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The bionic antinomy of Darwinism

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Do you remember when I said “when a thing is untrue, if we say it is true we get contradictions” (The Darwinism contradiction of repair systems)? Here I will deal with another contradiction of Darwinism: that we could name its “bionic antinomy”.

According to Wikipedia “Bionics (also known as biomimetics, bio-inspiration, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical creativity engineering) is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.” In fact, whether we analyze the history of technology, we find how often technical innovations and systems take inspiration from natural models. For some of the more recent examples of biomimetics see The 15 Coolest Cases of Biomimicry. This article synthetically defines bionics as “biologically inspired engineering”.

Bionics divides in sub-fields. For example, robotics, cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence try even to simulate the human body and mind. By the way these research fields are far from having achieved their long-term goal: to construct an artificial intelligent living being. These sub-fields of bionics, despite they are at the forefront of the technological advance, are those where the qualitative differences between artificial and natural systems are maximum. Matters of principle do exist that scientists never will succeed in such task of artificial creation of a true intelligent living being. Yes they will succeed to construct a robot simulating a human, but this robot will be neither really intelligent nor living. And less than less it will be a real “being” either. But this is another story…

The story herein is the strange phenomenon that happens when bionic and biological systems are put on the same table and compared. When a system “biologically inspired” to a certain biological system is considered in technology the terminology applied to it is engineering jargon (what else). When that biological system itself is considered in biology the terminology applied is purely Darwinian. For example, before the sonar of a submarine they say it is sophisticated engineering; before the sonar of a bat they say it is natural selection. This odd double standard always struck me.

What makes this double standard even more absurd is that, as noted above about robotics, the natural systems usually are more optimized and efficient than the equivalent artificial ones. For example, the bats have an echometer emitting 100 kHz supersonic pulses at a frequency of 30 times per second. These waves are reflected and distorted by the surrounding objects and their echoes are intercepted and elaborated by the bat to catch its prey and also just to get around. The signal processing of these echoes is so accurate to allow bats to fly, twisting, looping and zig-zagging through the air, into a completely dark room intersected by tens pianoforte strings without grazing them. The bat’s echometer has more accuracy, more efficiency, less power consumption and less size than any artificial sonar constructed by engineers. What … technological jewel! And many other wonderful examples could be considered in nature.

Let’s try to formalize somehow as a very logic antinomy the double standard situation described above.

(1) Intelligence is what creates and optimizes artificial systems by inserting complex specified information into them. Intelligence is the unique source of CSI.
(2) Bionic systems are fully created by intelligence. Say B the CSI of a bionic system, B > 0.
(3) A bionic system is less efficient than the similar natural system (say N its CSI). Then B < N.
(4) Natural systems are not created by intelligence, then N = 0. This is the fundamental axiom of Darwinian evolution: natural systems seem to be designed by intelligence but it is an illusion only.
(5) From #3 (B < N) and #4 (N = 0) we have B < 0.
(6) From #2 and #5 we have in the same time B > 0 and B < 0, i.e. an absurdum.

The above reasoning logically proves that the evolutionist double standard is a very antinomy. In all logic antinomies there is at least a premise that is untrue. I am sure the UD readers will have no difficulty to discover that the false premise is #4, indeed the Darwinian main hypothesis (all species arose by unintelligent natural processes).
There is a teaching for evolutionists here (as in all other contradictions of Darwinism), simply they cannot have it both ways: biological systems undesigned and their artificial clones designed. Since they cannot deny design in artificial clones, they should resign themselves to consider as designed their biological archetypes too.

Comments
Mr Zachriel, Since it seems that we don't even know where on the globe bats originated, we also can't trace their path to points as far apart as Australia and North America (and they were far apart in the early Eocene, just like today). Still, to have the full package of flight, insectivory, and echolocation that early, that far away from any probable origin says to me that "nocturnal flying insectivore" was a wide open niche, and some little tree shrew hit the lottery when they started jumping from tree to tree!Nakashima
November 19, 2009
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Nakashima: What this new (to me) research says to me is that its wrong to try to draw a straight line between all Eocene fossil bats and modern bats.
