Skeptic argues free will is real

_{Denyse O'Leary

March 18, 2023

Ethics, Intelligent Design, Mind, Naturalism}

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Here I will try to convince you that free will is real and not an illusion. I’ll argue that far from being exemplars of rationality and skepticism, the main arguments against free will make unjustifiable logical leaps and are naïve in the light of cutting-edge scientific findings.
Throughout the philosophical literature,8 resolving the question of whether or not we have free will has often revolved around two criteria for free will:
We must be the true sources of our own actions.
We must have the ability to do otherwise.
I argue that humans meet both criteria through two concepts: scale and undecidability. – Stuart T. Doyle (March 16, 2023)

We don’t usually hear skeptics arguing FOR free will. What’s changed?

You may also wish to read: How can we believe in naturalism if we have no choice?

Comments

PM1 @ 47
Let’s call that the Independence Constraint, for the time being: it would be a constraint on a theory of agent causation that it accommodate that the agent (or some proper part of the agent) is wholly independent of the entirety of the universe. (To speak colorfully, the agent is a hole in the fabric of being.) Is this what you have in mind?
The agent is not a separate territory on a level domain. It is not the case that there are two territories where similar items and similar laws are in operation. The separation between the agent and the physical universe is dimensional rather than territorial. The world of the agent and the physical world are different in kind. Let me put it this way: the agent is the creator of his inner world. Here, like a God, he rules over his aspects. Ultimately his will, his laws, and his understanding apply. This inner world, its laws, and the items have the agent as its first cause. Let’s zoom in a bit and consider an aspect of the inner world of the agent: logical reasoning.
All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Socrates is mortal.
I would say that the operation of reasoning must be based on (logical) laws, as understood and enforced by the agent, that are “wholly independent of the entirety of the universe.” Here it is not enough to argue for 'territorial' distinction. It is not enough to say that the logical laws are not “entirely reducible” to the causal power of matter, or not “entirely determined” by the states of the environment of the agent's physical body. The separation must be 100%. There is only reasoning in the inner world of the agent, and there is no reasoning at all in the physical world.Origenes_{March 22, 2023
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Chuckdarwin @48
What is the difference between agent causation and self-causation, if there is one?
I have read several definitions of "agent causation", and it seems indeed correct to say that it is generally understood as the agent being the self-cause of his actions.Origenes_{March 21, 2023
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PM1 @47 I have to think about how to answer your questions. Meanwhile here are a few comments on the paper "naturalizing agent causality" that you linked to
Introduced by Thomas Reid in 1863, “agent causation” is the claim that agents themselves can be the cause of events [1].
Solid definition.
That is, organisms or systems as a whole can have causal power that is not entirely reducible to the causal power of their component parts or determined by the states of the environment [2,3,4,5].
“Not entirely” is problematic. Is my understanding of cogito ergo sum "not entirely" reducible to blind particles in the void? What would that mean? Only for 65% ?
Therefore, it mirrors a much older concept, framed by Aristotle and Epicurus in the context of human beings, of some things being “up to us”. To justify agent causation, then, systems need to exhibit a causal power that irreducibly inheres at the level of the whole system (i.e., it is nonreductive) ……

