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Subjectivists Need to Check Their Moral Privilege

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Many of our interlocutors here often complain about the lengthy comments KF often posts which frame the necessity of a cohesive and coherent worldview when it comes to moral views and arguments. With others, their arguments often hinge around the insistence that either morals simply are not objective in nature, or that there is no way to tell. Even when the logic shows how subjective morality fails to provide a sound basis for behavior or argument, and fails to differentiate any moral view from another, their mantra seems to be a big “so what?”

IOW, so what if their worldview is rationally inconsistent with their behavior? So what if ultimately subjective morality endorses any and all behavior as moral equivalents? That’s not how most people actually behave, they counter, so worrying about worse-case scenarios derived from subjective morality is a groundless concern, especially since believing in objective morality doesn’t appear to make people behave better. Most people, they argue, have similar enough conscience and empathy and other feelings so that if they just adhere to those, we can have a generally-agreed upon and workable moral system without worrying about whether or not it is objectively true.

One problem with this line of thought – especially for those who grew up in western countries – is that it fails to recognize how a “similar-enough” set of personal feelings about others in society has developed within the framework of a virtually universal belief in certain moral absolutes (inviolable rights). Moral relativists take for granted the impact of hundreds of years of post-Enlightement Christian moral objectivism upon our culture and society when they appeal to feelings baked into culture from hundreds of years of enlightened Christianity as their basis of morality.

IOW, their moral views and feelings (even those that superficially appear to contradict some formal Christian “sins”) are the very product of a culture based on and inextricably steeped in post-enlightenment Christian moral objectivism. Their moral relativism is a privileged position sitting atop, relying upon and operating through the very thing it says does not exist.

Even when the Western moral relativist mistakenly argues for an end to discrimination against transgenders, they are taking for granted that “discrimination” against a minority is “a bad thing” that “most people” would automatically “feel bad” about. They are using an Christian Enlightenment-generated set of moral absolutes entrenched in the citizenry to make an emotional case against what they mistakenly frame as “discrimination”, when anti-discrimination as a good thing itself is not something a relativist would probably have access to use outside of Western Christian Enlightenment. Just look around the world to find that out.

Yeah, it’s real easy to point at empathy and feelings when you can rely on most people around you to share similar feelings. Looking outside of the enlightened, western-civilization box, this isn’t something we find to be a universally-shared moral feeling, even if the precept of moral equality is one you can find from sages of all times and from all locations around the world. Around the world you have entire cultures that have no problem at all seeing women and children as inferior objects to be used and abused, seeing other tribes and cultures as something to be exterminated, beheading gays and mutilating people for small legal infractions. They have zero expectation of any moral equality or rights.

The Western objective-morality idea of an objective, god-given inviolable right to liberty and self-determination set the table for today’s western, post-modern moral relativists; how convenient for them when they offer up a big fat “so what” in arguments showing the logical soundness of objective morality and the principles that came from the Enlightenment. They don’t have to account for their moral perspective and tender sensibilities as long as they ignore where they are drawing them from and what has protected their feelings from the brutality of other social mores in other other places in the world.

Moral subjectivists need to check their moral privilege. If they’re going to dismiss the enlightened Christian natural law objective morality basis, they have no right to take for granted the “feelings” and “conscience” and “empathy” it has generated for them to rely on in their arguments supporting moral relativism.  Every time they claim someone has a right or that they should have some liberty, they are intellectually freeloading on hundreds of years of moral objectivism and enlightened Christian views permeating the society they grew up in.

Comments
CF, divide, polarise, denigrate, dismiss without dealing with substance. Typical. KFkairosfocus
June 1, 2016
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cf: I saw your 414 and raised you 418. What I wrote in 418 was in direct response to what you wrote in 414. I even quoted your post within mine, so this should be quite clear. Now I'm calling your bluff. This is what is on the table:
cf: I have no moral problem with abortion up until the point at which the brain has sufficiently developed that it counsciously perceives pain.
Phin: So, in the case of those born with congenital analgesia, it would be OK to kill them even after they are born?
cf: What about I am in favour of restrictions on abortion don’t you understand?