That's an essential point. Individual transitions tell us little unless seen within the context of the entire pattern of descent.Zachriel
November 19, 2009
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Mr BA^77, Sorry, our messages have crossed paths. Thank you for doing the digging to find more resources for our discussion. I was originally suspicious that you had once again overstated the evidence, especially when I read how fragmentary that evidence was. But seeing that it included the ear bones was important. I accept the description of this Australian bat as currently the world's oldest at 54.5 mya and capable of echolocation. So, we are, I agree, at an impasse on fossil bats for the time being. Looking through the references that I followed from your links, I saw one estimate that 88% of extinct bat species have not left a fossil record of themselves. What this new (to me) research says to me is that its wrong to try to draw a straight line between all Eocene fossil bats and modern bats. If we want to use fossils to talk about trends in functional complexity, it will have to be in relation to more specific lineages. So, absent better data than we have now (and thanks again for trying hard to find more) I won't use a broad brush "fossil bats to modern bats" example any more of increased functional complexity.Nakashima
November 19, 2009
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bornagain77: A 54.6 million year old fully functional bat.
Do you understand the distinction biologists make between an intermediate species and a transitional species? Species are constantly radiating, so the best fossils we can hope to find are species close to the actual transition. When they exhibit a panoply of primitive traits, they reveal details of the common ancestor.Zachriel
November 19, 2009
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In other words Zach, we are debating the origination of echolocation, I have cited evidence for 54.6 million,,, you want to establish something for a "primitive" bat earlier??? Google magic my friend!!! Just because you "believe" a transition occurred does not matter one bit to me!bornagain77
November 19, 2009
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Zach: https://uncommondescent.com/biology/the-bionic-antinomy-of-darwinism/#comment-340412bornagain77
November 19, 2009
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Joseph: You make a claim you have to find some way of scientifically supporting it.
If you don't start with the Theory of Common Descent, then none of the rest of the evidence will make much sense. You would be "blind as a bat" (not that bats are blind).
bornagain77: Nak since you want to base your assumption of increased functional complexity on Bat Fossils, instead of presenting direct evidence as I have repeatedly requested
There is a distinction between a transitional and an intermediate species. Again, we have to establish Common Descent before you can understand why mammalogists consider this critical evidence.
bornagain77: Icaronycteris
Icaronycteris is considered to have primitive, but functional laryngeal echolocation. Simmons & Geisler, Phylogenetic Relationships of Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Hassianycteris, and Palaeochiropteryx to Extant Bat Lineages, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1998. You might find this paper relevant, as well. Springer et al., Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation, PNAS 2001.Zachriel
November 19, 2009
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Zachriel:
It isn’t possible to map the entire set of genetic change for a developing embryo, much less a 50 million year old evolutionary transition.
That isn't my problem. You make a claim you have to find some way of scientifically supporting it. Are you familiar with scientific methodology?Joseph
November 19, 2009
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Zachriel:
But there is a relationship between evolution and development,
What "evolution" are you referring to?
for instance, the elongation of the digits of the forelimbs.
No one knows what determines form. IOW we know that genes influence development but they do not determine it. Can accumulating genetic accidents even account for BMP 2? What would the hypothesis look like? For that matter any regulatory sequences- just how does accumulating genetic accidents account for them?Joseph
November 19, 2009
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But Nak,,, Why do you blatantly ignore the sample I just cited which predates your fossil by at least 2.5 million years and my "modern" example by 2 million years? The article clearly states full echolocation at 54.6 million years ago,, which is the main point being debated anyway is it not? Do you want to refute this evidence? Well then find another earlier fossil that is missing echolocation,,, but as to the main point being contested you have now clearly been refuted in your grand claim of gradualism! But this is all really pointless anyway as I have pointed out repeatedly, Thus once again I ask you for proof of increased functional complexity at the molecular level of bacteria that have passed the "fitness test"!bornagain77
November 19, 2009
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It isn't possible to map the entire set of genetic change for a developing embryo, much less a 50 million year old evolutionary transition. But there is a relationship between evolution and development, for instance, the elongation of the digits of the forelimbs. There's a family of proteins that modulate bone growth in embryos. In particular, it can be shown that increased levels of Bmp2 cause digits to grow longer. In bats, the levels of Bmp2 are higher in the forelimbs. Sears et al., Development of bat flight: Morphologic and molecular evolution of bat wing digits, PNAS 2006.Zachriel
