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Casey Luskin at Hillfaith: Using the Positive Case for Intelligent Design to Answer Common Objections

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Part of a series:

An article from the theistic evolutionist BioLogos Foundation argues that “pragmatically” the argument for design “is in fact an argument from ignorance” because “it seems like you need to test for (lack of) natural explanations to discover irreducible or specified complexity.”5

These accusations bear little resemblance to the actual theory of intelligent design, as put forth by ID proponents. Indeed, if the positive case for ID shows anything, it’s that this objection is incorrect.

ID’s positive arguments are based precisely upon what we have learned from studies of nature about the origin of certain types of information, such as CSI-rich structures. In our experience, high CSI or irreducible complexity derives from a mind.

If we did not have these observations, we could not infer ID. We can then go out into nature and empirically test for high CSI or irreducible complexity, and when we find these types of information, we can justifiably infer that an intelligent agent was at work.

Thus, ID is not based upon what we don’t know — an argument from ignorance or gaps in our knowledge — but rather, is based upon what we do know about the origin of information-rich structures, as testified to by the observed information-generative powers of intelligent agents.

Casey Luskin, “Using the Positive Case for Intelligent Design to Answer Common Objections” at Hillfaith (May 17, 2022)

Casey Luskin links to the whole series at this page.

You may also wish to read: Casey Luskin: ID as fruitful approach to science The trouble is, many people would just as soon that research into evolutionary computation anatomy and physiology, and bioinformatics, however fruitful, not be done if it undermines a comfortable Darwinism.

Comments
Earth to JVL- Science mandates that the claims being made have evidentiary support. They also have to be not only testable but tested and confirmed. You don't have that. There is a reason that there isn't any scientific theory of evolution. Because all you and yours have is a narrative. Nothing more.ET
May 19, 2022
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JVL:
ID points to a few phenomena and says: we don’t know how those could have happened naturally so there must have been a designer.
That is a lie.
And it completely disregards all the data and evidence which is growing that there did not need to be a designer.
That is also a lie. AGAIN, for the learning impaired: Evolution by means of blind and mindless processes is supposed to be all about the HOW. Yet they have NOTHING. ID is NOT about the HOW. Yet those cowards try to force ID into that. No one even asks about the who and how until AFTER intelligent design has been detected. The SCIENCE of ID is in the detection and study of intelligent design in nature. And given that the how is well above our capabilities, it is beyond desperate to ask ID, which isn't about the how in the first place, to say something about the how. Why is JVL being such an infant and why does he think his infantile responses amount to something? If we gave a smartphone to a native Amazon tribe, they couldn't tell us how it came to be. But they would know nature didn't do it.ET
May 19, 2022
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Relatd: Divine causality can be active in a process that is both contingent and guided. Any evolutionary mechanism that is contingent can only be contingent because God made it so How do you establish that scientifically, with evidence and data? I agree it's possible but just saying it could be doesn't make it true.JVL
May 19, 2022
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Asuaber: For instance, the above is something you already know is wrong. It’s not a few and we already know they couldn’t have happened naturally. How do you 'know' the could not have happened naturally? How can you 'prove' a negative? If you mean it's highly improbable they could have happened naturally then say that.JVL
May 19, 2022
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Whatever, JVL. I KNOW that you are full of it. You don't even know what science entails. The fish is an intelligent designer, JVL Perhaps you just stop posting. You clearly don't know what you are talking about. There is up to 10 million dollars for anyone demonstrating or discovering that nature can produce coded information processing systems. Have at it with your enormous knowledge of the concept.ET
May 19, 2022
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"... the case for unguided evolution is stronger and stronger." No, it's not. From Communion and Stewardship, part 69. 'In the Catholic perspective, neo-Darwinians who adduce random genetic variation and natural selection as evidence that the process of evolution is absolutely unguided are straying beyond what can be demonstrated by science. Divine causality can be active in a process that is both contingent and guided. Any evolutionary mechanism that is contingent can only be contingent because God made it so. An unguided evolutionary process – one that falls outside the bounds of divine providence – simply cannot exist because “the causality of God, Who is the first agent, extends to all being, not only as to constituent principles of species, but also as to the individualizing principles....It necessarily follows that all things, inasmuch as they participate in existence, must likewise be subject to divine providence” (Summa theologiae I, 22, 2). 'relatd
May 19, 2022
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"ID points to a few phenomena and says: we don’t know how those could have happened naturally so there must have been a designer." JVL, For instance, the above is something you already know is wrong. It's not a few and we already know they couldn't have happened naturally. Andrewasauber
May 19, 2022
