game and play after her rules . Think illusionist ,deck of card, eyes, trick.Lieutenant Commander Data
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
01:53 AM
1
01
53
AM
PDT
KF said:
WJM, relabel all you want, the attempt to deem the physical in common world we share as an inaccurate perception opens up grand delusion. KF
I never made any such attempt, and I just corrected you on this a few comments ago in this thread.William J Murray
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
01:36 AM
1
01
36
AM
PDT
Sorry, Origenes. Meant Querius with the smoking thing.William J Murray
November 9, 2021
November
11
Nov
9
09
2021
01:25 AM
1
01
25
AM
PDT
The fundamentals are easy because: 1. They are not complex 2. The fundamentals are already known intuitively in common discourse. 3. It is further made obvious in religion. Ofcourse, anything can become difficult, if you don't obey the rules. All here are haughty. They just bloviate, and do not investigate the logic in common discourse.mohammadnursyamsu
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
05:38 PM
5
05
38
PM
PDT
Querius @545 More irrelevant meandering that does not address the need/desire for God to punish people with eternal torment. no, I don’t understand everything. Now we're getting somewhere. Thanks for the admission. --Ramram
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
05:19 PM
5
05
19
PM
PDT
Querius: Do you you really think William J Murray and perhaps other smokers do a cost/benefit analysis with respect to the immense pleasures of smoking cigarettes compared to the momentary inconvenience of suffering and dying from cancer? Really? See WJM's answer @553. As for other smokers, you're free to ask them. None of this has anything to do with eternal torment. --Ramram
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
05:15 PM
5
05
15
PM
PDT
F/N: I see some are still trying to play around with theological matters with non experts, on a forum that is not properly suited to such. They have already been advised to go to appropriate fora with relevant experts available. KFkairosfocus
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
02:59 PM
2
02
59
PM
PDT
WJM, relabel all you want, the attempt to deem the physical in common world we share as an inaccurate perception opens up grand delusion. KFkairosfocus
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
02:57 PM
2
02
57
PM
PDT
Queirius allow me rephrase my question again: Suppose that God with his infinite knowledge, wisdom, and justice would ask you to be his new prosecutor. Suppose further that God promises to give you an extraordinary amount of grace, so that you would be able to accomplish your new job without failure. Your job would be presenting evidence against human sinners and bring them to justice — that is, send them to hell for eternity. Would you accept the job? If not, why not?Origenes
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
02:42 PM
2
02
42
PM
PDT
Origenes(=WJM) Your job would be presenting evidence against sinners and bring them to justice — that is, send them to hell for eternity.
:) God sends people to heaven. People -in partnership with the devil-come to hell . Now you know you can't unknow from this very second.Lieutenant Commander Data
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
02:36 PM
2
02
36
PM
PDT
Origenes @554, While your hypothetical question is not something that would ever happen, let me try to meet you part way. Both Moses and Gideon considered themselves supremely unqualified for what God asked them to do. But in both cases God also gave them grace to be able to accomplish their tasks, though not without failures. Grace is what God provides us to complete the seemingly impossible. Put in a similar position, I know that I would not do any better than Moses or Gideon, but God would help me every step of the way. The Apostle Paul scolds the believers at Corinth for involving each other in lawsuits. He wrote them that they should be able to resolve such things within their own community:
Do you not know that we will judge angels? How much more matters of this life? -1 Corinthians 6:3 (NASB)
By "judging the angels," it's likely to mean the powerful non-human entities that have caused so much strife and suffering on earth (and are doing so now, worldwide). Since they introduced sin into humanity, it seems fitting that their victims will be given the power and authority to sit in judgment over them but in humility. -QQuerius
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
02:32 PM
2
02
32
PM
PDT
Queirius allow me rephrase my question: Suppose that God with his infinite knowledge, wisdom, and justice would ask you to be his new prosecutor — because he knows that you are perfectly qualified for the job. Your job would be presenting evidence against sinners and bring them to justice — that is, send them to hell for eternity. Would you accept the job? If not, why not? - - - - WJM @553 I've never asked you about your smoking habits, but that's good to know.Origenes
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
01:23 PM
1
01
23
PM
PDT
Origenes, I smoke because I enjoy it. If it shortens my lifespan, that's just an added bonus. If I have suffering coming my way, under my worldview quitting smoking isn't going to mitigate or delay it one bit. How does that risk/reward calculation come out?William J Murray
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
01:12 PM
1
01
12
PM
PDT
KF said:
WJM, why the gratuitous false accusation?