November 19, 2009
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Mr BA^77, My reading comprehension problem is still acting up, perhaps you could point out to me exactly where on that Wiki page is the support for you contention that Icaronycteris had full echolocation? Now that you've repeated it after I asked previously I am certain you've confirmed your claim carefully. I would definitely appreciate any feedback you could give on the definition of evolution.Nakashima
November 19, 2009
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Nak since you want to base your assumption of increased functional complexity on Bat Fossils, instead of presenting direct evidence as I have repeatedly requested,, I dug a little deeper and found the oldest bat fossil on record,,, Do you want to know what I found Nak??? I bet you are excited like I was. Ta Da A 54.6 million year old fully functional bat. http://www.jstor.org/pss/4523576 Australonycteris clarkae Ear bones of Australonycteris show that it could navigate using echolocation. http://australianmuseum.net.au/Australonycteris-clarkae As well Nak I found out that there are some modern bats that do no use echolocation, just as your specimen. Bats - An Example of Sudden Origins in the Fossil Record Excerpt: However, there are some modern bats that do not echolocate, http://www.jesusbelievesinevolution.com/bat_fossils.htm Dang Nak,,, I feel kind of Bad for you... Nothing holds up for you!!! It seems you might just have to break down, give up your Nihilistic purposeless materialism, and believe in a Designer after all, A Being who as far as I can tell has more wonderful things in store for you than you can possibly imagine right now if you only accept Him! Nicole Nordeman - What If http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f658EuiDRAcbornagain77
November 19, 2009
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You know what be the most important find? Finding the DNA sequence(s) that are responsible for the alleged evolution of bats from non-flying, non-bat, mammals.Joseph
November 19, 2009
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bornagain77: Icaronycteris
The reason why Onychonycteris is considered an important find is because it has a number of features expected in the primitive condition; five claws, longer hind limbs and shorter forearms (more similar to climbing and hanging mammals), short broad wings, as well as lack of echolocation. At least mammalogists consider it important enough to put it on the cover of the journal Nature.Zachriel
November 19, 2009
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Nak, since you have not actually provided an example of a bat in the fossil record that is earlier than the 52.5 million year old specimen I cited with full echolocation, why are you claiming that you have in your post with Palaeochiropteryx Size: bat fossil is 44 by 52 mm http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Messel/messelbat/Palaeochiropteryx.htm which dates later than my example: 52.5 million year old fossil with full echolocation already present: Icaronycteris http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icaronycteris I find it hard to believe you feel no shame with such deceptive presentation of evidence. Of course, Genetic Entropy is perfectly OK with such deterioration. Nak you still have not provided on example of increased functional complexity, so as in order to make your claims in the first place. Also of note Nak, just in a gentle perusal of your definition of evolution to Mr. Mung I noted several unsubstantiated assumptions you have built into your model which will give you a completely false reading as to what will actually happen in reality,,, you have "built" evolution into your model!bornagain77
November 19, 2009
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Mr Mung, Thank you for agreeing to work with JavaScript. Here's the process I was hoping you would find acceptable. First, let me restate the definition of evolution I gave earlier. Evolution, defined as a change in allele frequencies over time in a population with variable and heritable traits, subject to scarce resources where the traits influence survival Do you agree with this definition, or would you like to see it changed in some way? If we can agree to a working definition of evolution such as this, which I think is very close to textbook definitions, then I would propose unpacking various part of it and examine how to implement code that maps back to this definition. I'd prefer to do this rather than just dumping a big piece of code into a message and asking readers to accept that it maps to the agreed definition. What say you? Oh, and perhaps Atom could be persuaded to open a thread to support this discussion. My understanding is that comments close automatically after a while, and this will be a bit of thread hijacking away from Mr Niwrad's OP, which is still getting active discussion.Nakashima
November 19, 2009
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niwrad: (The bionic antinomy of Darwinism
Doesn't it jar you a bit that generations of biologists have overlooked such a simplistic argument?
niwrad: (1) Intelligence is what creates and optimizes artificial systems by inserting complex specified information into them. Intelligence is the unique source of CSI.
You are stating that intelligence is the unique source of this property "CSI." Presumably, you mean conscious intelligence (artifice).
niwrad: (3) A bionic system is less efficient than the similar natural system (say N its CSI). Then B < N.
That doesn't follow, unless "CSI" is equivalent to efficiency. Certainly a mechanism can be complex and specified without being efficient (Goldberg 1931).
niwrad: Natural systems are not created by intelligence, then N = 0.