…. while still maintaining that the causal power is instantiated in, or realised by, the system’s physical constituents (i.e., it obeys physicalism).
This is not justifying agent causation, instead, this is naturalizing agent causation, which is impossible, and that’s precisely the reason why *emergentism* is invented.
Timothy O’Connor describes this as an “ontologically primitive causal power” that is “at once causally dependent on microphysically-based structural states and yet ontologically primitive” [5] (p. 195)—where ‘primitive’ refers to this notion of irreducibility, rather than its meaning in evolutionary terms.
At once dependent and independent of the physical. At once caused and uncaused. At once obeying the physical laws and not obeying the physical laws. Incoherent.
For many philosophers, this is logically incoherent, and so agent causation is deemed to be conceptually and metaphysically impossible or at least highly problematic [6,7,8].
If your metaphysics is materialism, then, I agree, it is indeed "metaphysically impossible."
2. Criteria for Agent Causation 2.1. Thermodynamic Autonomy One presumably uncontroversial condition for agent causality is that the system in question is thermodynamically distinct from its environment (known, technically, as being out of equilibrium with the environment). Indeed, this is necessary to be an organism or an entity at all—let alone be an agent or a cause of events in the world. Systems, first, have to be an identifiable thing, with a physical boundary that legitimately separates them from the rest of the universe [19,20,21]. As Keith Farnsworth explains: “If there were no physical boundary between an agent and its surroundings, then any external force would act unaltered throughout the agent, and any force initiated by the agent would act equally on the internal and external environment, so no distinction in action could be made between the agent and its surroundings. If no distinction can be made, then no measurement could be made to tell us whether an action arose from within or beyond the agent”
To me, this has nothing to do with agent causation. This is all physical stuff encapsulated in a physical membrane. And now it is “free”? Now the laws do not determine what’s going on? Now an action can arise purely from the “agent”? Let’s get serious.Origenes_{March 21, 2023
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Querius at 46, You're welcome. When man limits himself by considering other men as the only possible source of knowledge, then he either excludes God or reduces Him to being nothing more than a man. The usual atheist accusations against God are presented: He doesn't love people since a truly "loving" God would never send anyone to Hell. Or God has an ego problem since He requires praise and worship. Well, He's God, and He made it all. So, uh, where's the problem? The concept of love is also, I think, distorted. God does love us all as we are and gives us a free choice to choose Him. However, there are warnings if we do not choose Him. This is not a contradiction since God is made apparent by the things that are made: Romans 1:20 "For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse." That is the truth that some deny or try to conceal, preferring to allow unguided processes to stand in as the God substitute. God does not lie.relatd_{March 21, 2023
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PM1 Origenes What is the difference between agent causation and self-causation, if there is one?chuckdarwin_{March 21, 2023
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@45
Spinoza goes all the way, but what would the alternative look like? “We are 90% determined”? 50%? What would it mean to say that our understanding is 50% our own? I have a 50% understanding of that 2+2=4. Some things are gradual and other things are not. And what would explain the unaccounted percentage? Self-causation? Isn’t that the one thing that needs to be avoided?
If it's all right with you, I'd like to leave Spinoza aside for a moment here -- much as I enjoy talking about his ideas! -- in order to focus a bit more on what we mean by agent causation. It seems to me that, on your view, agent causation only make sense as contra-causal determination: that agent causation requires that the agent (or some proper part of the agent?) is wholly independent of the entire spatio-temporal causal nexus. Let's call that the Independence Constraint, for the time being: it would be a constraint on a theory of agent causation that it accommodate that the agent (or some proper part of the agent) is wholly independent of the entirety of the universe. (To speak colorfully, the agent is a hole in the fabric of being.) Is this what you have in mind? If so, I think it explains why you don't like the idea of "naturalizing agent causation". Would you say that on your view, agent causation is simply not the kind of thing that could be naturalized -- and that "naturalized agent causation" is essentially a contradiction, like a square circle or wooden iron?PyrrhoManiac1_{March 21, 2023
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Relatd, Thank you for the beautiful quotes from the Holy Spirit inspired scriptures! The arguments regarding free will and the nature of God are as likely to be accurate as three second graders arguing about differential calculus or quantum physics. Especially telling, as you noted, is when people tacitly assume that (a) God is a man and (b) the God that created space and time is constrained by space and time. While I respect Augustine, Calvin, Spinoza, and other intellectual philosophers, many of them fall into the trap of "binary superlatives." Let me provide a silly example: 1. God is omnipresent in all of space, time, mass, and energy, and decisions made by all organisms . . . or God isn't God. 2. God's omnipresence is infinite--total and complete--rather than partial. Otherwise it's not infinite. 3. Therefore I am God and you are God and my poodle is God equally. This makes everything and all consciousness co-equal. This is complete absurdity! (argumentum ad absurdum) Listen to what Isaiah writes in chapter 55 (KJV):
6 Seek ye the Lord while he may be found, call ye upon him while he is near: 7 Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts: and let him return unto the Lord, and he will have mercy upon him; and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon. 8 For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the Lord. 9 For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. 10 For as the rain cometh down, and the snow from heaven, and returneth not thither, but watereth the earth, and maketh it bring forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower, and bread to the eater: 11 So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it.
