He said it: “Possible” origin of life? Give us a break!

_{Denyse O'Leary

May 13, 2011

Origin Of Life}

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It is important to remember that as far as science knows, the law of biogenesis, life only arises from life, is valid. Any statement that begins, “It’s possible that life originated from non-life by … ” is misstated from a probability point of view since non-zero probability has never been proved. (p. 38)

– Donald E. Johnson, author of Probability’s Nature And Nature’s Probability – Lite (2009)

Alternatively: Pasteur was wrong. Spontaneous generation happens, so that “pasteurized” milk you buy isn’t safe.

Note: Dr. Johnson has agreed to send 10 copies of his book for future contests. Details to follow.

Comments

As I've stated elsewhere, Johnson's books are essentially quotes mined from other sources and it's left up to the reader to try to determine whether the quotes are relevant or even make the case which Johnson attempts to have them make by the context in which he places the quotes. Probabilitie's Nature and Nature's Probability is just that sort of book. The quote which appears in the OP can be found at the very end of Chapter 5 as follows:
It is important to remember that as far as science knows, the law of biogenesis, life only arises from life, is valid. Any statement that begins, “It’s possible that life originated from non-life by…” is misstated from a probability view since non-zero probability has never been proved, and as will be shown in the next chapter, is in fact impossible (zero probability). (p. 42)
Mung_{May 13, 2011
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Sorry for the follow up, but just so we can take a concrete action item away from the discussion: What would be a better way to home in on the fact that abiogenesis proponents are making a special pleading for an exception from the known law? We could, and often do, jump straight to the probability analysis, but I do think there is an important general point to be made first, namely: Why should we take abiogensis seriously in the first place when it is against the currently known biogenic law? Again, I think the probability analysis is extremely convincing and we could go straight there and win on the merits, but it seems we are leaving something on the table by implicitly acknowledging potential validity to the abiogensis theory by jumping straight to the probabilistic substance.Eric Anderson_{May 13, 2011
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I hear you and I think you make a good cautionary point. Personally, I probably wouldn't use the non-zero probability argument because I don't think it addresses the particular claim in question. Specifically, I don't think folks are claiming that life generally arises from non-life. Rather they are claiming that in an unusual circumstance, under conditions that may differ from what we currently see, against the odds, life somehow formed. In other words, they are claiming an exception to the normal biogenisis law we regularly see all around us. I don't see any way to address that claim properly without getting into the probability analysis (which ultimately Johnson implicitly acknowledges by doing it himself). But at the same time I wouldn't be opposed to someone homing in on the fact that abiogenesis proponents are claiming a special exception to the known law, which I think is what Johnson was trying to do with the non-zero statement. I don't think Johnson's approach is the best way to draw out the fact that an exception is being appealed to. I guess I'm not too exercised about it, but you're probably right that it gives opponents an easy opportunity to construct a strawman to knock down.Eric Anderson_{May 13, 2011
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Hi Eric, I think I wanted to make two points. 1. If Johnson understands probabilistic arguments, I think he does his readers a disservice bt framing it the way he did. Here's how someone might take that into alt.atheism (does that even exist anymore, lol?): "You haven't even shown that the origin of life has a non-zero probability. Therefore you cannot even claim that it's a possibility." As I read it, that is precisely what Johnson has stated. And I can just see some poor rube (HT Denyse) taking it and running with it. My advice, don't. 2. Look at all the quotes and links bornagain77 posted, including the one to the Johnson vid. They all seem to be calculating non-zero probabilities for the origin of life. Now take whatever calculation you wish from that list, including Johnson's own, and no matter how small that probability is, subtract it from 1, and what do you get? So on the one hand ID supporters want to be able to use probabilistic arguments against the "natural" origin of life, and on the other they want to argue that because a non-zero probability has not been proven one cannot say it's possible? To me that seems two-faced and illogical. As Ilion points out, you're better of giving them nothing.Mung_{May 13, 2011