But if CSI is equivalent to efficiency, then N 0.Zachriel
November 19, 2009
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faded_Glory #141 CSI and efficiency are somehow correlated. Efficiency depends on organization and organization depends on CSI (as Norbert Wiener said: "The amount of information in a system is a measure of its organization degree"). The efficiency of two systems can be experimentally compared by mean of tests on their functionalities. In the case of my example (bat’s echometer vs. artificial sonar) the dark-room-intersected-by-tens-pianoforte-strings is a good test for a flying system with a sonar. I think it is not even imaginable that actually an artificial system passes such test, which bats pass without problems. Anyway, as I said in my previous comment, also if I concede in point #3 equal efficiency the antinomy remains. I don’t see in the antinomy the circularity you say. In point #1 I simply re-state what ID theorists state, which I trust. In point #4 I simply express what Darwinists claim, which I do not trust (and in fact it is the cause of the antinomy).niwrad
November 19, 2009
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fG, for what it is worth: As far as I can tell, we may only arrive at a very rough measure of CSI in a biological system by ascertaining the rarity of proteins in sequence space and then computing the functional information within them. Mathematically Defining Functional Information In Molecular Biology - Kirk Durston - short video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUeCgTN7pOo Entire video: http://www.seraphmedia.org.uk/ID.xml The problem for getting a rough measure of CSI in larger systems, of multiple interlocking parts, such as echolocation of bats, is that we don't actually know where the information is stored at that is directing the construction of the overall body plans??? No one knows! This is a very mysterious enigma to put it mildly: i.e. How do you put a measuring stick to information that no seems able to find? This inability of body plans to be reduced directly to the DNA code is clearly shown by Cortical Inheritance. Cortical Inheritance: The Crushing Critique Against Genetic Reductionism - Arthur Jones - video Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JzQ8ingdNY Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1bAX93zQ5o This inability for the DNA code to account for body plans is also clearly shown by extensive mutation studies to the DNA of different organisms which show "exceedingly rare" major morphological effects from mutations to the DNA code. Darwin's Theory - Fruit Flies and Morphology - video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZJTIwRY0bs If that wasn't enough, the Human Genome Project really put the last nail in the coffin for "Genetic Reductionism": DNA: The Alphabet of Life - David Klinghoffer Excerpt: But all this is trivial compared to the largely unheralded insight gained from the Human Genome Project, completed in 2003. The insight is disturbing. It is that while DNA codes for the cell's building blocks, the information needed to build the rest of the creature is seemingly, in large measure, absent. ,,,The physically encoded information to form that mouse, as opposed to that fly, isn't there. Instead, "It is as if the 'idea' of the fly (or any other organism) must somehow permeate the genome that gives rise to it." http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/07/dna_the_alphabet_of_life.html Higher Levels Of Information In Life - Stephen Meyer - video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HavmzWVt8IU Thus fG materialists are left without a visible mechanism to explain the evolution Body Plans (echolocation systems) in the first place, whereas it also seems IDists will never get a rough measure of CSI/functional information for higher organisms: of note: more functional algorithmic information is in proteins than is commonly acknowledged since proteins have been shown to do very interesting "calculations" for process control.,i.e. highly advanced algorithmic information must reside in the amino acids themselves for proteins to be able to "calculate" answers as they do. etc..etc..bornagain77
November 19, 2009
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To the OP: Is CSI a measure of efficiency (3)? How does one measure efficiency? How does one measure CSI? Are these measurements the same? This is crucial, because if they are not, your point (3) is invalid and your entire reasoning is void. Of course there is an even more fundamental circularity here - first, CSI is defined as the result of ID, next it is unsurprisingly concluded that anything that contains CSI must be designed, and that the CSI of undesigned systems is zero. The funny thing is that this would work regardless of what CSI actually is, and how and even if it can be measured. All that is required is to claim 'this contains CSI' to infer design. The pesky problem of measuring and therefore demonstrating this CSI never seems to get addressed. How much CSI does the echolocation system contain? Shouldn't we establish that first, before we conclude anything at all? fGfaded_Glory
November 19, 2009
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Nakashima #4
Several of your points are open to dispute. The most fundamental is 1 – the definition of CSI as resulting only from intelligence. Point 3 is true or not on a case by case basis. If point 1 is not agreed, neither will point 4 be agreed. The Darwinist has hardly been argued into a corner.
