Mystery at the heart of life

_{News
December 21, 2014

Cell biology, Intelligent Design, News

1}_{Categories
Cell biology
Intelligent Design
News}

Share: Facebook; Twitter/X; LinkedIn; Flipboard; Print; Email

By Biologic Institute’s Ann Gauger, at Christianity Today’s Behemoth, the secret life of cells:

Our bodies are made up of some 100 trillion cells. We tend to think of cells as static, because that’s how they were presented to us in textbooks. In fact, the cell is like the most antic, madcap, crowded (yet fantastically efficient) city you can picture. And at its heart lies a mystery—or I should say, several mysteries—involving three special kinds of molecules: DNA, RNA, and proteins.

These molecules are assembled into long chains called polymers, and are uniquely suited for the roles they play. More importantly, life absolutely depends upon them. We have to have DNA, RNA, and protein all present and active at the same time for a living organism to live.

How they work together so optimally and efficiently is not merely amazing, but also a great enigma, a mystery that lies at the heart of life itself. More. Paywall soon after. May be worth it.

Follow UD News at Twitter!

Comments

#796 follow up (4)
Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells Denise J. Montell, Wan Hee Yoon & Michelle Starz-Gaiano Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13, 631-645 doi:10.1038/nrm3433 http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v13/n10/full/nrm3433.html Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Jul 15.
The unexpected roles of other actin regulators [...] sometimes in unanticipated ways. [...] surprisingly they also [...] An explanation for this counter-intuitive result is that [...] [...] suggesting that the effect of [...] is cell type-specific. [...] strikingly similar to the effect observed in [...]

Dionisio_{August 12, 2015
August
08
Aug
12
12
2015
03:35 AM
3
03
35
AM
PDT}

#796 follow up (3)
Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells Denise J. Montell, Wan Hee Yoon & Michelle Starz-Gaiano Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13, 631-645 doi:10.1038/nrm3433 http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v13/n10/full/nrm3433.html Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Jul 15.
Just as dancers depend on well-developed and precisely controlled skeletal muscles, cells rely on the actomyosin cytoskeleton to produce the forces necessary for movement. Many actin regulatory proteins are required in border cell migration in vivo. However, their roles in situ are sometimes unanticipated, and in particular their functions in collective motility are still under investigation. [...] it will be interesting to test whether membrane or cytoskeletal tension also mediates communication between collectively migrating cells. Although there is a rich literature describing potential crossregulation between RHO, RAC and CDC42 in cultured cells, these relationships have not been thoroughly explored in border cells.

Dionisio_{August 12, 2015
August
08
Aug
12
12
2015
03:29 AM
3
03
29
AM
PDT}

#796 follow up (2)
Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells Denise J. Montell, Wan Hee Yoon & Michelle Starz-Gaiano Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13, 631-645 doi:10.1038/nrm3433 http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v13/n10/full/nrm3433.html Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Jul 15.
Similar to dancers in an ensemble, moving cells need timing cues to know when to start and stop and when to coordinate their movements with each other and the rest of the ‘production’. Global analysis of ecdysone pathway target genes would be useful in deciphering the mechanisms by which these two pathways are integrated. All performers need good direction, and migrating cells are no exception. [...] cell movements are extraordinarily diverse [...] It has been suggested that [...] However, this conclusion has been questioned. [oops!] [...] multiple mechanisms probably contribute to amplifying the front–back asymmetry. An open question is what mechanisms maintain relatively stable adhesion between the cells of the cluster so that they stay together but allow transient adhesion on the outside surfaces of the same cells, so that they gain traction without getting stuck. [...] border cells require precise regulation of DE-cadherin levels to balance cohesion and traction [...] The precise mechanism by which Notch signalling promotes detachment from the basal lamina is not yet known.