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Mung, I think you have a fair point. Let me see if I can articulate it this way . . . I've seen the non-zero argument before, and although I don't think it is the strongest logical argument it does have some merit in the following practical sense: As far as we know, life only arises from other life, and, indeed, it has never been seen in all of our observations to come from non-life. As a result, we have no reason to take seriously any theory that contradicts that observed law until someone can show at least a reasonable basis for doing so. I think that is what people are driving at with the non-zero argument, and as far as it goes, it is a good starting point for considering how seriously to take any abiogenesis theory. However, and here I tend to agree with you, the only way someone can provide a reasonable basis for determining whether that law always holds is to delve into the details and provide some kind of probability analysis. Although not intellectually very satisfying, one could at least logically argue that although life doesn't generally arise from non-life, perhaps it could have as a rare occurrence and under different conditions than currently exist. If that is the argument being made (which it generally is), then I'm not sure the non-zero argument is applicable, so ultimately we have to get into real probability calculations to see whether or not the proposal is reasonable. Thus, I agree with you that an axiomatic statment about non-zero proof does not itself constitute a refuation of abiogenesis, and probably needs to be rephrased. Stated more generically, however, it has some practical merit as a starting point in evaluating a theory: how seriously should we take a theory that has never been demonstrated through all of history and which appears to contradict known biogenic principles? Yes, it could be that there is an exception to the biogenic law (in which case the non-zero argument would not be relevant), but it would be a very extraordinary circumstance and would require equally extraordinary evidence.Eric Anderson_{May 13, 2011
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It is important to remember that as far as science knows, the law of biogenesis, (biological) life (as we know it) only arises from (biological) life (as we know it), is valid.
If this is not true and cannot operate as a valid premise then his argument is meaningless. Humans have never generated artifical life either. Does that mean the probabliltiy question is irrelevant, for there is already life? His argument is that you cannot state that some event is possible unless you have first proven that the event has a non-zero probability. He claims that in order to assign a non-zero probabilty one has to demonstrate that it has happened before. That's just absurd and seems very circular. Not only that, but even if it can be argued that God is "alive" like biological life is "alive" God is still excluded by his own reasoning unless God is a "biological kind of life." The law of biogenesis, and all that. If I were to tell you that I was looking at a glass of water and I saw suddenly how ice formed in one part of the glass while in the other part the water became very hot, would you believe me? Why not? Is it impossible? Would you argue that as far as we know things like that never happen therefore we cannot assign a non-zero probability? "...since non-zero probability has never been proved." Things happen all the time without a prior proof that they had a non-zero probability prior to their occurrence.Mung_{May 13, 2011
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... to continue the thought, the probability for the origin of life (biology) *is* 0. But, if there if already at least one living entity (whether biological or non-biological), then that probability question is irrelevant, for there is already life. The question then is, 'Can there be new life?'Ilion_{May 13, 2011
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Mung: "Why doesn’t he just say that no probabilities can be assigned to the origin of life?" When one is asserting that 'life' (biology) "arises" accidentally from 'non-life', one is asserting that biology came from nowhere -- one is asserting that *something* can come from no-thing. When one is asserting that 'life' (biology) is created intentionally by an 'Intelligence', one is asserting that biology came from somehere -- one is asserting that the something in question came from a pre-existing something.Ilion_{May 13, 2011
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Eric Anderson-- Precisely! One does not, after all, calculate the odds of dealing himself a royal flush at the core of the sun. The odds for that are zero, for obvious reasons. All of the factors you cite lower the already astronomically low odds for the chance formation of integrated biological nanomachinery to something indistinguishable for zero.Matteo_{May 13, 2011