How is it unreasonable to believe that the God who designed all life and living processes (ADP-ATP cycle and DNA comes to mind), just might be significantly smarter than we are? -QQuerius_{March 21, 2023
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PM1@
Ori: If Spinoza is right and everything traces back to causes before I was born, then this includes my beliefs. So ....
PM1 : I would not want to endorse Spinoza’s views in all respects — I think he goes too far.
Spinoza goes all the way, but what would the alternative look like? "We are 90% determined"? 50%? What would it mean to say that our understanding is 50% our own? I have a 50% understanding of that 2+2=4. Some things are gradual and other things are not. And what would explain the unaccounted percentage? Self-causation? Isn't that the one thing that needs to be avoided?Origenes_{March 21, 2023
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PM1 @43
1. Spinoza’s determinism follows from his logical pantheism. In his view, the only thing that can be the sole source of its own activity is God Himself. He then argues that therefore nothing can exist that is independent from God, and hence all things exist only as aspects or parts of God.
If Spinoza is right, there is essentially only one being and only one actor. The free rational person is declared to be non-existent; reduced to a billiard ball. If so, what is there left to discuss?
2. Our comprehension of God …
I note that, if Spinoza is right, there is no such thing as “our comprehension.”
… is limited to our comprehension of two of His eternal and infinite properties: extension and thought. This means that for each finite thing that exists — a body — there necessarily exists a corresponding idea of that thing. This is wholly independent of what we happen to conceive of, imagine, know, believe.
If Spinoza is right, none of that matters anymore.
3. We have “adequate ideas” insofar as our beliefs about the world are isomorphic with the “true ideas” that comprise the divine intellect, and “inadequate ideas” insofar as our beliefs about the world are non-isomorphic with the divine intellect.
If Spinoza is right, these ideas, and any other kinds of ideas that are forced upon us, we do not understand and are not “ours.” So, whatever.
4. Spinoza is also an extreme intellectualist about belief. He thinks that all truths are necessary truths.
If he is right, then whatever he believes or thinks does not stem from him. So, again, whatever.Origenes_{March 21, 2023
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@38
If Spinoza is right and everything traces back to causes before I was born, then this includes my beliefs. So, the idea that I hold beliefs because I understand them and not because something else compels me to hold them, must be a false notion. If Spinoza is right, then, in fact, I do not understand anything, no understanding is “mine”, and no understanding originates with me, since all my “understanding” is forced upon me by something else, by causes distinct from me. Even my false notion of understanding something is caused by something beyond my control …
I would not want to endorse Spinoza's views in all respects -- I think he goes too far. But I also think his views are less obviously wrong than you take them to be. What Spinoza would absolutely insist upon is this: no finite thing can be the sole source of its own activity. (And I think this is where you would disagree with Spinoza, so you are right to think that your disagreement with Spinoza is at a fundamental level.) But, a few other points about Spinoza to observe: 1. Spinoza's determinism follows from his logical pantheism. In his view, the only thing that can be the sole source of its own activity is God Himself. He then argues that therefore nothing can exist that is independent from God, and hence all things exist only as aspects or parts of God. 2. Our comprehension of God is limited to our comprehension of two of His eternal and infinite properties: extension and thought. This means that for each finite thing that exists -- a body -- there necessarily exists a corresponding idea of that thing. This is wholly independent of what we happen to conceive of, imagine, know, believe. 3. We have "adequate ideas" insofar as our beliefs about the world are isomorphic with the "true ideas" that comprise the divine intellect, and "inadequate ideas" insofar as our beliefs about the world are non-isomorphic with the divine intellect. 4. Spinoza is also an extreme intellectualist about belief. He thinks that all truths are necessary truths. (The absence of contingency as a metaphysical category in his system is one of the major problems with it.) A good example is the old chestnut, "2+2=4". He thinks that once one grasps the proof-theoretic foundations of arithmetic, one simply cannot help but accept that 2+2=4 is necessarily true. In other words, Spinoza would say that to see that something is necessarily true just is to accept it. He thinks there's no room for the possibility that someone could say, "yes, I understand why that's necessarily true, but I refuse to believe it anyway."PyrrhoManiac1_{March 21, 2023
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@41
I disagree with your assessment that Christianity’s problem with free will is “self-induced”, rather the problem is unavoidable if one rejects self-causation. In my view, only the concept of self-causation can ground free will.
Have you read much Jean-Paul Sartre? Based on what I've read from the Western canon, he's the only philosopher who would allow for self-causation in the sense you seem to require.PyrrhoManiac1_{March 21, 2023
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Chuckdarwin @21
Western monotheism, by positing a perfect God, one with absolute power, foreknowledge, and moral goodness, has created an insurmountable problem for free will–one no less problematic than “physical determinism.”