Phin: I am not at all certain that I am the one who is failing to understand. You’ve stated that you have no moral problem with killing a human that has not developed the ability to consciously perceive pain. (You’ve apparently developed your entire justification for the kind of abortion you don’t think ought to be restricted on this.) Those born with congenital analgesia never develop the ability to consciously perceive pain. Do you have a moral problem killing these humans after birth or not? If you do, then perhaps the inability to consciously perceive pain doesn’t work so well as a justification for killing a human being.
Now, you can either address the question on the table, admit that you have no answer, or reveal quite clearly to other readers that you are much more comfortable trying to avoid the apparent inconsistency than addressing it. Your choice.Phinehas
June 1, 2016
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I challenge CF and zeroseven to explain, from logically consistent moral subjectivism, how any of their moral views do not depend entirely upon personal preference, and how that principle cannot be used to make anything moral - even cruelty. Then, explain how in a world where anything and everything can be "moral" as long as the individual claims it to be for themselves, why one should even bother using the term "morality"? What value can one possibly add to a choice by calling it a "moral" choice?William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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Phinehas asks:
Is it really that complex?
Well, it involves holding two different conceptual frameworks as true arguendo and to be able to follow the logic of both through multiple inferences. They can't even follow the logic of their own position so apparently following the logic of one conceptual framework is too complex for them. Two? Fohgeddaboudit.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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Your unjustified opinion is duly noted.
It's a fully justified opinion. Why do you use the term "moral", if it simply refers to your subjective preferences and subjective justifications? What is the difference between when you do something that is moral, and when you do something that you prefer to do, justifying it however you wish? If there is no difference, then you are co-opting the term moral from it's objective foundation for no purpose other than to deceive others or yourself into thinking that your choices and justifications are something other than, or more important than what they actually are. It's nothing but superficial virtue-signalling.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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Zero "Vivid, I think the point is that there is no practical difference between an objective moral code that is not written down anywhere and just has to be guessed at, and a subjective morality.” My understanding is that you are a lawyer, I think I read that somewhere, let's do a thought experiment regarding "practical differences" that you don't think matter. Here in the US before the emancipation proclamation slavery was allowed, in Hitlers Germany slavery was in existence as well. In one case it was African Americans, the other Jews. You have been designated the attorney and given powers to go back in time not only to argue against slavery but to pick your courtroom. My question is this. From a practical matter would you rather argue your case in a court that embraced the Judaeo Christian worldview or a court that embraced a Hitlerian worldview? Which court would you choose? Which court would best serve the interests of your client? Vividvividbleau
June 1, 2016
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CF said:
Not true. When I hear objective morality I just hear something that does not fit the evidence.
It fits the evidence of how you and everyone behaves. The "evidence" that not everyone agrees has already been addressed. What evidence are you talking about?
No, it is based on observation and critical thinking.
No, it is not. You cannot get an ought from an is; no oughts can be drawn from an observation or any critical (logical) thinking about that observation. ' Let's use the example you provided, your "observation" that if you continue to have sex with your wife as you were, she might die. That observation by itself cannot lead to an ought. Your critical reasoning begins with what you prefer to be the case, that you want your wife to live and to continue having sex with her. Then you apply critical reasoning to see how you can best achieve that goal. IOW, the observation triggers a sentimental preference, and you apply critical reasoning to figure out how to best achieve that preference. Neither the observation nor the critical reasoning provided the ought - your sentimental preference did.
I don’t have any anti-objectivist agenda. I would be more than happy to believe in objective morality. It would certainly make life much easier for all concerned. But since there has never been any consistent agreement or understanding about what these objective morals are, I simply don’t see how WJM’s and KF’s objective morality can be distinguished from subjective morality.
Notice how CF refers once again to the refuted objection. Of course there has been long-standing agreement through many civilizations throughout history on many basics of morality. In the case of many commodities that CF would agree are objective in nature, there has been and still is much disagreement about them, but that doesn't stop CF from accepting those things as objective in nature. CF himself admits he acts as if morality is objective in nature. But, CF seems to be immune to these facts and his own admitted hypocrisy, saying he would be "happy" to agree that morality is objective if only the "evidence" supported it. How about this, CF, if you actually believe morality is subjective, then stop being a hypocrite, stop stealing objectivist morality and terminology and concept you have no right to use, and start acting and talking like a moral subjectivist.
We agree. It is the most fundamental of subjective rights. But it is also the easiest one to explain given the propensity for humans to live amongst each other. Herd animals do not regularly kill each other, and I have never heard anyone claim that zebras and elephants have objective morality.