Asks the king of gratuitous false accusations.
Recall, Physicist today, Physics student then. It was then and is today my business to study and take seriously the in common physical world. I am also aware today and would have instantly seen then that refusal to take such evidence seriously is self defeating; if our senses and cognition are fundamentally unreliable, it’s over for our credibility of mind. Which would reduce attempted discussion to empty noise. KF
How many times have you made the gratuitous, false accusation that I have ever implied that our senses and cognition are fundamentally unreliable? 20? 50? I've corrected you every time, and yet here you are, doing it again. Also, when have I ever claimed that we do not experience an in-common physical world? Errr.. that's right. Never. As I've tried to tell you many times KF, MRT is not what you imagine it is under your ERT. It cannot be understood or evaluated under ERT. It's like trying to understand Football with a basketball rulebook. Of course, I don't expect you to understand this because you apparently cannot peek out from behind your worldview even for a second.William J Murray
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
12:59 PM
12
12
59
PM
PDT
KF said:
Origenes he alluded to earlier exchanges.
That never happened. KF is again mistaking his inference for my implication. I corrected him several times about this and his false "delusion" claim. I told him that a mislabeling a category of experience does not mean that category of experience is a delusion nor does it mean our senses or cognition are unreliable. He's trying to evaluate mental reality theory through the ontological and epistemological lens of his objective-external-world ontology and epistemology. IOW, he's throwing foul flags on football players for not dribbling the ball like they do in his game, basketball.William J Murray
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
12:38 PM
12
12
38
PM
PDT
MNY, critical examination of our worldviews and other hard questions is not rubbish, it is hard to do well. KFkairosfocus
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
11:06 AM
11
11
06
AM
PDT
Origines and Ac, did you notice I used something like and specifically, distributed network? That should tell you I was giving a rough sketch. KFkairosfocus
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
11:03 AM
11
11
03
AM
PDT
Origenes @521,
Queirius I have a question for you: Suppose that God would ask you to be his new prosecutor. So, your job would be presenting evidence against sinners and bring them to justice — that is, send them to hell for eternity. Would you accept the job? If not, why not?
Fortunately, the job is already taken by a being with infinite knowledge, wisdom, and justice, who can do a life review of ALL of a person’s attitudes, motives, and actions. I would clearly be unqualified. -QQuerius
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
10:59 AM
10
10
59
AM
PDT
Ram @520
Querius @514, You apparently are unfamiliar with the concept of cost/benefit. From what I’ve read from WJM, I’m sure that WJM has a clear cost/benefit value in his mind with regard to smoking.
Do you you really think William J Murray and perhaps other smokers do a cost/benefit analysis with respect to the immense pleasures of smoking cigarettes compared to the momentary inconvenience of suffering and dying from cancer? Really? How about a Bayesian analysis? Do they do that too? -QQuerius
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
10:54 AM
10
10
54
AM
PDT
@KF Philosophy in general is mostly rubbish. Philosophy, like psychology, is full of people who go to study it for selfhelp, because they are terrible at it. And then these people who are terrible at philosophy, eventually go teach philosophy, and formulate the definition of subjectivity and objectivity. You continue to have no point whatsoever. The only correct answer is the accurate description of the rules used in subjective statement and objective statements in common discourse. Wikipedia, Cicero, Plato, philosophy in general, they are only relevant if they at least try to accurrately describe the rules used in subjective and objective statements in common discourse. But they don't even try to do that.mohammadnursyamsu
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
10:54 AM
10
10
54
AM
PDT
Ram @518,
Querius @515 I don’t know where you’re getting the idea that Wills changing the Wills of others is necessarily a bad or undesirable thing. It happens all the time. You’re trying to do it to me right now. Nobody has anything like absolute free will.