In defense of free rational persons, I argue against all forms of determinism alike. However, theists have the option, not available to materialists, to claim that God *somehow* gave us free will. That said, God cannot perform what is logically impossible, and, in my view, it is logically impossible to create a free person. So, on a principle level, we agree. I disagree with your assessment that Christianity’s problem with free will is “self-induced”, rather the problem is unavoidable if one rejects self-causation. In my view, only the concept of self-causation can ground free will.Origenes_{March 21, 2023
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Remember folks Chuck and Sev can’t help themselves…….. But everyone else can…..AaronS1978_{March 20, 2023
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Spinoza // follow-up #38 Again, S embraces strict determinism and argues enthusiastically against free will, so he will not be impressed by the following argument which shows that, if he is right, we are not in control of our thoughts. 1. If determinism is true, then all our actions and thoughts are consequences of events and laws of nature in the remote past before we were born. 2. We have no control over circumstances that existed in the remote past before we were born, nor do we have any control over the laws of nature. 3. If A causes B, and we have no control over A, and A is sufficient for B, then we have no control over B. Therefore 4. If determinism is true, then we have no control over our own actions and thoughts. The hard-core determinist seems to have no problem with this. However, in my humble opinion "not being in control of one's thoughts" doesn't go very well with rationality ... So, I would say that his theory is self-defeating.Origenes_{March 20, 2023
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According to Spinoza, we are fully determined:
… every finite thing can neither exist nor be determined to produce an effect unless it is determined to exist and produce an effect by another cause, which is also finite and has a determinate existence; and again, this cause also can neither exist nor be determined to produce an effect unless it is determined to exist and produce an effect by another, which is also finite and has a determinate existence, and so on, to infinity. [E1p28 Spinoza]
If Spinoza is right and everything traces back to causes before I was born, then this includes my beliefs. So, the idea that I hold beliefs because I understand them and not because something else compels me to hold them, must be a false notion. If Spinoza is right, then, in fact, I do not understand anything, no understanding is “mine”, and no understanding originates with me, since all my "understanding" is forced upon me by something else, by causes distinct from me. Even my false notion of understanding something is caused by something beyond my control ... If Spinoza is right we cannot rationally hold beliefs. This must include the belief in Spinoza’s denial of free will and, therefore, his theory is self-defeating.Origenes_{March 20, 2023
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CD at 36, Everyone has a tendency to sin, but looking at it from the purely rationalist perspective ignores the spiritual. Why is there Baptism or Confession? "The Lord himself affirms that Baptism is necessary for salvation. “No one can enter the Kingdom of God without being born of water and the Spirit” (Jn 3:5). Christ commanded his disciples to preach the Gospel, draw people to faith in him, and baptize those who come to conversion. The Church does not neglect the mission she has received from Christ to ensure that all be baptized and reborn of water and the Spirit. […] "By Baptism all sins are forgiven, Original Sin and all personal sins, and temporal punishment due to sin is removed. After one has been reborn in Christ, there is nothing to prevent one’s entry into God’s Kingdom. "However, though all sins are removed, there remains, as an effect of Original Sin, the inclination to sin that is called concupiscence. This inclination to sin shows itself in what is sometimes referred to as a darkening of the mind and a weakening of the will, that is, the inability to know clearly the right or wrong of an action and/or the lack of strength to resist temptation and always to do the right thing no matter how hard this is. The effects of Original Sin need not harm us so long as we seek strength to resist them through the Sacrament of Penance, the Sacrament of the Eucharist, prayer, a deepening spirituality, growth in virtue, and a wholehearted dependence on God."relatd_{March 20, 2023
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PM1/34 "Though arguably the problem is not just 'free will vs determinism' but the very idea of 'free will' as that idea took shape within Augustine’s wrestling with the problem of evil." I agree that the two themes are inseparable to Augustine. I would add further that Augustine argued that the consequence of Adam's (original) sin was the complete loss of freedom not to sin which set the stage for Calvin's notion of total depravity within a larger theology of complete determinism. It's not by coincidence that these two theologians are connected at the hip. You also have to give Calvin credit for pulling no punches on the issue of determinism, although it is hard to see the attraction of such an extreme and harsh (some might say pathological) theology......chuckdarwin_{March 20, 2023
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You seem to get peeved easily
I must be over the target with logic.
exercise your free will and change the channel at any time
I had abandoned this OP except for the fact that I was reminded I am peeved. But sometimes it's hard to ignore nonsense.jerry_{March 20, 2023
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@21
Western monotheism, by positing a perfect God, one with absolute power, foreknowledge, and moral goodness, has created an insurmountable problem for free will–one no less problematic than “physical determinism.” Christianity has been fighting this problem from the very beginning without getting any closer to solving it. The great irony is that whether you subscribe to Christianity or “physical determinism,” you end up in the same place–LaPlace’s demon everywhere you look……
The problem of "free will vs determinism" certainly took shape within the shadow cast by philosophically inflected ethical monotheism. Though arguably the problem is not just "free will vs determinism" but the very idea of "free will" as that idea took shape within Augustine's wrestling with the problem of evil. My preferred position would be begin by separating the idea of agent causation from the idea of free will, recognizing that the situation- and context-relativity of agency is no threat to agent causation, giving up on the misbegotten myth of libertarian freedom, and in other words both going back to Aristotle and Spinoza, and looking forward to neuroscience, and taking in along the way Dewey and his contemporary relevance.PyrrhoManiac1_{March 20, 2023