You can't even see the nonsense your hypocrisy produces. How can a subjective commodity be "the" most "fundamental" personal preference? Under moral subjetivism, the most fundamental right is whatever right anyone prefers it to be.
Why do you draw the line at risk to the mother’s life? Are you arguing that the stage of life determines the value of that life?
You have zero capacity to comprehend the logic of a statement. I didn't say either had a greater right to life; the point was (which you avoid) is that the right to control one's body cannot logically transcend the right to life only if one holds that such rights are objectively ordered according to objective criteria arbited by logic. Logically, one could argue that there is an equal right to life and so one must logically move to some other moral rule to make the decision. Furthermore, you can't even respond to my points as if you actually believe morality is subjective; if you could you'd say "there are no "fundamental rights", there are only legal licenses and privileges those in power grant whomever they wish for as long as they grant them to us.", or "whatever any individual thinks is their most fundamental right is their most fundamental right." But, because you are more or less a sane human, you know that the right to life is in fact the most fundamental right,, and you just mash the word "subjective" in your answer as if just mashing it in there makes what you are saying supportive of the concept of subjective morality, when all it does is show how colossally irrational and hypocritical you're being. Yes, you can just mash a word in where it cannot conceptually fit, like, "I drew a square circle today," but sticking it in there doesn't make what you have said rational or possible. Under moral subjectivism, nobody has a right to life; what they have is a temporary license to life if and for only as long as the government extends that license. Nobody has a right to anything, under subjectivism, and to speak of "rights" is to argue hypocritically.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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WJM: "Exactly right, Under moral subjectivism, there are no moral choices. There are only choices and however one justifies those choices. Calling them “moral” is a deceit." Your unjustified opinion is duly noted.clown fish
June 1, 2016
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Phinehas: "Should I assume you’ve not answered it because you have no answer? That you’d just rather pretend there’s no glaring inconsistency in your stated position?" See 414.clown fish
June 1, 2016
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Phinehas And Clown Fish is trying the good old fallacious argument that his atheism is some sort of intellectual superior posistion. Can we please get better opponents? Is this the best atheism has to offer? It's too easy.Andre
June 1, 2016
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Vivid: Chocolate ice cream is better than vanilla. Can someone please start a thread so that we can debate the above over the course of 450 posts?Phinehas
June 1, 2016
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WJM "If you are not going to explore a practical example logically, what use is exploring it at all? To share your personal feelings?" That's the point I was trying to make, what's the point if we cannot even agree that someone is "objectively" wrong and the other "right" All we are doing is expressing our individual opinions which is a big "so what"? I would add ,what kind of attorney does not have a sound grasp of logic? It's not someone I would hire that's for sure. Vividvividbleau
June 1, 2016
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WJM:
No, CF, you’re just ill-equipped to follow a complex conceptual argument.
Is it really that complex?Phinehas
June 1, 2016
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cf:
WJM: They hear “objective morality” and they react to it emotionally as if some theocracy is going to start burning witches or cutting the heads off of homosexuals.
cf: Not true. When I hear objective morality I just hear something that does not fit the evidence.
What evidence it that? As far as I know, the only "evidence" you've offered is that different people have had different views on morality at different points in history. This has been shown repeatedly to be a fallacious argument, since different people often hold different view on things that we accept as objective. I don't recall you ever even addressing this objection, let alone refuting it. So what evidence are you talking about?
WJM: Their morality and worldview is based on sentiment;
No, it is based on observation and critical thinking.
Awesome! I look forward to you sharing the foundations of your observation and critical thinking with the rest of us! Anytime you are ready. Go ahead. Anytime.Phinehas
June 1, 2016
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CF said:
So, when I had a vasectomy, it was a personal choice, not a moral choice, even though my decision significantly reduced the risk of death for my wife? Fair enough, I can accept that. By extension, that also means that those who chose to use natural family planning is not a moral choice. And those who chose not to have an abortion is not moral choice. And those who chose to honour their marriage vows is not a moral choice.
Exactly right, Under moral subjectivism, there are no moral choices. There are only choices and however one justifies those choices. Calling them "moral" is a deceit.
Since these all involve an act of choosing based on personal preference, they cannot be characterized as moral. On one hand you are arguing for objective morality, and on the other you are arguing for no morality.