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Asauber: You can’t make any such guarantee. You won’t engage in an honest conversation about design. If you mean: you refuse to agree with my conclusions then yes, I am guilty. But having an honest conversation is not the same as agreeing. Honest people can have a frank and open discussion and still disagree. I've been very clear and honest about my views and why I think they are true. If you want to have a discussion, a real discussion, then I'm good with that. But if you just want to slag me and my views off then you want something else.JVL
May 19, 2022
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ET: No one can say how to test the claim that nature can produce coded information processing systems. I say it has been tested. I say that there are multiple lines of evidence and data which agree with each other. I say that there is no other credible, documented, evidence-based cause for what we see and observe in the morphological, geographical, genomic and fossil evidence. Where is the designer? When were they about? What did they do exactly? You haven't even got a claim that anyone can grab a hold of and sink their teeth into. Again, unguided evolution has multiple lines of evidence all of which are congruent. It's all pointing the same way. AND, the evidence is growing. ID points to a few phenomena and says: we don't know how those could have happened naturally so there must have been a designer. And it completely disregards all the data and evidence which is growing that there did not need to be a designer. There's a kind of fish, I can't remember the species, which creates really intricate patterns in the sea bed to attract a mate. If you had come across one of those designs and hadn't seen the fish making it you might have said: they only kind of thing that I've seen do that before is an intelligent designer like a human. But, it turns out, it wasn't a human. You cannot just say: case closed based on our limited experience. You have to check and test and collect data. And after 150 of data and evidence collection the case for unguided evolution is stronger and stronger. And no one can yet say when the designer did whatever it is they did and how. Even ID proponent cannot agree on those things.JVL
May 19, 2022
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"then you will gain more supporters, Guaranteed." JVL, You can't make any such guarantee. You won't engage in an honest conversation about design. Andrewasauber
May 19, 2022
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Design started on day one. The Human Genome Project revealed the complexity involved. Blind, unguided chance is like taking a person, putting on a blindfold and allowing him to wander in the forest. How will he find food? Where can he rest? Where will he get water?relatd
May 19, 2022
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Kairosfocus: We both know that induction identifies and extends patterns, this is at the heart of science. It is inherently open-ended, a good counter example in principle can overturn any law of science. So, you have made up a convenient closed minded strawman and knocked it over. This is just not true at all. Unguided evolution was a very controversial notion when it was first proposed; a lot of scientists refused to accept it. Now it's widely accepted and is the common paradigm because more and more evidence, more and more data came to light which supported it. And multiple lines of data and evidence might I add. You do realise that Newton himself realised that some of his ideas were controversial and spent a lot of time doing a lot of work to support his views. And, when he first published them, he didn't initially revealed that he had, essentially, invented a new kind of mathematical manipulation to support his ideas. Many, many scientific ideas were initially controversial and unaccepted. And the proponents of those ideas had to work hard to establish their veracity. This has happened over and over and over again. ID wants to make one single argument and get everyone to agree with it. That just doesn't make sense. It reminds me of the ancient astronauts argument: we don't understand how these structures came about so it must have been ancient alien astronauts. Ignoring all the other evidence which said: no, actually, it's pretty clear these things were built by the local people at such and such a time. We even have some of their tools. We have some of their detritus. We even have some of their toilets. Multiple lines of evidence all in line with each other. The pyramids and Stonehenge still seem pretty amazing but there's no credible doubt that they were designed and constructed by human beings around at the time. To suggest otherwise means choosing to ignore all the data and evidence. When ID can start to be a bit more specific (when was design implemented, how was design implemented) and back those ideas up with multiple lines of data and evidence then you will gain more supporters, Guaranteed. When you go up against the long-standing and existing paradigm then you need more than just a sword to tear down the walls. You need cannons and siege engines and ballistas and anything else you can get ahold of. Go find those other lines of evidence and data. Do some work. Science is not just done on paper in someone's study. It's not just logic and interpretations. It's actual surveys and excavations and experiments and observations and tests.JVL
May 19, 2022
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No one can say how to test the claim that nature can produce coded information processing systems. And with 10 million dollars on the line you would think that your side would be all over that challenge.ET
May 19, 2022
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'And I say: there is plenty of evidence now to support the notion that unguided and natural processes are capable of creating life forms which some people think give the appearance of being intelligently designed. ' Unguided and natural processes. Assuming the first living thing somehow assembled itself, then what? It was the only form of life on Earth. What did it eat? How did it digest/convert its food to energy to stay alive? How did it reproduce? Where did the instructions come from?relatd
May 19, 2022
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JVL:
He looked at the arguments made and the evidence and made his decision.