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Jerry You seem to get peeved easily, however, free will is the topic of this OP. You are free to exercise your free will and change the channel at any time......chuckdarwin_{March 20, 2023
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Jerry at 31, God sees the past, present and future. When Jesus was born, He had this ability but acted in normal human time. He experienced temptation. He did many good works. He was true God and true man. He rose from the dead. God knows what will happen but He still performs miracles in present human time. The Bible illustrates things Jesus knew that no one else did. This did not infringe on the free will of others. Even though Peter was told what he would do, he denied he would do it then did it anyway. If Peter, and everyone else, were God's robots then Peter would have heard the warning Jesus gave him and obeyed because, as a robot, he would have no free will. No choice.relatd_{March 20, 2023
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More specifically, if He tells you something will be the case then it will happen. Whatever our apparent experience of exercising free will, like Peter, we don’t really have a choice.
Nonsense! The version of God you are postulating is part of time. I believe the Christians are postulating a God that is not part of time. How such a being acts with those in time is certainly not understood. Logic can tell us certain things but not everything. For example, it can say that the creator of the universe was eternal but what does that mean if there was no time before our universe. Logic cannot tell us just what that means. But we are getting away from ID where we only know there was no infinite physical universe but cannot fathom an existence that is not time based. ID cannot answer certain questions.jerry_{March 20, 2023
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Seversky at 29, You still think God is a man. Too bad. You think God should just wipe out the Westboro Baptist Church? Again, your complete lack of Biblical understanding is showing. EVERYONE will be judged. Everyone. You seem to think that your worst of the worst example means anything? Your "impunity" remark implies God should wipe out all those mentioned immediately. If you took one minute to understand the Bible, to read it, then God's plan would be clear to you. Instead, you criticize God as if He were a man and that you're smarter/better than He is. Example: "If I was God I'd just have those miscreants wiped out today." Why? To show how much more efficient you are compare to God? That you would do better? "I can't believe God would let all these really bad examples stay around." You obviously don't know the mind of God as explained in the Bible. 2 Peter 2:4 "For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell and committed them to chains of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment; 2:5 "if he did not spare the ancient world, but preserved Noah, a herald of righteousness, with seven others, when he brought a flood upon the world of the ungodly; 2:6 "if by turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes he condemned them to extinction, making them an example of what is going to happen to the ungodly; 2:7 "and if he rescued righteous Lot, greatly distressed by the sensual conduct of the wicked 2:8 "(for as that righteous man lived among them day after day, he was tormenting his righteous soul over their lawless deeds that he saw and heard); 2:9 "then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from trials, and to keep the unrighteous under punishment until the day of judgment,"relatd_{March 20, 2023
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Relatd/23
You insult God? God will not be mocked.
God tolerates those who make a mockery of the faith, apparently with impunity, for example, the Westboro Baptist Church, the prosperity gospelers, some of the televangelists, the Christian Dominionists, all those clergy who have fallen short of the moral principles of they espouse, and so on.Seversky_{March 20, 2023
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Jerry/22
Western monotheism, by positing a perfect God, one with absolute power, foreknowledge, and moral goodness, has created an insurmountable problem for free will
Nonsense! Because one entity knows what another will do, does not mean that this second entity is bound to do what it did
If an omniscient and omnipresent being such as the Christian God tells you that something is the case then, assuming He doesn't lie, that is the case. Being omniscient and omnipresent, He must know everything that exists to be known at any place and at any time. Whatever He claims is the truth is true. More specifically, if He tells you something will be the case then it will happen. Whatever our apparent experience of exercising free will, like Peter, we don't really have a choice.
Why is this coming up again? Hasn’t free will been debated to death here recently. It should have been over after 10 comments.
There are and have been a lot better minds than we have here who have been debating this issue for thousands of years. It's hardly surprising we haven't been able to crack it in a ew blog posts.Seversky_{March 20, 2023
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"God is dead." - Nietzsche "Nietzsche is dead." - Godrelatd_{March 20, 2023
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Take a philosophy class on Nietzsche and then we can talk........chuckdarwin_{March 20, 2023
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CD at 24, Explain.relatd_{March 20, 2023
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There is no mockery of God, quite the opposite……chuckdarwin_{March 20, 2023
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CD at 21, You insult God? God will not be mocked. Galatians 6:7 "Do not be deceived: God is not mocked, for whatever one sows, that will he also reap." Nietzsche was just a man, without God's knowledge. Why do you deny free will? Who made that post above? You or God?relatd_{March 20, 2023
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