Dionisio_{August 12, 2015
August
08
Aug
12
12
2015
03:22 AM
3
03
22
AM
PDT}

#796 follow up
Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells Denise J. Montell, Wan Hee Yoon & Michelle Starz-Gaiano Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13, 631-645 doi:10.1038/nrm3433 http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v13/n10/full/nrm3433.html Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Jul 15.
[...] it is important to decipher the mechanisms that govern when, where, whether and how cells move in vivo. Each of these processes is complex at the molecular level and must be integrated with the other events in space and time. [...] understanding cell motility in complex environments remains a challenge. This fascinating diversity raises new and fundamental questions, including how migratory populations coordinate their behaviour with each other and their surroundings, and what molecules mediate this communication. [...] mechanisms that govern the collective movement of border cells, including specification of the migratory population, developmental timing signals, guidance cues, polarity and the cytoskeletal changes that are required for border cell motility.

Dionisio_{August 12, 2015
August
08
Aug
12
12
2015
03:12 AM
3
03
12
AM
PDT}

Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells Denise J. Montell, Wan Hee Yoon & Michelle Starz-Gaiano Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13, 631-645 doi:10.1038/nrm3433 http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v13/n10/full/nrm3433.html Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Jul 15.
It is less clear how cells that migrate in interconnected groups in vivo coordinate their behaviour and navigate through natural environments. Cell migration is a fascinating, complex and essential cellular behaviour.

Juicy paper! Yummy! :) Let's try to chew and digest it. Stay tuned.Dionisio_{August 12, 2015
August
08
Aug
12
12
2015
03:03 AM
3
03
03
AM
PDT}

Contact-Mediated Inhibition Between Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Motor Exit Point Glia Establishes the Spinal Cord Transition Zone Cody J. Smith, Angela D. Morris, Taylor G. Welsh, Sarah Kucenas PLOS •DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001961 http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001961
[...] it is not clear how these cells communicate across the TZ given that they are largely segregated to their specific domains. [...] future studies investigating the nature of these interactions are required to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of these two contact-mediated inhibition types.

Outstanding questions answered, new questions raised.Dionisio_{August 11, 2015
August
08
Aug
11
11
2015
06:02 PM
6
06
02
PM
PDT}

Midbody: from cellular junk to regulator of cell polarity and cell fate Lai Kuan Dionne, Xiao-Jing Wang, Rytis Prekeris doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.010 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955067415000502
At late mitosis, the mother cell divides by the formation of a cleavage furrow, leaving two daughter cells connected by a thin intercellular bridge. During ingression of the cleavage furrow, the central spindle microtubules are compacted to form the structure known as the midbody (MB). The MB is situated within the intercellular bridge, with the abscission site sometimes occurring on one side of the MB. As a result of this one-sided (asymmetric) abscission, only one daughter cell can inherit the post-mitotic MB. Interestingly, recent studies have identified post-mitotic MBs as novel signaling platforms regulating stem cell fate and proliferation. Additionally, MBs were proposed to serve a role of polarity cues during the neurite outgrowth and apical lumen formation. Thus, abscission and MB inheritance is clearly a highly regulated cellular event that can affect development and various other cellular functions.

More light shed on the elaborate choreography... The complexity seems turning more complex.Dionisio_{August 11, 2015
August
08
Aug
11
11
2015
05:45 PM
5
05
45
PM
PDT}

Box @791 Well stated! Thank you! Aren't the 'programmes' mentioned @785 somehow related to gpuccio's 'procedures'? BTW, have you heard from gpuccio lately? I'm missing his insightful posts here. The Italian doctor is quite a technical writer.Dionisio_{August 10, 2015
August
08
Aug
10
10
2015
02:01 AM
2
02
01
AM
PDT}

#784 follow up
[...] coordinated interactions between tissues influence eye morphogenesis and patterning to ultimately generate a pair of functional eyes. [...] the mechanisms that split the eye field are not well understood [...]
not well understood? That seems like an understatement.Dionisio_{August 10, 2015
August
08
Aug
10
10
2015
01:50 AM
1
01
50
AM
PDT}