Nonsense. The only evidence for evolution by means of blind and mindless processes are genetic diseases and deformities. Again, for the learning impaired: Science requires evidentiary support and a way to test the claim. You don’t have either.
This is simply not the case.
That is the case. You are simply gullible and naive.
If you look at all the data and evidence and do not jump to the assumption that there is/was an intelligent designer around at the time who left zero other evidence they were there then it’s all down to unguided, natural processes.
Thank you for continuing to prove that you are ignorant of science.
You are happy with the assumption that such a designer existed even though, aside from the contested ‘designed’ object’, there is no evidence of a designer.
It isn't contested. It is denied. And the deniers don't have anything to account for it. So they can be dismissed.
Look, we have lots of other evidence of there being humans around at the time with the necessary tools and abilities to have constructed Stonehenge.
You have serious issues. The only reason we "know" they were capable is because Stonehenge exists! And we don't know how they built it.
But I think they have shown, based on multiple threads of evidence, the unguided, natural processes are capable.
No one has ever done so.
We have a lot of evidence from the last 2000 years that human breeders, working with the natural variation that occurs can bring about wide varieties of morphological forms.
Begging the question. There isn't any naturalistic mechanism capable of producing metazoans. Given starting populations of prokaryotes there isn't a naturalistic mechanism capable of producing eukaryotes. Intelligent Design offers the ONLY scientific explanation for our existence. Without intelligent design all you have to try to explain our existence is sheer dumb luck. And that is the antithesis of science. Go ahead, quote-mine that and ignore the context. Evolutionary biologists don't even know what determines biological form! They can't even formulate a scientific theory of evolution. You are lying or you are just gullible.ET
May 19, 2022
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ET: With what? Did he use a jock strap? He definitely never presented any evidence. That wasn't his point. He looked at the arguments made and the evidence and made his decision. And, if you really cared, you could find his reasons. Again, for the learning impaired: Science requires evidentiary support and a way to test the claim. You don’t have either. This is simply not the case. If you look at all the data and evidence and do not jump to the assumption that there is/was an intelligent designer around at the time who left zero other evidence they were there then it's all down to unguided, natural processes. You are happy with the assumption that such a designer existed even though, aside from the contested 'designed' object', there is no evidence of a designer. You are a hypocrite and scientifically illiterate. Just saying an intelligent designer produced Stonehenge- case closed is an attitude that would stop research into the possibility that Stonehenge is a natural formation. Look, we have lots of other evidence of there being humans around at the time with the necessary tools and abilities to have constructed Stonehenge. Plus we've got lots and lots of other stone circles in the British Isles and in France which indicate it was a widespread and fairly common practice. You can still research if it's possible that Stonehenge was purely natural if you like, no one is stopping you. But no one is going to fund that because of the multiple threads of evidence. Then those people are scientifically illiterate also. If someone can just step up and demonstrate that blind and mindless processes can do it, then ID would be falsified! But no one can! So all you do is whine. But I think they have shown, based on multiple threads of evidence, the unguided, natural processes are capable. Especially considering no one can say when the designer did their work and how. You just don't have enough data and evidence to be plausible. You and yours have nothing. No cause and effect relationships to call upon. Again that is just not true. We have a lot of evidence from the last 2000 years that human breeders, working with the natural variation that occurs can bring about wide varieties of morphological forms. Plus we have documented evidence of cases in the last century where populations which had a common root split into two or more separate lines. IF you want to do science then you have to look at all the data and evidence, not just the part that you think supports your view. Sitting in your living room requoting the same sources over and over again is not doing science, it's not considering all the data and research. That's just cherry picking the results and statements you like. Like it or not, you only have your contested design inference. You've got zero