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bornagain77, thanks for the references. Lots of useful material in there I'll have to spend some time on. We need to keep in mind that the basic probability calculations for forming a functional protein, or the simplest self-replicating cell relate primarily to the odds of the particular protein/cell forming under ideal conditions. (I know some of the cites bornagain77 listed try to take into account those ideal conditions, but bear with me for a moment.) In other words, if I am calculating the odds of a particular protein forming I would typically look at the number of different amino acids (20) and the number of places needed for the particular protein (say, for example, 300 positions). That results in an incredibly unlikely scenario for the protein's formation. *However,* it also assumes that all the amino acids are available at the same time; that all are available at the same place; that all happen to be homochiral; that there is the right amount of energy available to catalyze the reaction but not so much as to disrupt the nascent formation; that there are no interfering cross-reactions; that the amino acid chain, once formed, somehow happens to fold into the correct functional shape, etc. Since it is generally difficult, if not impossible, to calculate the odds of all the *conditions* existing in the same time and place, it is often easiest to just assume them and then calculate the odds of the polymer forming (meaning, right parts and right sequence). The odds of it happening are so unlikely as to make any rational individual question the naturalistic scenario, but we mustn't forget to mention that we are assuming a whole host of additional conditions that make the scenario so much more unlikely.Eric Anderson_{May 13, 2011
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“It’s possible that life originated from non-life by … ” is misstated from a probability point of view since non-zero probability has never been proved. (p. 38)
"It's possible that life originated from intelligent design" is misstated from a probability point of view, since non-zero probability has never been proved. Why doesn't he just say that no probabilities can be assigned to the origin of life?
Dr. Don Johnson lays out some of the probabilities for life in this following video:
Oh. I guess that would put a huge dent in his argument. Help me out here. If it's not possible, how can it be probable, or even improbable.Mung_{May 13, 2011
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As Dr Johnson states in the book before you talk about probabilities you have to first determine feasibility. And there isn't any evidence of feasibility for blind, undirected chemical processes producing a living organism from non-living matter and energy.Joseph_{May 13, 2011
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a few notes on probability; Dr. Don Johnson lays out some of the probabilities for life in this following video: Probabilities Of Life - Don Johnson PhD. - 38 minute mark of video a typical functional protein - 1 part in 10^175 the required enzymes for life - 1 part in 10^40,000 a living self replicating cell - 1 part in 10^340,000,000 http://www.vimeo.com/11706014 Stephen Meyer - Proteins by Design - Doing The Math - video http://www.metacafe.com/watch/6332250/ Signature in the Cell - Book Review - Ken Peterson Excerpt: If we assume some minimally complex cell requires 250 different proteins then the probability of this arrangement happening purely by chance is one in 10 to the 164th multiplied by itself 250 times or one in 10 to the 41,000th power. http://www.spectrummagazine.org/reviews/book_reviews/2009/10/06/signature_cell In fact years ago Fred Hoyle arrived at approximately the same number, one chance in 10^40,000, for life spontaneously arising. From this number, Fred Hoyle compared the random emergence of the simplest bacterium on earth to the likelihood “a tornado sweeping through a junkyard might assemble a Boeing 747 therein”. Fred Hoyle also compared the chance of obtaining just one single functioning protein molecule, by chance combination of amino acids, to a solar system packed full of blind men solving Rubik’s Cube simultaneously. Professor Harold Morowitz shows the Origin of Life 'problem' escalates dramatically over the 1 in 10^40,000 figure when working from a thermodynamic perspective,: "The probability for the chance of formation of the smallest, simplest form of living organism known is 1 in 10^340,000,000. This number is 10 to the 340 millionth power! The size of this figure is truly staggering since there is only supposed to be approximately 10^80 (10 to the 80th power) electrons in the whole universe!" (Professor Harold Morowitz, Energy Flow In Biology pg. 99, Biophysicist of George Mason University) Dr. Morowitz did another probability calculation working from the thermodynamic perspective with a already existing cell and came up with this number: DID LIFE START BY CHANCE? Excerpt: Molecular biophysicist, Horold Morowitz (Yale University), calculated the odds of life beginning under natural conditions (spontaneous generation). He calculated, if one were to take the simplest living cell and break every chemical bond within it, the odds that the cell would reassemble under ideal natural conditions (the best possible chemical environment) would be one chance in 10^100,000,000,000. You will have probably have trouble imagining a number so large, so Hugh Ross provides us with the following example. If all the matter in the Universe was converted into building blocks of life, and if assembly of these building blocks were attempted once a microsecond for the entire age of the universe. Then instead of the odds being 1 in 10^100,000,000,000, they would be 1 in 10^99,999,999,916 (also of note: 1 with 100 billion zeros following would fill approx. 