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A traditional philosophical approach to the mind helps us answer this question, says Michael Egnor, in response to a reader’s question:
Rational powers—abstract reason and free will—are not caused by the body or brain—they interact with matter but are not themselves generated by matter. They are immaterial powers of the human soul.
However, and this is the important point, the intellect and will are dependent on the sensitive and vegetative powers for their normal function. If you can’t breathe, you can’t think abstractly very well. If you heart doesn’t beat, your free will is quite impaired. If you can’t see, you can’t learn abstract ideas from books. If you can’t hear, you can’t learn abstract concepts by listening to someone. If you have a bad memory, you can’t learn abstract concepts very well because you can’t remember the perceptions and images necessary to evoke abstract thought…
So IQ depends on many things — on your vision and hearing, your imagination, memory and emotions, as well as on your intellect and will.
Michael Egnor, “If IQ is inherited, is the intellect simply material?” at Mind Matters News
Takehome: The intellect and will depend on but are not created by bodily functions, senses, and memory. They are, however, affected by deficits in these areas.
You may also wish to read:
Are we humans getting smarter or have we peaked? The really surprising thing, science writer David Robson notes, is that it may not matter as much as we think. There is no clear evidence that key thinking skills improve with measured intelligence.
Why intelligent women marry less intelligent men Are they trying to avoid competition at home as well as at work? Or is there a statistical reason we are overlooking? Psychological theories abound but the true explanation is a statistical one: Regression to the mean. It also applies to many other choices in life. (Gary Smith)
and
Why a budding neuroscientist is skeptical of brain scans. After reading her perceptive essay about the problems in fMRI imaging in neuroscience, I’m sad that a gifted student has doubts about a career in the field. Neuroscience badly needs skeptics to show how unreliable technology, biased handling of data, and materialism’s conceptual mess frustrate science. (Michael Egnor)