other evidence that there was any kind of designer present at what time was it? And what did they do exactly? You really need to do a lot more work and research to put your case on firm ground. And, yes, probably more that usual since it's so contentious. But that's the way it works: when you suggest that the common paradigm is wrong then you really have to make your case. And, so far, ID just keeps saying the same things over and over and over again. And then getting angry when everyone else says AGAIN: no, we're not convinced. Go back and do some more work. If every time we observe X and the cause has always been Z, then when we observe X and don’t know the cause, science says that we infer Z. And yes, scientific inferences are tentative and can be superseded if someone can demonstrate another cause. But until then we have to go with what we know. And I say: there is plenty of evidence now to support the notion that unguided and natural processes are capable of creating life forms which some people think give the appearance of being intelligently designed. But it’s beyond hypocritical to ask ID for something when you and yours just have denial and promissory notes. It's not hypocritical at all. I don't think the origin of life researchers have made their case yet. I've never said they did. I'm very skeptical of all the models proposed so far. They have a lot of work to do. As does ID. Same criteria: what you are saying is challenging and paradigm changing, we want to see a lot of evidence before we change our minds. That's fair.JVL
May 19, 2022
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kairosfocus is right. If every time we observe X and the cause has always been Z, then when we observe X and don't know the cause, science says that we infer Z. And yes, scientific inferences are tentative and can be superseded if someone can demonstrate another cause. But until then we have to go with what we know. And specialists, like biochemists, are looking into the OoL. Not evolutionary biologists. So, yes, once people are properly trained to tackle the questions that ID forces us to ask, we will have what you request. But it's beyond hypocritical to ask ID for something when you and yours just have denial and promissory notes.ET
May 19, 2022
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JVL, Really?
[ET:] However, there is ONE and ONLY one known cause for producing coded information processing systems and that is via intelligent agency volition. [JVL:] BUT there is another notion which you may not accept but which is a possibility which, since you can’t prove a negative, you cannot completely rule out. Just saying: case closed, it must have been an intelligent designer is an attitude which would stop research into the possibility that life came about via unguided and unintelligent processes. This is one of the reasons why some people say ID is a science stopper: Id proponents don’t just say intelligent design is a possibility; they say: intelligent design is the only acceptable answer. Which is clearly not true or even logical. You cannot prove or show or demonstrate that something which happened a long time ago didn’t happen. You can find possible ways it could have happened which is what the origin of life research is focusing on: ways it might have happened. Which is perfectly reasonable.
Strawman. We both know that induction identifies and extends patterns, this is at the heart of science. It is inherently open-ended, a good counter example in principle can overturn any law of science. So, you have made up a convenient closed minded strawman and knocked it over. Now, ET is speaking in the context of trillions of observed cases of origin of FSCO/I. Every time, by design. Further, we know the sort of search challenge posed by a config space for say 500 bits of information carrying capacity: 3.27*10^150 possibilities. For 1,000 it is 1.07*10^301. The sol system's resources at the low end and those of the observed cosmos at the high end, on blind search, could not sample more than a negligible fraction, so we have excellent reason to further infer that blind needle in haystack search is not a plausible way to find shorelines of function that would allow any hoped for hill climbing incremental improvement. Worse, as Newton pointed out, you do not have free speculation in science, you need to show capability of a proposed mechanism to explain causally what we did not observe so we know it works. There is no observed blind chance and mechanical necessity mechanism seen to originate cell based life or its key components, or body plans requiring 10 - 100= million bases of genetic info. All of this has been pointed out in your presence, many times. So, that you twisted ET into a convenient strawman tells us that you know you don't have a cogent case on the merits. KFkairosfocus
May 19, 2022
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JVL:
There is evidence but none that you accept.