Dionisio #786: How do the EFTFs get to be in the precise locations at the precise time? Why not somewhere else or another time?
Because there is "choreography", "coordination" and "context" :) You may ask: "what is this context?", you may ask "how does this context determine its parts?" and you may even get annoyed and say "this doesn't look like a bottom-up explanation to me!", but you will get no articulate response.Box_{August 10, 2015
August
08
Aug
10
10
2015
01:48 AM
1
01
48
AM
PDT}

#784 follow up
[...] it is important to determine the biomechanical forces that contribute to optic vesicle formation to elucidate how this process is developmentally regulated [...]
A mouthful but that's not all. Biomechanical forces are just part of the whole puzzle. There's much more than that. See @785 the 'programme' references.Dionisio_{August 10, 2015
August
08
Aug
10
10
2015
01:17 AM
1
01
17
AM
PDT}

#784 follow up
As cells at the margin of the eye field epithelialize, those located at its core remain mesenchymal in morphology [...] The role of these cells in driving evagination is not known. Indeed, we have yet to make any significant insights into the driving forces that shape the forming optic vesicles.
A few questions remain unanswered. Work in progress... stay tuned.Dionisio_{August 10, 2015
August
08
Aug
10
10
2015
12:06 AM
12
12
06
AM
PDT}

#784 follow up Outstanding questions answered while new ones raised. Is there an end to this anytime soon? Is the picture getting clearer while the complexity turns more complex?Dionisio_{August 9, 2015
August
08
Aug
9
09
2015
11:35 PM
11
11
35
PM
PDT}

#784 follow up
Eph/Ephrin pathway activation takes place at the border between the eye field and adjacent ANP domains.
How does that pathway happen? Why does it take place right there and not somewhere else? Why then and not another time?Dionisio_{August 9, 2015
August
08
Aug
9
09
2015
11:28 PM
11
11
28
PM
PDT}

#784 follow up How do the EFTFs get to be in the precise locations at the precise time? Why not somewhere else or another time?Dionisio_{August 9, 2015
August
08
Aug
9
09
2015
11:12 PM
11
11
12
PM
PDT}

[...] the environment does modulate* the morphogenetic programme that generates* functional eyes. The eye field specification programme initiates* eye morphogenesis and segregates* eye fated cells from adjacent neural plate territories. The eye field undergoes* a programme of morphogenesis that is distinct from adjacent neural plate domains.
Watching eyes take shape Naiara Bazin-Lopez, Leonardo E Valdivia, Stephen W Wilson, Gaia Gestri doi:10.1016/j.gde.2015.02.004 Current Opinion in Genetics & Development Volume 32, June 2015, Pages 73–79 Developmental mechanisms, patterning and organogenesis http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X15000167

Did anyone say 'programme'? What's that? (*) how? why then and not another time? why there and not somewhere else?Dionisio_{August 9, 2015
August
08
Aug
9
09
2015
11:04 PM
11
11
04
PM
PDT}

Watching eyes take shape Naiara Bazin-Lopez, Leonardo E Valdivia, Stephen W Wilson, Gaia Gestri doi:10.1016/j.gde.2015.02.004 Current Opinion in Genetics & Development Volume 32, June 2015, Pages 73–79 Developmental mechanisms, patterning and organogenesis http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X15000167
Vertebrate eye formation is a multistep process requiring coordinated inductive interactions between neural and non-neural ectoderm and underlying mesendoderm. The induction and shaping of the eyes involves an elaborate cellular choreography characterized by precise changes in cell shape coupled with complex cellular and epithelial movements. Consequently, the forming eye is an excellent model to study the cellular mechanisms underlying complex tissue morphogenesis. Using examples largely drawn from recent studies of optic vesicle formation in zebrafish and in cultured embryonic stem cells, in this short review, we highlight some recent advances in our understanding of the events that shape the vertebrate eye.