No, CF, you're just ill-equipped to follow a complex conceptual argument. IF we assume morality is subjective, then every choice is made moral by however any personal individual chooses to justify their choice. That makes every self-justified choice a correct moral choice regardless of what that choice is. There is no incorrect or wrong moral decision or justification under subjective morality. You personally choose to justify your choice as moral because of the risk it poses to your wife. Okay, so the next guy chooses to get no vasectomy nor use any kind of protection because, well, he can always get another wife and what he really wants are his own genetic kids. So he has made "the" moral choice every bit as much as you have made "the" moral choice; because he did what he wanted and justified it however he wishes. IF, on the other hand (different conceptual framework), we assume that morality is objective, then it is incumbent upon each person to figure out what is actually moral, not just choose whatever he wishes to do and justify it however he feels like justifying it, and then to do what is actually moral whether he feels like it or not. Figuring out what is actually moral requires a sound premise about what morality is that actually corresponds to human experience, how it can be perceived/understood, how to rationally examine it to safeguard against error and misinterpretation as best we can, and come to correct conclusions about what we should do in any particular case. It requires a robust foundation and theory about truth, sound premises and correct inferences that is logically coherent. Unfortunately, because you are apparently incapable of following conceptual arguments that require putting yourself in the conceptual shoes of those who do not share your premise, you keep responding as if moral subjectivism is true - as if what everyone is actually doing in life is just "what they prefer" regardless of what their premise is. IOW, your responses and readings come from a perspective that morality is, in fact, subjective, and how we all necessarily operate is by that factual nature, completely disregarding the opposing conceptual framework.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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cf: I wrote the following earlier.
You’ve stated that you have no moral problem with killing a human that has not developed the ability to consciously perceive pain. (You’ve apparently developed your entire justification for the kind of abortion you don’t think ought to be restricted on this.) Those born with congenital analgesia never develop the ability to consciously perceive pain. Do you have a moral problem killing these humans after birth or not?
Should I assume you've not answered it because you have no answer? That you'd just rather pretend there's no glaring inconsistency in your stated position?Phinehas
June 1, 2016
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Kairosfocus: "Evidence: https://uncommondescent.com.....ture-wars/" Scripture, quotes from philosophers, your opinion and poorly drafted graphics do not constitute evidence.clown fish
June 1, 2016
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KF,
WJM, divide, polarise and ruin, as long since discussed. KF
Surely you agree, however, that there are difficult philosophical issues here. For example, not everyone agrees with this in your FTR-FYI.daveS
June 1, 2016
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Evidence: https://uncommondescent.com/atheism/fyi-ftr-cf-and-mark-victor-tushne-on-victory-in-the-culture-wars/kairosfocus
June 1, 2016
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WJM: "They hear “objective morality” and they react to it emotionally as if some theocracy is going to start burning witches or cutting the heads off of homosexuals." Not true. When I hear objective morality I just hear something that does not fit the evidence. "Their morality and worldview is based on sentiment;..." No, it is based on observation and critical thinking. "Morality, for them, is entirely a matter of pursuing an anti-objectivist progressive political agenda that has developed, via academia and media, the very sentiments it manipulates." I don't have any anti-objectivist agenda. I would be more than happy to believe in objective morality. It would certainly make life much easier for all concerned. But since there has never been any consistent agreement or understanding about what these objective morals are, I simply don't see how WJM's and KF's objective morality can be distinguished from subjective morality. "They reject logic. Logically, the most fundamental right that takes precedence above all other rights is the right to life;" We agree. It is the most fundamental of subjective rights. But it is also the easiest one to explain given the propensity for humans to live amongst each other. Herd animals do not regularly kill each other, and I have never heard anyone claim that zebras and elephants have objective morality. "Logically, this means that the right of the unborn to continue living outweighs any rights of the mother unless her life is at risk." Why do you draw the line at risk to the mother's life? Are you arguing that the stage of life determines the value of that life?clown fish
June 1, 2016
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WJM, divide, polarise and ruin, as long since discussed. KFkairosfocus
June 1, 2016
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It was morally right the ID movement established an objective science round the evidence of pattern, irreducible interconnected complexity; including the anthromorphic principle (http://www.gotquestions.org/anthropic-principle.html), etc., which subjectively concluded; a higher intelligence must have been involved in origins, due to design inferences. See also http://www.evolutionnews.org/2016/05/foundational_qu102887.html When is design not design, when the "master" Darwin dismissed miracles historically documented by truthful witnesses in favour of one-sided observations/interpretations to pursue his subjective natural selection, and having never observed a transitional fossil; life arising from a warm pond by chance, and never having seen a worm grow into a human (so to speak). Surely it is immoral and degrading to turn objective observations into a negative to suit a consensus subjectivity in terms of common descent, sustained on a large dose of agnostic/atheistic belief.mw