No, there isn't any evidence that blind and mindless processes can produce a coded information processing system. Evidence that nature can produce amino acids doesn't help.
Christopher Hitchens firmly and definitely supported evolution via unguided and natural processes.
With what? Did he use a jock strap? He definitely never presented any evidence.
BUT there is another notion which you may not accept but which is a possibility which, since you can’t prove a negative, you cannot completely rule out.
Again, for the learning impaired: Science requires evidentiary support and a way to test the claim. You don't have either.
Just saying: case closed, it must have been an intelligent designer is an attitude which would stop research into the possibility that life came about via unguided and unintelligent processes.
You are a hypocrite and scientifically illiterate. Just saying an intelligent designer produced Stonehenge- case closed is an attitude that would stop research into the possibility that Stonehenge is a natural formation.
This is one of the reasons why some people say ID is a science stopper: Id proponents don’t just say intelligent design is a possibility; they say: intelligent design is the only acceptable answer.
Then those people are scientifically illiterate also. If someone can just step up and demonstrate that blind and mindless processes can do it, then ID would be falsified! But no one can! So all you do is whine. The rest of your post just further exposes you as being scientifically illiterate. You and yours have nothing. No cause and effect relationships to call upon. Just wishful thinking and promissory notes. You are sadly gullible.ET
May 19, 2022
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JVL, Unguided processes is not a reasonable answer. I have been studying attempts to produce a minimal living thing. In other words, what's the least we need to cobble together a living thing? The answer? They don't know. The additional answer: they need living parts to cobble together something that functions. Life is designed. And there is no answer to: How did the first living thing reproduce?relatd
May 19, 2022
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ET: There isn’t any evidence that blind and mindless processes can produce coded information processing systems. There is evidence but none that you accept. Out of honesty you should admit that. Christopher Hitchens said we can dismiss it. Christopher Hitchens firmly and definitely supported evolution via unguided and natural processes. However, there is ONE and ONLY one known cause for producing coded information processing systems and that is via intelligent agency volition. BUT there is another notion which you may not accept but which is a possibility which, since you can't prove a negative, you cannot completely rule out. Just saying: case closed, it must have been an intelligent designer is an attitude which would stop research into the possibility that life came about via unguided and unintelligent processes. This is one of the reasons why some people say ID is a science stopper: Id proponents don't just say intelligent design is a possibility; they say: intelligent design is the only acceptable answer. Which is clearly not true or even logical. You cannot prove or show or demonstrate that something which happened a long time ago didn't happen. You can find possible ways it could have happened which is what the origin of life research is focusing on: ways it might have happened. Which is perfectly reasonable. And, as usual, is anyone actually researching how or when the intelligent designer implemented their design? For years and years and years you've been saying: we have to study the design, that's all we can do. But no one seems to be studying 'the design' in an attempt to address the how or when. And other sciences and approaches look for other evidence from other sources which support and clarify the timeline. As far as I know, no one in the ID community is even trying to find other evidence for an intelligent designer. This makes no sense. EVEN IF you think that some all-powerful and all-seeing and all-knowing god did it why aren't you still trying to do some science by asking: When? How? (As in: where did the energy come from? To interact with and push around material particles and substances takes energy.) From the outside it looks like (not saying it's true just that it looks like) ID proponents have zero interest in doing any kind of work or research past trying to establish that design happened. Why not at least try and narrow down the when? Surely that is a reasonable and acceptable question and one that studying the 'design', i.e. DNA, could potentially answer?JVL
May 19, 2022
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Fred, please stop quote-mining. It makes you look much weaker and ignorant than you already demonstrate. Science is the study of nature, Fred. And via science we have learned, for example, that the genetic code involves a coded information processing system in which mRNA codons REPRESENT amino acids. There isn't any evidence that blind and mindless processes can produce coded information processing systems. There isn't even any way to test that claim. Christopher Hitchens said we can dismiss it. However, there is ONE and ONLY one known cause for producing coded information processing systems and that is via intelligent agency volition. So, using our KNOWLEDGE of cause-and-effect relationships (from studying nature) we infer the genetic code is intelligently designed. Science 101ET
May 19, 2022
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'the argument for design “is in fact an argument from ignorance” because “it seems like you need to test for (lack of) natural explanations to discover irreducible or specified complexity.”5' This is stupidity on parade. Nothing less.relatd
May 19, 2022
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I believe that when engineering principles in practice point back to ID then making the case for ID will become easier. It is like when I go to the Apple display at BestBuy: "It just works".JKB
May 19, 2022
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Casey Luskin:
ID’s positive arguments are based precisely upon what we have learned from studies of nature about the origin of certain types of information, such as CSI-rich structures. In our experience, high CSI or irreducible complexity derives from a mind.