Simply fascinating.Dionisio_{August 9, 2015
August
08
Aug
9
09
2015
10:33 PM
10
10
33
PM
PDT}

A Role for Partial Endothelial–Mesenchymal Transitions in Angiogenesis? Katrina M. Welch-Reardon*, Nan Wu*, Christopher C.W. Hughes http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/35/2/303.abstract Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 35: 303-308 doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303220
The contribution of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) in both developmental and pathological conditions has been widely recognized and studied. In a parallel process, governed by a similar set of signaling and transcription factors, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EndoMT) contribute to heart valve formation and the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts. During angiogenic sprouting, endothelial cells express many of the same genes and break down basement membrane; however, they retain intercellular junctions and migrate as a connected train of cells rather than as individual cells. This has been termed a partial endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. A key regulatory check-point determines whether cells undergo a full or a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions/endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; however, very little is known about how this switch is controlled.

A few questions remain unanswered.Dionisio_{August 8, 2015
August
08
Aug
8
08
2015
04:57 AM
4
04
57
AM
PDT}

Transport Pathways—Proton Motive Force Interrelationship in Durum Wheat Mitochondria Daniela Trono 1?, Maura N. Laus 2?, Mario Soccio 2? and Donato Pastore 2,* ? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(5), 8186-8215; doi:10.3390/ijms15058186 http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/15/5/8186/htm
Studies about DWM have shed some light about the interrelationship between transport systems and pmf in plant mitochondria. [...] the transport systems in plant mitochondria must be active under low driving force also in vivo. Further studies are required to fully understand this behaviour.

Work in progress... stay tuned.Dionisio_{August 7, 2015
August
08
Aug
7
07
2015
10:08 PM
10
10
08
PM
PDT}

A biophysical study on molecular physiology of the uncoupling proteins of the central nervous system Tuan Hoang*,‡, Miljan Kuljanin*, Matthew D. Smith†,‡ and Masoud Jelokhani-Niaraki* Bioscience Reports Jul 14, 2015, 35 (4) e00226; DOI: 10.1042/BSR20150130 http://www.bioscirep.org/content/35/4/e00226
Mitochondrial inner membrane uncoupling proteins (UCPs) facilitate transmembrane (TM) proton flux and consequently reduce the membrane potential and ATP production. It has been proposed that the three neuronal human UCPs (UCP2, UCP4 and UCP5) in the central nervous system (CNS) play significant roles in reducing cellular oxidative stress. However, the structure and ion transport mechanism of these proteins remain relatively unexplored. The exact physiological role(s) of neuronal UCPs has not been fully established. Examining the structure-function relationships of neuronal UCPs remains an intriguing approach for clarifying the physiological roles of these proteins in neurons. Neuronal UCPs: ion transport mechanism and specific physiological roles At the moment, two main questions remain unanswered regarding the proton transport mechanism of UCPs and their physiological functions in the mitochondria. Identifying these amino acid residues could be essential for elucidating the ion transport mechanism of UCPs, in general, and their proton transport mechanism in particular. [...] the question regarding the mechanism of UCP activation to transport protons is not fully answered.

Work in progress... stay tuned.Dionisio_{August 7, 2015
August
08
Aug
7
07
2015
09:45 PM
9
09
45
PM
PDT}

New insights in the clockwork mechanism regulating lineage specification: Lessons from the Drosophila nervous system Pierre B. Cattenoz and Angela Giangrande DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24228 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.24228/full Developmental Dynamics Special Issue: Organogenesis Volume 244, Issue 3, pages 332–341, March 2015
Juicy paper.Dionisio_{August 3, 2015
August
08
Aug
3
03
2015
09:06 PM
9
09
06
PM
PDT}