June 1, 2016
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WJM: "When morality is decided entirely by personal preference, there’s no reason to characterize what you are doing as “moral” other than deceit – either to deceive others or yourself." So, when I had a vasectomy, it was a personal choice, not a moral choice, even though my decision significantly reduced the risk of death for my wife? Fair enough, I can accept that. By extension, that also means that those who chose to use natural family planning is not a moral choice. And those who chose not to have an abortion is not moral choice. And those who chose to honour their marriage vows is not a moral choice. Since these all involve an act of choosing based on personal preference, they cannot be characterized as moral. On one hand you are arguing for objective morality, and on the other you are arguing for no morality.clown fish
June 1, 2016
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When CF says he's glad that KF's brand of morality is dying out, this is what I think he means. I think what many such subjectivists mean is that they're glad that hellfire and damnation morality that made people feel ashamed and full of guilt and self-loathing for all sorts of normal human behaviors, and which severely punished and even tortured or put people to death for doing things that we have today fully accepted as correct views and behaviors as well as perfectly acceptable if not exactly normal behavior ... is dying out. The problem for such sentiment-based subjectivists, however, is that they cannot see the difference between KF's argument and the justifications used by, say, Torquemada. They hear "objective morality" and they react to it emotionally as if some theocracy is going to start burning witches or cutting the heads off of homosexuals. Their morality and worldview is based on sentiment; their politics are established and swayed by sentimental terminology; so, they have emotional trigger responses to KF's terminology and phrasings when KF is actually making a rational argument that has nothing whatsoever to do with reinventing the inquisition. This is why their reaction to KF's posts has nothing whatsoever to do with the actual rational content of his posts, but rather trigger responses brought on by his using certain terms. It is also why they avoid the logic and throw up examples or hypotheticals that focus on sentiment, or respond in sentimental ways (not causing harm) that can be easily contradicted or refuted. There is indeed a clear pattern on display in the responses of Aleta, CF and Zeroseven (and others); that pattern is rooted in rejection at all costs of objective morality based on a fear and/or loathing of what, in their mind, objective morality means and would (in their mind) lead to, and a moral worldview entirely based on sentiments guided by nothing deeper than trigger terminology and conditioned reactions to phrasings. Morality, for them, is entirely a matter of pursuing an anti-objectivist progressive political agenda that has developed, via academia and media, the very sentiments it manipulates. They reject logic. Logically, the most fundamental right that takes precedence above all other rights is the right to life; without life, no other right can be applied. Logically, this means that the right of the unborn to continue living outweighs any rights of the mother unless her life is at risk. That is the only logical way to understand rights. How can anyone not see this? Well, if one employs sentiment above logic, it's a lot easier to empathetically connect with and have sympathy for a woman capable of expressing themselves to you than it is to connect with something you can't even see or hear. It's a lot easier to think of the unborn as "subhuman" - you know, the same way that certain races were conveniently thought of as "subhuman" - and thus not connect with them empathetically. So the sympathy and empathy invents the moral rule above what is clearly logical - that womean have the "right" to have control over their body, which in itself is clearly a badly formed premise of a "right", irrationally articulated in order to give the imprimatur of a weighty, objective "right" to a sentimental, empathetic preference. Which is why not rational argument can talk a pro-choice person out of their pro-choice view; it's not based on logic. It's entirely based on sentiment and an invented "right" that, logically, cannot possibly transcend the right to life itself.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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For example, take the transgender protections issue. There is no rational justification whatsoever for extending legal protections and privileges based solely upon a person's subjective self-conceptualization of themselves as something they physically are not. Yet these people support such laws for no reason other than that they have been portrayed as addressing a supposed discriminatory injustice that harms the feelings and self-worth of .03 percent of the population, or makes them potentially subject to criminal charges when they act in public, in certain situations, as if they actually are what they conceptualized themselves as. It's all about sentiment - not logic or physical facts nor is it about the legal nightmare that awaits us when we are forced by law to interact with people according to their personal self-conceptualization of themselves even when that self-view contradicts physical reality.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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Clown Fish said:
I agree. And I opted for the moral option of having a vasectomy.