Studies of nature? I'd be interested to hear of any meat in that sandwichFred Hickson
May 19, 2022
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News, I have clipped from our Resources, and have posed an empirically founded, postulational framework, similar to those of major domains of physics. For one comparison, classical thermodynamics pivots on a zeroth law [defining temperature as an equivalence relation] and three laws on energy. Similarly, Newtonian dynamics pivots on three laws of momentum [= motion in Newton's terms] and a law of universal gravitation. Maxwell's core of electromagnetism, famously, pivots on four key equations that built on a body of empirical findings. Special relativity pivots on two theses regarding c's constancy in vacuo as seen in inertial frames of reference and how in IFRs the laws of physics take the same, simplest form. For general relativity, gravitation is held equivalent to acceleration; start with the apparent weightlessness of someone freely falling in a closed elevator; similarly, "laws of physics themselves should be independent of an observer’s motion, that is, they should have a covariant form . . . a good law of physics should be built from mathematical quantities that are coordinate-independent, such as tensors"; with (restating the equivalence postulate): "the gravitational acceleration is the same for all observers in a gravitational field . . . gravity [therefore] not actually being a force, but a property of spacetime itself (spacetime curvature)." Of course this leads on to the famous non-Euclidean geometry of spacetime and onward, modern cosmology. After all, logic of structure and quantity is pivotal. And so forth. (Pump priming.) I am laying out here, that such a framing is not an unusual thing to do, and that it is empirically accountable. Observe, that we here start from the facts of intelligently directed configuration and a common result, recognisable, reliable signs of design (as just defined) that we may take as key indicia where present. Hidden design is possible, but is irrelevant. If signs are not present, the question of import of signs per abductive inference to best explanation does not arise. As a practical matter, signs are not rare, and occur in strategic contexts in the world of life and in the cosmos. Indeed, insofar as coded algorithms appear in the cell, we are pointed to the insight that history seeks to give an account of the past primarily i/l/o record, i.e. text. We have technological text tracing to the root of and pervading the tree of life multiplied by a cosmos fine tuned towards aqueous medium c-chem cell based life, thus we need to rethink chapter zero of history. We proceed:
The theory of intelligent design (ID) holds [–> key, evidence backed postulate, cf those of Newtonian dynamics and special then general relativity, thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics, postulational cores can be brief but sweeping in impact] that
[First, Evidence-backed Programmatic Postulate:] certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained [–> explicit reference to logic of abductive reasoning] by an intelligent cause rather than an undirected process such as natural selection.
ID is thus a scientific disagreement with the core claim of evolutionary theory that the apparent design of living systems is an illusion. In a broader sense,
[2nd, Operational Postulate:] Intelligent Design is simply the science of design detection — how to recognize patterns arranged by an intelligent cause for a purpose.
Design detection is used in a number of scientific fields, including anthropology, forensic sciences that seek to explain the cause of events such as a death or fire, cryptanalysis and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). [--> design oriented sciences. Signal to noise ratio in telecommunications is based on a design inference.]
