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What is “Evidence”

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This is a follow up to my Stupid Things Atheists Say post. Evolve is being obstinate in his idiocy. He does not seem to understand the rather simple distinction between “evidence” and “evaluation of evidence.” I will try to help him (whether a fool such as he can be helped remains to be seen; there are none so blind as those who refuse to see). I will try to spell it out in terms adopted to the meanest understanding:

What is “evidence”? The dictionary defines the word as follows: “the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.” The rules of evidence that I use in court define relevant evidence as anything that has a “tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence”  Note that for evidence to be evidence it need not compel a conclusion; it need only have a tendency to lead to the conclusion.

Suppose I am trying a case and the key issue in the trial is whether the light was green. I put on two witnesses who testify the light was green. Is this testimony evidence? Of course it is. The testimony has a tendency to make a fact of consequence to the case (i.e., the light was green) more probable than it would have been without the evidence. My opponent then puts on three witnesses who testify the light was red. That is evidence also.

The evidence closes; we make our closing statements; the jury is charged; and off the to the jury room they go. The jury then evaluates the evidence. Now suppose the jury comes back and says, “we find as a matter of fact that the light was red.” I lose the case. Did I lose the case because the jury had “absolutely no evidence” on which to find that the light was green?  Of course not. I presented evidence (i.e., testimony) that the light was green; presenting evidence is, after all, what a trial is about.  I lost the case not because there was no evidence the light was green.  I lost because the jury was unpersuaded by the evidence I submitted.

Now, if someone comes along and says I lost the case because there was “absolutely no evidence the light was green,” we would say that person was an idiot. Of course there was evidence. The evidence just did not persuade the decision maker.

Now, the evidence for God: All of the things I listed in my last post are evidence that God exists. Let’s take fine tuning as an example. There are a few possible explanations for fine tuning: Inexplicable brute fact; multiverse; God did it. The fact that God is at least a possible explanation for fine tuning means that fine tuning is evidence for the existence of God.

Who is the jury? Everyone is a juror. We all evaluate the evidence for God’s existence and come to a conclusion. I find the evidence from fine tuning very persuasive. If I were on the jury I would vote “God exists.” The fact that you would vote “God does not exist” does not mean there was “absolutely no evidence.” You are like the jurors who believed the light was red and were unpersuaded by the evidence that the light was green. It is not a matter of whether there was no evidence. It was a matter of the evaluation of the evidence.

I hope that helps. I doubt that it will since your ideological blinders seem to make you incapable of seeing anything outside of your narrow dogmatic myopic point of view.