He says that as if it means something. Every option is the moral option as long as the individual thinks it is. To say "I opted for the moral option" is the equivalent of saying "I opted to do what I wanted to do". Using the term "moral" is a deceitful use of terminology. There is no "the" moral option as if it is some kind of objective standard exists that CF opted to regulate his actions by; all that is involved is deciding which choice he more wants to do than the others. When morality is decided entirely by personal preference, there's no reason to characterize what you are doing as "moral" other than deceit - either to deceive others or yourself.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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Zeroseven said:
Hi Vivid, I’m not much of a logician. Just give your practical example and we can explore it.
If you are not going to explore a practical example logically, what use is exploring it at all? To share your personal feelings? Here's the problem in for those that wish to interact with Aleta, Zeroseven and Clown Fish: it is utterly unimportant to them that their worldview, statements and behavior be logically consistent. This is why it simply doesn't bother them to admit that they are hypocrites - insisting on one thing (that morality is subjective) while behaving the opposite way (like morality is objective), and why they keep raising objections that have already been thoroughly refuted (like morality is subjective because people don't agree about it). They do not enter conversations with a critical rationalism that they may be wrong about morality being subjective; they "know" it is subjective. Since they are not "logicians" and don't care if their logic is in error, what good is rationally demonstrating the logical errors in their views? Their idea that morality is subjective is not based on any logical examination of their worldview premises leading to inferences then to rational explanations for actual behavior; it is based solely on sentiment - an emotional rejection of what objective morality would mean (theism), and personal sentiments about other people and their behaviors. You cannot prove someone wrong about their subjective sentiments no matter how irrational or hypocritical those sentiments are. You cannot logically argue someone out of a faulty view if they didn't come to that view via logic and if they do not consider logic a valid arbiter of truth. While these exchanges are good as object lessons for many viewers, erroneous emotional investments cannot be corrected rationally. One would have to actually be committed to having a rationally coherent perspective before any logical argument might penetrate their commitment to their emotional views. Without believing there is a truth by which some views can be considered erroneous, there is no valid corrective by which one can think they should correct their view. It's just their personal, sentimental view of how things are, and they do not have to justify that view because there is - in their mind - no objective truth to such matters, and logic is not an arbiter of any real, objective truths.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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StephenB: "Among those who use artificial birth control, the divorce rate is 50%. Among those who use natural family planning, it is 2%." I would love to see the study that came up with these numbers.clown fish
June 1, 2016
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Zeroseven said:
I am interested in these moral options for problems related to pregnancy and health issues. Let’s say there is a significant risk that my wife will face a life threatening condition if she becomes pregnant. But we don’t want to give up sex. What should we do?
Morality is that which stands between doing what we want and doing what we should. If you are going to bend morality so that you can do what you want, why bother with "morality" at all? Just do what you want and admit it's just a word you use however you want to make yourself feel better about your choices.William J Murray
June 1, 2016
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F/N: I add a note that Tushnet is identified with a cultural marxist “critical studies” movement, described by Wikipedia testifying against interest as follows: >>Critical legal studies is a movement in legal theory and a network of leftist legal scholars that emerged in the 1970s in the United States. Considered “the first movement in legal theory and legal scholarship in the United States to have espoused a committed Left political stance and perspective,”[1] critical legal studies was committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality devoid of the hidden interests and class domination that CLS scholars argued are at the root of liberal legal institutions in the West.[2] According to CLS scholars Duncan Kennedy and Karl Klare, critical legal studies was “concerned with the relationship of legal scholarship and practice to the struggle to create a more humane, egalitarian, and democratic society.”[3] During its period of peak influence, the critical legal studies movement caused considerable controversy within the legal academy. Members such as Roberto Mangabeira Unger have sought to rebuild these institutions as an expression of human coexistence and not just a provisional truce in a brutal struggle[4] and were seen as the most powerful voices and the only way forward for the movement.[2][5][6] Unger and other members of the movement continue to try to develop it in new directions, e.g., to make legal analysis the basis of developing institutional alternatives.[7][8][9]>> KFkairosfocus
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