[3rd, Empirical Warrant/Point of test or potential falsification postulate:] An inference that certain biological information may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences.
ID is controversial because of the implications of its evidence, rather than the significant weight of its evidence. ID proponents believe science should be conducted objectively, without regard to the implications of its findings. This is particularly necessary in origins science because of its historical (and thus very subjective) nature, and because it is a science that unavoidably impacts religion.
[Evidence Corollary:] Positive evidence of design in living systems consists of the semantic, meaningful or functional nature of biological information, the lack of any known law that can explain the sequence of symbols that carry the “messages,” and statistical and experimental evidence that tends to rule out chance as a plausible explanation. Other evidence challenges the adequacy of natural or material causes to explain both the origin and diversity of life . . . .
Intelligent design [ID] – Dr William A Dembski, a leading design theorist, has defined ID as “the science that studies signs of intelligence.” That is,
[4th, Designs and Signs Postulate:] as we ourselves instantiate [thus exemplify as opposed to “exhaust”], intelligent designers act into the world, and create artifacts. When such agents act, there are certain characteristics that commonly appear, and that – per massive experience — reliably mark such artifacts. It it therefore a reasonable and useful scientific project to study such signs and identify how we may credibly reliably infer from empirical sign to the signified causal factor: purposefully directed contingency or intelligent design. [--> definition of design, note, abductive inference from observed sign to signified cause.]
Among the signs of intelligence of current interest for research are:
[Supplement, on evidence:] [a] FSCI — function-specifying complex information [e.g. blog posts in English text that take in more than 143 ASCII characters, and/or — as was highlighted by Yockey and Wickens by the mid-1980s — as a distinguishing marker of the macromolecules in the heart of cell-based life forms], or more broadly [b] CSI — complex, independently specified information [e.g. Mt Rushmore vs New Hampshire’s former Old Man of the mountain, or — as was highlighted by Orgel in 1973 — a distinguishing feature of the cell’s information-rich organized aperiodic macromolecules that are neither simply orderly like crystals nor random like chance-polymerized peptide chains], or [c] IC — multi-part functionality that relies on an irreducible core of mutually co-adapted, interacting components. [e.g. the hardware parts of a PC or more simply of a mousetrap; or – as was highlighted by Behe in the mid 1990’s — the bacterial flagellum and many other cell-based bodily features and functions.], or [d] “Oracular” active information – in some cases, e.g. many Genetic Algorithms, successful performance of a system traces to built-in information or organisation that guides algorithmicsearch processes and/or performance so that the system significantly outperforms random search. Such guidance may include oracles that, step by step, inform a search process that the iterations are “warmer/ colder” relative to a performance target zone. (A classic example is the Weasel phrase search program.) Also, [e] Complex, algorithmically active, coded information – the complex information used in systems and processes is symbolically coded in ways that are not preset by underlying physical or chemical forces, but by encoding and decoding dynamically inert but algorithmically active information that guides step by step execution sequences, i.e. algorithms. (For instance, in hard disk drives, the stored information in bits is coded based a conventional, symbolic assignment of the N/S poles, forces and fields involved, and is impressed and used algorithmically. The physics of forces and fields does not determine or control the bit-pattern of the information – or, the drive would be useless. Similarly, in DNA, the polymer chaining chemistry is effectively unrelated to the information stored in the sequence and reading frames of the A/ G/ C/ T side-groups. It is the coded genetic information in the successive three-letter D/RNA codons that is used by the cell’s molecular nano- machines in the step by step creation of proteins. Such DNA sets from observed living organisms starts at 100,000 – 500,000 four-state elements [200 k – 1 M bits], abundantly meriting the description: function- specifying, complex information, or FSCI.) [(f) evidence of the fine tuned cosmos.] . . . .
I find it interesting to see the side stepping around it to spin and perhaps even to gaslight. KFkairosfocus
May 19, 2022
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There is nothing pragmatic about those who believe in Darwin. They are the ones who have no evidence to support their beliefs. Everything is based on assumptions.BobRyan
May 19, 2022
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