Comments
FJ, the pivotal issue is fine tuning of the observed cosmos pointing to design as best empirically warranted explanation. 179 just above gives first step outline points and onward links of long standing, including to a UD ID Foundations post. As just one small indicator of how serious the point is, notice this buried acknowledgement against interest in thw Wiki Big Bang article as was cited in 179:
The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric.[96] The Universe may have positive, negative, or zero spatial curvature depending on its total energy density. Curvature is negative if its density is less than the critical density, positive if greater, and zero at the critical density, in which case space is said to be flat. The problem is that any small departure from the critical density grows with time, and yet the Universe today remains very close to flat.[notes 4] Given that a natural timescale for departure from flatness might be the Planck time, 10^-43 seconds, the fact that the Universe has reached neither a heat death nor a Big Crunch after billions of years requires an explanation. For instance, even at the relatively late age of a few minutes (the time of nucleosynthesis), the Universe density must have been within one part in 10^14 of its critical value, or it would not exist as it does today.[97] A resolution to this problem is offered by inflationary theory. During the inflationary period, spacetime expanded to such an extent that its curvature would have been smoothed out. Thus, it is theorized that inflation drove the Universe to a very nearly spatially flat state, with almost exactly the critical density.
What is not said explicitly, is that inflation itself is fine tuned. And so also are several dozen other critical matters, some of them linked to how we have a cosmos where the first four elements in abundance are H, He, O, C; main ingredients for stars, gateway to the rest of the periodic table, source for water and rocks [rocky planets . . . ], organic chemistry. N is close and IIRC is 5th in our galaxy . . . proteins. A fairly significant amount of foundational physics has to be Goldilocks zone just right to get our cosmos, which as noted sits at a deeply isolated operating point in the relevant config space for physics. That sort of complex co-adaptation of many parts is a hallmark of design. And beyond, design points to powerful designing intelligence. Thus, mind. Mind before fine tuned physics and cosmos based on such. Where of course, "proof" is a misplaced concept. Empirically grounded inductive reason operates on inference to the best current explanation. This is not "proof" beyond all doubt. Demand that of scientific matters across the board and science would collapse; selectively apply it to what one wishes to dismiss and one has strayed into selective hyperskepticism. (Note how the antitheists are suddenly having to face this issue they long derided, over the Elevatorgate scandal.) Other aspects point to more, as 179 outlines, and as onward links draw out at first level. KFkairosfocus
February 14, 2015
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I'm sorry, can you point to the thread where you showed intelligence creates natural laws? I may have missed it in all of the posts.ForJah
February 14, 2015
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ForJah, yes that is directed to you. You have asked though answers have been long on the table, these I point to again. KFkairosfocus
February 14, 2015
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Was that to me? What did you ask?ForJah
February 14, 2015
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FJ, Kindly cf the just above. KF PS: Collins may also be helpful (along with several other onward linked items from the ID Foundations discussion at UD): http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Collins-The-Teleological-Argument.pdfkairosfocus
February 14, 2015
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Silver, What evidence do we have that Intelligence creates natural laws?ForJah
February 14, 2015
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SB (attn DK, 145): As a first point of reference, Wikipedia:
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the earliest known periods of the universe.[1][2][3] It states that the Universe was in a very high density state and then expanded.[4] If the known laws of physics are extrapolated beyond where they are valid there is a singularity. Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe.[5] After the initial expansion, the Universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies. The Big Bang theory does not provide any explanation for the initial conditions of the Universe; rather, it describes and explains the general evolution of the Universe going forward from that point on. Since Georges Lemaître first noted, in 1927, that an expanding universe might be traced back in time to an originating single point, scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion. While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different expanding universe theories, the Big Bang and the Steady State theory, accumulated empirical evidence provides strong support for the former.[6] In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered indications that all galaxies are drifting apart at high speeds. In 1964, the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, which was crucial evidence in favor of the Big Bang model, since that theory predicted the existence of background radiation throughout the Universe before it was discovered. The known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the Universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature . . .
The way the above carefully skirts that there was an objection to the idea that the observed cosmos -- the only actually scientifically observed cosmos -- had a temporally finitely remote beginning, traceable to a singularity event some 13.7 or 8 BYA is quite interesting bit typical. It is of course the microwave background radiation observations of the 1960's that clenched the deal, giving a blackbody radiation temperature of 2.7 K. The site http://www.big-bang-theory.com/ gives an interesting discussion:
According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics. They are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know. After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown . . .
Ex nihilo, anyone? (Not quite a dismiss by the clock drive-by rhetoric talking point.) In addition, of course, famously, the circumstances of the physics of the observed cosmos put it at an incredibly fine tuned operating point surrounded by a wilderness of non-functional points in the config space set by cosmology. This is held to strongly point to design, making the candidate very powerful, highly intelligent and purposing to set up a cosmos that makes possible c-chemistry, aqueous medium, cell based life forms. With the additional astonishing feature that many parameters that make for such also make for a cosmos that invites observation, exploration and discovery. I suggest for quick reading on astronomy and the fine tuning issue, a 101 here: http://iose-gen.blogspot.com/2010/06/cosmology-and-timelines-of-world.html#cosmointro On the fine tuning issue, with emphasis on the first four elements and water, cf here: https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/id-foundations-6-introducing-the-cosmological-design-inference/ For the logic of what has a beginning or is otherwise contingent has a cause, I note: 1 --> Compare a fire as an example, it depends on on/of enabling factors showing its contingency. 2 --> There are circumstances where it obtains, and others where it does not. 3 --> The beginning of such results from a sufficient cluster of causal factors which must include all on/off enabling factors as illustrated by the heat, fuel, chain reaction and oxidiser required for a fire. 4 --> Consider a candidate being that however has no such dependencies, i.e. there is no possible world in which absence of factors would block existence. 5 --> Such a candidate -- if serious (things like flying spaghetti monsters or pink unicorns or ideal islands are not) -- would be either impossible or actual in any possible world. 6 --> Square circles are impossible due to contradictions of core characteristics; the truth stated in 2 + 3 = 5 is an example of a successful candidate, a necessary being. (And yes being here is used ontologically.) 7 --> God, is a serious candidate necessary being; his existence will be either impossible or actual. 8 --> God is also a serious candidate for creating an observed cosmos such as we live in. 9 --> Likewise, given that we must needs take the general testimony of conscience seriously that we are under moral government, have rights and duties etc (on pain of undermining the general credibility of mind if there is such a general delusion) we see that the only serious candidate to explain that is the inherently good Creator God, a necessary and maximally great being. Cf here for more: http://nicenesystheol.blogspot.com/2010/11/unit-2-gospel-on-mars-hill-foundations.html#u2_morals __________ So, in fact there is a cluster of converging lines of evidence that point to a cumulative compelling case for theism. Of course, such will be stoutly resisted . . . but that is the point, it is compelling cases that some find themselves alienated from that attract intense resistance in an attempt to justify oneself. Where, of course, the reply to such attempts is not at all the same thing. KFkairosfocus
February 14, 2015
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Silver Asiatic: you’re lacking an explanation for the origin of what does create gems. The basics of gem formation are known well enough that gems can be created artificially by analogous means. Mung: You have a standing challenge here at UD to demonstrate otherwise. You're conflating the model with the thing being modeled. Or are you saying we can't build theoretical models. How do you think they calculate rocket trajectories? Or predict weather, for that matter? Mung: Post your version of “the standard evolutionary algorithm.” Sure. Descent with modification, that is, populations of replicators with variation.Zachriel
February 14, 2015
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velikovskys
Without laws all results are unpredictable. Chance. Laws diminish chance ,not create it.
Without laws, there can't be any 'results' - only chaos. It's like if the only the color that was possible was 'blue', it would be impossible to know it. We know 'blue' in contrast to other colors. Chance exists in contrast to law - and it can "result" in things only if there are laws that can allow results to occur. For example, a combination of molecules by chance ... that requires law-like properties to be in place in order for combinations to occur. Even random-chance as we know it is affected by law-like properties that create patterns and distributions. But the origin of the laws - governing or ordering principles, have to be explained.
But it exists, that is all that is required for premise of natural law to be possible.
True, gravity exists and that's all that is required to explain many features we see in the universe. But gravity is an ordering or governing principle/force that works in a law-like function. That's how we talk about finely-tuned natural laws and forces - they can be measured and understood mathematically. But the question is where did they come from? An intelligent source is the most reasonable inference we can make.
The question was can natural laws be the cause of an effect? Say the Grand Canyon?