20,000 encyclopedias) http://members.tripod.com/~Black_J/chance.html Nothing In Molecular Biology Is Gradual - Doug Axe PhD. - video http://www.metacafe.com/watch/5347797/ "Charles Darwin said (paraphrase), 'If anyone could find anything that could not be had through a number of slight, successive, modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.' Well that condition has been met time and time again. Basically every gene, every protein fold. There is nothing of significance that we can show that can be had in a gradualist way. It's a mirage. None of it happens that way. - Doug Axe PhD. “The statistical probability that organic structures and the most precisely harmonized reactions that typify living organisms would be generated by accident, is zero.” Ilya Prigogine, Gregoire Nicolis, and Agnes Babloyantz, Physics Today 25, pp. 23-28. The Universal Plausibility Metric (UPM) & Principle (UPP) - Abel - Dec. 2009 Excerpt: Mere possibility is not an adequate basis for asserting scientific plausibility. A precisely defined universal bound is needed beyond which the assertion of plausibility, particularly in life-origin models, can be considered operationally falsified. But can something so seemingly relative and subjective as plausibility ever be quantified? Amazingly, the answer is, "Yes.",,, c?u = Universe = 10^13 reactions/sec X 10^17 secs X 10^78 atoms = 10^108 c?g = Galaxy = 10^13 X 10^17 X 10^66 atoms = 10^96 c?s = Solar System = 10^13 X 10^17 X 10^55 atoms = 10^85 c?e = Earth = 10^13 X 10^17 X 10^40 atoms = 10^70 http://www.tbiomed.com/content/6/1/27 The Theist holds the Intellectual High-Ground - March 2011 Excerpt: To get a range on the enormous challenges involved in bridging the gaping chasm between non-life and life, consider the following: “The difference between a mixture of simple chemicals and a bacterium, is much more profound than the gulf between a bacterium and an elephant.” (Dr. Robert Shapiro, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, NYU) http://www.faithfulnews.com/contents/view_content2/49631/rabbi-moshe-averick-the-theist-holds-the-intellectual-high-ground-apologetics-christian-apologetics-defending-gospel Abiogenic Origin of Life: A Theory in Crisis - Arthur V. Chadwick, Ph.D. Excerpt: The synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids from small molecule precursors represents one of the most difficult challenges to the model of prebiological evolution. There are many different problems confronted by any proposal. Polymerization is a reaction in which water is a product. Thus it will only be favored in the absence of water. The presence of precursors in an ocean of water favors depolymerization of any molecules that might be formed. Careful experiments done in an aqueous solution with very high concentrations of amino acids demonstrate the impossibility of significant polymerization in this environment. A thermodynamic analysis of a mixture of protein and amino acids in an ocean containing a 1 molar solution of each amino acid (100,000,000 times higher concentration than we inferred to be present in the prebiological ocean) indicates the concentration of a protein containing just 100 peptide bonds (101 amino acids) at equilibrium would be 10^-338 molar. Just to make this number meaningful, our universe may have a volume somewhere in the neighborhood of 10^85 liters. At 10^-338 molar, we would need an ocean with a volume equal to 10^229 universes (100, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000) just to find a single molecule of any protein with 100 peptide bonds. So we must look elsewhere for a mechanism to produce polymers. It will not happen in the ocean. http://origins.swau.edu/papers/life/chadwick/default.html Moreover changing one functional protein to another functional protein is also found to be extremely constrained: When Theory and Experiment Collide — April 16th, 2011 by Douglas Axe Excerpt: Based on our experimental observations and on calculations we made using a published population model [3], we estimated that Darwin’s mechanism would need a truly staggering amount of time—a trillion trillion years or more—to accomplish the seemingly subtle change in enzyme function that we studied. http://biologicinstitute.org/2011/04/16/when-theory-and-experiment-collide/bornagain77_{May 13, 2011
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