Here’s where. Notice that I used the word coercion. Legally, coercion is considered an intrusion on someone’s free will. Otherwise, strong-arm robbery would be considered simply a financial transaction, rape would be considered simply a social interaction, and pedophilia would be considered simply a teaching activity.
As for the creator communicing a consequence of eternal torment to humans, I’m sure he could figure out how to do it without too many negative effects. Even if it caused a bit of psychological upset, it’s better than eternal torment.
In relatively rare situations, I’ve heard of Jesus revealing Himself to a person in a dream or a vision, especially in regions where religious proselytizing can result in the death penalty. But the Bible tells us that God wants to draw us to Him in love rather than by intimidation. I’m sure you recognized that difference when you tried to convince someone to marry you, right?
At any rate, never once have I ever had the idea that eternal torment would be a proper remedy for anything my children have done or could do. The punishments I have meted out to my children involved full disclosure, that is, I never punished them for anything for which they had no clear understanding of the consequences.
Haven’t you ever heard
For God so LOVED the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to SAVE the world through him. Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because they have not believed in the name of God’s one and only Son. This is the verdict: Light has come into the world, but people loved darkness instead of light because their deeds were evil.
Think back to the burning building. The resident is arguing with the firefighters that burning to death is not a fit punishment for their not accepting help and getting on the ladder.
Why, in your view, is eternal torment a justified punishment? What function does it serve to keep individuals suffering without end, if there is no chance of rehabilitation? Why not just snuff them out?
There’s a place away from God’s presence originally prepared for the devil and his angels. You don’t have to join them if you don’t want to, but you need to make the decision now. The “Lake of Fire” is a place of eternal destruction comparable to the garbage dump outside of Jerusalem. That’s where broken, rotten, and dead things were thrown. No, I don’t know all the details and I suspect no one does. But God is perfectly just. You seem to be hung up on the word “eternal.” Perhaps, it’s like a black hole. As you might know, Einstein’s Theory of Relativity indicates that time slows down in the presence of gravity. This has been demonstrated experimentally. Time is also relative to the observer. If the observer is a particle falling into a black hole, time won’t appear to be slowed and it becomes absorbed in a fraction of a second. However, if the observer is at a distance, the particle will appear to be nearly frozen in time and eternity. Again, I don’t know the details because they are not given in the scriptures.
Something is missing from your theology. If you don’t have the answer, and apparently you don’t, wouldn’t the honest thing to do be to forthrightly admit it? –Ram
My theology is based on what’s revealed in the scriptures. And no, I don’t understand everything. I don’t think anyone does.
Seek the LORD while he may be found; call on him while he is near. Let the wicked forsake their ways and the unrighteous their thoughts. Let them turn to the LORD, and he will have mercy on them, and to our God, for he will freely pardon. “For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways,” declares the LORD. “As the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts.” -Isaiah 55:6-9 (NIV)
Isn’t that what you’d expect? Or would you expect to clearly understand everything about God's thoughts and actions? -QQuerius
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
10:47 AM
10
10
47
AM
PDT
@Origenes: Is it WJM’s claim that the world is something like a computer simulation?
No, that's not what WJM claims. And kairosfocus knows that. Here are some quotes from WJM:
WJM: However, under a monistic mind premise, we are not talking about a “simulation” world. A simulation is an imitation of something else, a fake version of the real thing. If we live in a mental monism, the mind is not “simulating” anything; the experiences we have are the reality of what existence in a mental monism is like. (...) (An aside: it’s ironic that KF laments that under mental monism, our physical world becomes a simulation, when logically, dualism necessarily makes our physical experience a simulation by definition – it is a mental simulation of something else, an extra-mental world. It is only under mental monism that our experience is factually not a simulation.)
AndyClue
November 8, 2021
November
11
Nov
8
08
2021
10:12 AM
10
10
12
AM
PDT
1 2 3 4 21

Leave a Reply