Extensive work across several vertebrate models has begun to unravel the intricacies of ocular morphogenesis. One thing that we have learned from these studies is that a handful of signaling pathways control* various aspects of oculogenesis and they are deployed* re-iteratively throughout the course of embryonic eye development. These signaling pathways regulate* the expression of several key TFs to pattern* the developing eye into tissue-specific domains, and to control* the precise and timely specification of progenitor cells for differing fates. SOX family members are critical regulators of embryonic development, and the SOXC family has been recently implicated in eye development in a variety of animal models. Although it is clear that mutation or loss of SOXC proteins results in defects in ocular morphogenesis, lens development, and retinal neurogenesis, we do not know all of the transcriptional targets of SOXC proteins in the eye. The future lies in the investigation and identification of SOXC target genes, and in understanding their mechanism of action during ocular development.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.24235/full Keeping an eye on SOXC proteins Lakshmi Pillai-Kastoori†, Wen Wen† and Ann C. Morris* DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24235 Developmental Dynamics Special Issue: Organogenesis Volume 244, Issue 3, pages 367–376, March 2015

(*) how? A few questions remain unanswered. Work in progress... stay tuned.Dionisio_{August 2, 2015
August
08
Aug
2
02
2015
09:46 PM
9
09
46
PM
PDT}

Deciphering principles of morphogenesis from temporal and spatial patterns on the integument Ang Li1, Yung-Chih Lai1,2, Seth Figueroa3, Tian Yang4, Randall B. Widelitz1, Krzysztof Kobielak1, Qing Nie5 and Cheng Ming Chuong1,2,6,* DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24281 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.24281/full Developmental Dynamics Volume 244, Issue 8, pages 905–920, August 2015 How tissue patterns form in development and regeneration is a fundamental issue remaining to be fully understood.
Dionisio_{July 31, 2015
July
07
Jul
31
31
2015
09:39 PM
9
09
39
PM
PDT}

Investigating the Transcriptional Control of Cardiovascular Development Irfan S. Kathiriya*, Elphège P. Nora*, Benoit G. Bruneau Circulation Research. 2015; 116: 700-714 doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.302832 http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/116/4/700.abstract
Transcriptional regulation of thousands of genes instructs complex morphogenetic and molecular events for heart development. Cardiac transcription factors choreograph gene expression at each stage of differentiation by interacting with cofactors, including chromatin-modifying enzymes, and by binding to a constellation of regulatory DNA elements. Here, we present salient examples relevant to cardiovascular development and heart disease, and review techniques that can sharpen our understanding of cardiovascular biology. We discuss the interplay between cardiac transcription factors, cis-regulatory elements, and chromatin as dynamic regulatory networks, to orchestrate sequential deployment of the cardiac gene expression program.

Dionisio_{July 31, 2015
July
07
Jul
31
31
2015
08:58 PM
8
08
58
PM
PDT}

Epigenetics and Metabolism Samuel T. Keating, Assam El-Osta Circulation Research. 2015; 116: 715-736 doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303936 http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/116/4/715.abstract
The molecular signatures of epigenetic regulation and chromatin architectures are fundamental to genetically determined biological processes. Covalent and post-translational chemical modification of the chromatin template can sensitize the genome to changing environmental conditions to establish diverse functional states.

Dionisio_{July 31, 2015
July
07
Jul
31
31
2015
08:45 PM
8
08
45
PM
PDT}

Canonical Wnt Signaling Regulates Atrioventricular Junction Programming and Electrophysiological Properties Benjamin S Gillers, Aditi Chiplunkar, Haytham Aly, Tomas Valenta, Konrad Basler, Vincent M Christoffels, Igor R Efimov, Bastiaan J Boukens and Stacey Rentschler* http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/11/06/CIRCRESAHA.116.304731.abstract CIRCRESAHA.114.304731 doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304731 myocardial canonical Wnt signaling is an important regulator of AVC maturation and electrical programming upstream of Tbx3 ventricular preexcitation may require both morphologic patterning defects, as well as myocardial lineage reprogramming, to allow robust conduction across accessory pathway tissue.
Dionisio_{July 31, 2015
July
07
Jul
31
31
2015
04:38 PM
4
04
38
PM
PDT}