Yes, as above. Even though we didn't see the Grand Canyon being created, we observe the properties of gravity and water and stone and we can model it. So, it's a very reasonable conclusion that gravity was the cause of that effect (however, we can still wonder at the beauty of what actually resulted). But what caused gravity to exist have have its specific properties and powers? That's the ultimate cause of the Grand Canyon. if we look at the origin of the law-like principles themselves - if we look for the origin of gravity, where did it come from? Why are there orderly results? This is evidence that an intelligence was the source and origin. Gravity cannot create itself, and chance can't create it. We observe that intelligence can create governing, ordering principles and laws. So, by inference, it's reasonable to conclude that an intelligence created the laws the govern the universe.Silver Asiatic
February 14, 2015
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There is one premise that I think I agree on with the naturalists, and that is that it is an all or nothing proposition. It's either all natural or all miracle. Since it can't be natural, well . . . EVERYTHING that exists is a miracle. Why is it we think we can describe this or that as "natural"? Because we see it happen a 100 times? What is the law that a tree come from an acorn? Why not a mouse?Brent
February 14, 2015
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ForJah
We have no evidence that intelligence creates natural law and even if we did, we wouldn’t know who.
We have evidence that intelligence creates laws. It's the most reasonable inference that an intelligence created the natural laws. The question of how to find who it is was answered elsewhere on this thread. There can be evidence that God exists without evidence on full nature and identity of God.Silver Asiatic
February 14, 2015
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Daniel King
I’m shocked. Shocked, I tell you, that StephenB has not responded to my devastating rebuttal at #145. Maybe he’s taken the day off. Enjoy your liesure, Stephen.
Wow, this sounds promising. Let's check it out. @145
StephenB’s god creates things out of nothing:
Well, yes, Daniel. First there was nothing, and then there was something. It's the big bang, you know. Theologians characterize the event as "creation ex-nilio,"
Has that happened lately? If so, please provide examples. If not, I conclude that the very idea is a fantastic figment of your imagination.
No, Daniel, it hasn't happened lately. There was only one big bang. Or, were you thinking that things just keep on banging? (Can you believe this conversation?)
I thought that we were discussing reality here, not Medieval folk beliefs.
Reality good, folk beliefs bad. Got it.StephenB
February 14, 2015
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SA: It does seem that way but it can’t work. “Results” occur only within the context of law. Chance cannot produce results unless there are already laws in place. Without laws all results are unpredictable. Chance. Laws diminish chance ,not create it. ~It’s a question of origins. Gravity is an aspect of order which is not explained by chance or laws (or a combination of the two). But it exists, that is all that is required for premise of natural law to be possible. If we can’t explain how gravity came to be, then we don’t have an explanation for the origin of gravity. That is a syllogism So, suspect 1, natural laws, is eliminated as a cause of the laws which govern/order things in the universe. The question was can natural laws be the cause of an effect? Say the Grand Canyon?velikovskys
February 14, 2015
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Knowing the origin of laws doesn’t answer the question raised, which concerned whether, given the existence of laws, if they could explain “nano-tech in cells”.
There isn't any evidence for such a thing and there isn't any way to test the claim.Joe
February 14, 2015
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DD: Don’t hold your breath for any intelligent real world answer for how this mystic used blind unguided forces to create his EAs. Maybe .... family gatherings ? That is really creepyvelikovskys
February 14, 2015
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We have no evidence that intelligence creates natural law and even if we did, we wouldn't know who.ForJah
February 13, 2015
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Mung quoting - Zachriel: "In fact, evolutionary algorithms show that the process can quickly search structured spaces, even if those spaces are vast." Mung - "You and I both know that EA’s are designed." "You have a standing challenge here at UD to demonstrate otherwise. So far you’ve abstained." ********** Don't hold your breath for any intelligent real world answer for how this mystic used blind unguided forces to create his EAs. Maybe Lee Croteau has been in mourning all this time, since his brother John Croteau died last December 7th 2014. From the comments around the Net from his family members, including his wife, brother John is in Heaven with their Father. Wonder how well Lee's beliefs come off at those Croteau family gatherings ?DavidD
February 13, 2015
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Denial King: "I’m shocked. Shocked, I tell you, that StephenB has not responded to my devastating rebuttal at #145." "Maybe he’s taken the day off. Enjoy your liesure, Stephen." ******** He does not have to now Danny. Apparently Astrobiologists have used more divination to discovered that Aliens created life and everything else. For further info, contact the Aliens. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/03/aliens-send-space-seed-to-earth_n_6608582.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592 -DavidD
February 13, 2015
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Zachriel: In fact, evolutionary algorithms show that the process can quickly search structured spaces, even if those spaces are vast. You and I both know that EA's are designed. You have a standing challenge here at UD to demonstrate otherwise. So far you've abstained. Zachriel: A standard evolutionary algorithm will be adept at navigating landscapes structured such that nearby points are correlated, the more dimensions the better. Post your version of "the standard evolutionary algorithm." If you can.Mung
February 13, 2015