#1 is what intelligent design theory states. You didn’t provide examples where #3 is false. However also if I set in #3 identical efficiency B=N the antinomy remains because in #6 we have B>0 and B=0. So where are the "several points open to dispute"?niwrad
November 19, 2009
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Nak, if you don't mind, there is that little matter of increased functional complexity that you need to address!bornagain77
November 18, 2009
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Nak you have no evidence, you have ignored staggering levels of complexity in cells that far surpass mans ability, you say quotes from THE leading paleontologists in the world don't even matter in regards to fossils, you ignore the EXTREME stasis in the fossil record and then try to say I'm the one who is gullible?!? Nak the only way it is possible for me to even be considered gullible by you, considering the actual state of the evidence that you have blatantly ignored, is for you to be absolutely insane.bornagain77
November 18, 2009
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Mr BA^77, Yes fossils, as evidence of an increase in functional complexity. The quotes you proveide don't impact that issue. But I have to admit that I'm unclear on why you would look down on fossils now, when you were trumpeting a fossil back in message 114. A little over 24 hours ago. Remember? At the moment you wrote message 114, didn't you already have these quotes on file? I don't understand how you can hold two contradictory opinions at the same time, unless they both mean nothing to you and this is all a big game to you. Do you think I belittle you by getting you to believe in brine shrimp discovered by satellite mind control lasers? Sir, it is hard to belittle you.Nakashima
November 18, 2009
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You know Nak I just don't ever see you, violating the fitness test? You remember the one test you are loathe to even consider? Here's why! the oldest bacterium fossils, found on earth demonstrate an extreme conservation of morphology which, very contrary to evolutionary thought, simply means they look very similar to bacteria of today. AMBER: THE LOOKING GLASS INTO THE PAST: Excerpt: These (fossilized bacteria) cells are actually very similar to present day cyanobacteria. This is not only true for an isolated case but many living genera of cyanobacteria can be linked to fossil cyanobacteria. The detail noted in the fossils of this group gives indication of extreme conservation of morphology, more extreme than in other organisms. http://bcb705.blogspot.com/2007/03/amber-looking-glass-into-past_23.html Bacteria: Fossil Record - Ancient Compared to Modern - Picture http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteriafr.html Though it is impossible to reconstruct the DNA of these earliest bacteria fossils, scientists find in the fossil record, and compare them to their descendants of today, there are many ancient bacteria spores recovered and "revived" from salt crystals and amber crystals which have been compared to their living descendants of today. Some bacterium spores, in salt crystals, dating back as far as 250 million years have been revived, had their DNA sequenced, and compared to their offspring of today (Vreeland RH, 2000 Nature). To the disbelieving shock of many scientists, both ancient and modern bacteria were found to have the almost same exact DNA sequence. The Paradox of the "Ancient" Bacterium Which Contains "Modern" Protein-Coding Genes: “Almost without exception, bacteria isolated from ancient material have proven to closely resemble modern bacteria at both morphological and molecular levels.” Heather Maughan*, C. William Birky Jr., Wayne L. Nicholson, William D. Rosenzweig§ and Russell H. Vreeland ; http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/9/1637 and this: Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber Dr. Cano and his former graduate student Dr. Monica K. Borucki said that they had found slight but significant differences between the DNA of the ancient, 25-40 million year old amber-sealed Bacillus sphaericus and that of its modern counterpart, (thus ruling out that it is a modern contaminant, yet at the same time confounding materialists, since the change is not nearly as great as evolution's "genetic drift" theory requires.) http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/268/5213/1060 30-Million-Year Sleep: Germ Is Declared Alive http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEFD61439F93AA25756C0A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 In reply to a personal e-mail from myself, Dr. Cano commented on the "Fitness Test" I had asked him about: Dr. Cano stated: "We performed such a test, a long time ago, using a panel of substrates (the old gram positive biolog panel) on B. sphaericus. From the results we surmised that the putative "ancient" B. sphaericus isolate was capable of utilizing a broader scope of substrates. Additionally, we looked at the fatty acid profile and here, again, the profiles were similar but more diverse in the amber isolate.": Fitness test which compared the 30 million year old ancient bacteria to its modern day descendants, RJ Cano and MK Borucki Thus, the most solid evidence available for the most ancient DNA scientists are able to find does not support evolution happening on the molecular level of bacteria. In fact, according to the fitness test of Dr. Cano, the change witnessed in bacteria conforms to the exact opposite, Genetic Entropy; a loss of functional information/complexity, since fewer substrates and fatty acids are utilized by the modern strains. Considering the intricate level of protein machinery it takes to utilize individual molecules within a substrate, we are talking an impressive loss of protein complexity, and thus loss of functional information, from the ancient amber sealed