Experimental Verification of the Kinetic Theory of FRET Using Optical Microspectroscopy and Obligate Oligomers Suparna Patowary, Luca F. Pisterzi, Gabriel Biener, Jessica D. Holz, Julie A. Oliver, James W. Wells, Valeric? Raicu Biophysical Journal Volume 108, Issue 7, Pages 1613–1622 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006349515001861 Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a nonradiative process for the transfer of energy from an optically excited donor molecule (D) to an acceptor molecule (A) in the ground state.
Dionisio_{July 29, 2015
July
07
Jul
29
29
2015
06:43 PM
6
06
43
PM
PDT}

Long noncoding RNAs: Re-writing dogmas of RNA processing and stability ? Jeremy E. Wilusz Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms Most of the human genome is transcribed, yielding a complex network of transcripts that includes tens of thousands of long noncoding RNAs. [...] it is becoming increasingly clear that long noncoding RNAs may often be regulated by unique post-transcriptional control mechanisms. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874939915001236
Remarkable complexity.Dionisio_{July 28, 2015
July
07
Jul
28
28
2015
07:16 PM
7
07
16
PM
PDT}

Non-coding RNA in neural function, disease, and aging Front. Genet., http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00087 Kirk Szafranski, Karan J. Abraham and Karim Mekhail http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2015.00087/full
While much progress has been made in our understanding of the roles of ncRNAs in neural function, many questions still remain. Future work examining if neural stem cells are prematurely dying or improperly differentiating in neurodegenerative settings are needed. More broadly, the reason that neurodegenerative diseases do not manifest until late in life is poorly understood. Future work will undoubtedly clarify the link between aging and neurodegeneration. Many studies also hinted at links that need further clarification. Studies examining orthologs of human transcripts or proteins should also be repeated in human models. The link between paraspeckles and neuronal stress response also needs to be clarified [...] [...] significant research remains to be done in various organisms in order to fully decipher human disease mechanisms.

Outstanding questions answered, new questions raised. Work in progress… stay tuned.Dionisio_{July 28, 2015
July
07
Jul
28
28
2015
06:21 PM
6
06
21
PM
PDT}

A network comprising short and long noncoding RNAs and RNA helicase controls mouse retina architecture Jacek Krol, Ilona Krol, Claudia Patricia Patino Alvarez, Michele Fiscella, Andreas Hierlemann, Botond Roska & Witold Filipowicz Nature Communications 6, Article number: 7305 doi:10.1038/ncomms8305 http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150604/ncomms8305/full/ncomms8305.html
Brain regions, such as the cortex and retina, are composed of layers of uniform thickness. The molecular mechanism that controls this uniformity is not well understood. [...] the precise timing of glia–neuron interaction controlled by noncoding RNAs and Ddx3x is important for the even distribution of cells across layers. The thickness of each layer in most species is remarkably uniform, suggesting that the allocation of cells to each vertical domain is tightly controlled. However, the molecular mechanism controlling this process is not well understood. Several specific highly expressed lncRNAs are involved in retina development, but their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. There remains the possibility that additional factors participate in these regulatory events and that their activities are differentially affected by Ddx3x and Rncr4. Further work will establish the molecular basis of the controlled processing of pri-miR-183/96/182. It will also be interesting to find out whether, apart from being an miRNA source, the pri-miR-183/96/182 transcript has other functions that would justify its early P5 expression. Lumayag et al.28 identified spliced forms of pri-miR-183/96/182 with the potential to encode short polypeptides; however, their functions have not been investigated.

There yet? Outstanding questions answered, new questions raised. Work in progress... stay tuned.Dionisio_{July 28, 2015
July
07
Jul
28
28
2015
03:28 PM
3
03
28
PM
PDT}

Prev 1 … 89 90 91 92 93 … 117 Next

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Leave a Reply