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I'm shocked. Shocked, I tell you, that StephenB has not responded to my devastating rebuttal at #145. Maybe he's taken the day off. Enjoy your liesure, Stephen.Daniel King
February 13, 2015
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Zac
Knowing the origin of laws doesn’t answer the question raised, which concerned whether, given the existence of laws, if they could explain “nano-tech in cells”.
I was responding to ForJah @133 Maybe there is a creator of the universe, and if there is then it’s an intelligence outside of the universe it STILL doesn’t make it God.
Ah, so gems are forged by Vulcan.
As above, you're lacking an explanation for the origin of what does create gems.Silver Asiatic
February 13, 2015
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kairosfocus: Evolutionary Algorithms are carefully fine tuned to be within islands of function, and to have well-behaved fitness metrics that facilitate following a gradient uphill. Fine tuning isn't required. A standard evolutionary algorithm will be adept at navigating landscapes structured such that nearby points are correlated, the more dimensions the better. Silver Asiatic: Suspect 1 was eliminated since the origin of those laws remain unexplained. Knowing the origin of laws doesn't answer the question raised, which concerned whether, given the existence of laws, if they could explain "nano-tech in cells". Silver Asiatic: Order is a hallmark of intelligent design. Ah, so gems are forged by Vulcan.Zachriel
February 13, 2015
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Veilikovskys
It just seems like every result would be chance without law like processes
It does seem that way but it can't work. "Results" occur only within the context of law. Chance cannot produce results unless there are already laws in place.
Suspect 1 was eliminated since the origin of those laws remain unexplained. If we don’t know how gravity came to be we cannot predict Haley’s Comet?
It's a question of origins. Gravity is an aspect of order which is not explained by chance or laws (or a combination of the two). If we can't explain how gravity came to be, then we don't have an explanation for the origin of gravity. So, suspect 1, natural laws, is eliminated as a cause of the laws which govern/order things in the universe. Order is a hallmark of intelligent design. So, there is evidence for a non-physical, intelligent origin for the laws of the universe. Considering that all other sources for those laws have been eliminated, the most reasonable explanation for the origin of those laws is that a non-physical, ordering-intelligence exists.Silver Asiatic
February 13, 2015
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SA: A chance result cannot be obtained without law-like processes already in place. It just seems like every result would be chance without law like processes Suspect 1 was eliminated since the origin of those laws remain unexplained. If we don't know how gravity came to be we cannot predict Haley's Comet?velikovskys
February 13, 2015
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Zac
Suspect 1 couldn’t do it. Suspect 2 couldn’t do it. But Suspect 1 working with Suspect 2 have capabilities neither have alone. It was a conspiracy!
A chance result cannot be obtained without law-like processes already in place. Suspect 1 was eliminated since the origin of those laws remain unexplained. Combining the two won't work.Silver Asiatic
February 13, 2015
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Tim @ 143 Thanks for unclumping that - it works much better that way.Silver Asiatic
February 13, 2015
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Z, Evolutionary Algorithms are carefully fine tuned to be within islands of function, and to have well-behaved fitness metrics that facilitate following a gradient uphill. Design misread as blind chance and mechanical necessity in action as per usual. KF PS: In short your "structure" feeds in a lot of active intelligently input information.kairosfocus
February 13, 2015
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Zachriel:
In fact, evolutionary algorithms show that the process can quickly search structured spaces, even if those spaces are vast.
In fact, evolutionary algorithms are intelligent design evolution in action so that is to be expected.Joe
February 13, 2015
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kairosfocus: the search space for just 1,000 bits of FSCO/I so overwhelms the atomic and temporal resources of our observed cosmos that there is a fail. In fact, evolutionary algorithms show that the process can quickly search structured spaces, even if those spaces are vast.Zachriel
February 13, 2015
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Z, the search space for just 1,000 bits of FSCO/I so overwhelms the atomic and temporal resources of our observed cosmos that there is a fail. First, as a rule, lawlike mechanical necessity produces low contingency of outcomes. (But perhaps you mean basic physics and chemistry are programmed to produce cell based life. That's a serious fine tuning implication there, but more directly, produce the evidence.) Second, chance produces stochastic contingency, and so becomes a maximally implausible source of effective searches for the islands of function implied by wiring diagram organisation, once we are beyond 500 - 1,000 bits of FSCO/I. Blending the two would only work if programming pushes pond salts or the like to form life structures, so we move to hill climbing within an island. Empirical basis for such? I/l/o the state of OOL studies, zip. This is a case of ideology triumphing over evidence that the only empirically observed, analytically plausible source of FSCO/I is design. All this has been pointed out many times, but of course is routinely brushed aside due to a priori, question begging evolutionary materialist scientism and its fellow travellers. KFkairosfocus
February 13, 2015
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