bacteria. Is Antibiotic Resistance evidence for evolution? - "Fitness Test" - video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BwWpRSYgOE According to prevailing evolutionary dogma, there "HAS" to be “significant genetic/mutational drift” to the DNA of bacteria within 250 million years, even though the morphology (shape) of the bacteria can be expected to remain the same. In spite of their preconceived materialistic bias, scientists find there is no significant genetic drift from the ancient DNA. I find it interesting that the materialistic theory of evolution expects there to be a significant amount of mutational drift from the DNA of ancient bacteria to its modern descendants, while the morphology can be allowed to remain exactly the same with its descendants. Alas for the materialist once again, the hard evidence of ancient DNA has fell in line with the anthropic hypothesis. etc...etc..etc.. But Nak,,,why do you ignore this evidence? Will you mock God again by calling Him a flying spaghetti monster, have you completely lost your marbles? For the sake of your eternal soul I hope He is VERY forgiving of such insult!bornagain77
November 18, 2009
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Hmm Nak,,,You hang your hat on fossils? "The point emerges that if we examine the fossil record in detail, whether at the level of orders or of species, we find' over and over again' not gradual evolution, but the sudden explosion of one group at the expense of another." Paleontologist, Derek V. Ager "A major problem in proving the theory has been the fossil record; the imprints of vanished species preserved in the Earth's geological formations. This record has never revealed traces of Darwin's hypothetical intermediate variants - instead species appear and disappear abruptly, and this anomaly has fueled the creationist argument that each species was created by God." Paleontologist, Mark Czarnecki "There is no need to apologize any longer for the poverty of the fossil record. In some ways, it has become almost unmanageably rich and discovery is outpacing integration. The fossil record nevertheless continues to be composed mainly of gaps." Professor of paleontology - Glasgow University, T. Neville George "The long-term stasis, following a geologically abrupt origin, of most fossil morphospecies, has always been recognized by professional paleontologists" – Stephen Jay Gould - Harvardbornagain77
November 18, 2009
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Mr BA^77, in re evidence, please see 126. Thank you.Nakashima
November 18, 2009
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Seversky this paper came to mind: "... no operation performed by a computer can create new information." -- Douglas G. Robertson, "Algorithmic Information Theory, Free Will and the Turing Test," Complexity, Vol.3, #3 Jan/Feb 1999, pp. 25-34. http://www.evolutionaryinformatics.org/bornagain77
November 18, 2009
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tragic mishap @ 89
Not sure if Seversky is still paying attention but this actually interests me somewhat. How would we know if we have succeeded in creating AI that is equivalent to humans? What sort of tests would we run or what criteria would we use to judge that?
As you say, this is a very interesting question. The usual answer appeals to the Turing Test, described in the Wikipedia entry as follows:
The Turing test is a proposal for a test of a machine's ability to demonstrate intelligence. It proceeds as follows: a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human. All participants are placed in isolated locations. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test.
The problem with asking if AI could be equivalent to human intelligence is that, if we cannot define and describe human intelligence with any degree of precision, what exactly are we asking AI to be equivalent to? I suspect that most people have no difficulty in envisaging an AI that can mimic the rational part of human intelligence. What is much harder is whether a sufficiently complex AI could develop - or at least mimic convincingly - properties like consciousness or self-awareness, As an aside, I was watching recently a TV documentary about the Japanese robot ASIMO. The way it walks or runs around and apparently interacts with its environment is very impressive. Perhaps I have been watching too much science-fiction but what surprised me was how easily I began to imagine it was functioning like Star Wars C3P0, that it was demonstrating a degree of intelligence and self-awareness far more sophisticated than is actually the case. Another philosophical issue is that if AI can be developed to the point at which, for all practical purposes, it is indistinguishable from human intelligence, does that not suggest that human beings are no more than extremely complex biological machines? This, in turn, highlights an interesting paradox for creationists and ID proponents. At the microscopic level, they are quick to seize on the analogy of the cell as a complex biochemical machine as evidence of design. At the level of the brain, however, I suspect they would find any suggestion that it was nothing more than a highly-sophisticated biological computer to be anathema. Trying to solve the enigma of the human mind by resorting to Cartesian dualism or 'ghost in the machine' concepts does not help, either. If we argue that an observer/operator 'ghost' is needed to account for the mind then surely the same is true of the 'ghost'. Do we not need to invoke the concept of another 'ghost' inside the first 'ghost' to account for the first 'ghost''s properties? If so, that points us towards an infinitely-regressive chain of 'ghosts' one inside the other like a Russian nesting doll or matryoshka. That is as unsatisfactory as an infinite Universe or an infinite God.Seversky
November 18, 2009
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