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What is “Evidence”

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This is a follow up to my Stupid Things Atheists Say post. Evolve is being obstinate in his idiocy. He does not seem to understand the rather simple distinction between “evidence” and “evaluation of evidence.” I will try to help him (whether a fool such as he can be helped remains to be seen; there are none so blind as those who refuse to see). I will try to spell it out in terms adopted to the meanest understanding:

What is “evidence”? The dictionary defines the word as follows: “the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.” The rules of evidence that I use in court define relevant evidence as anything that has a “tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence”  Note that for evidence to be evidence it need not compel a conclusion; it need only have a tendency to lead to the conclusion.

Suppose I am trying a case and the key issue in the trial is whether the light was green. I put on two witnesses who testify the light was green. Is this testimony evidence? Of course it is. The testimony has a tendency to make a fact of consequence to the case (i.e., the light was green) more probable than it would have been without the evidence. My opponent then puts on three witnesses who testify the light was red. That is evidence also.

The evidence closes; we make our closing statements; the jury is charged; and off the to the jury room they go. The jury then evaluates the evidence. Now suppose the jury comes back and says, “we find as a matter of fact that the light was red.” I lose the case. Did I lose the case because the jury had “absolutely no evidence” on which to find that the light was green?  Of course not. I presented evidence (i.e., testimony) that the light was green; presenting evidence is, after all, what a trial is about.  I lost the case not because there was no evidence the light was green.  I lost because the jury was unpersuaded by the evidence I submitted.

Now, if someone comes along and says I lost the case because there was “absolutely no evidence the light was green,” we would say that person was an idiot. Of course there was evidence. The evidence just did not persuade the decision maker.

Now, the evidence for God: All of the things I listed in my last post are evidence that God exists. Let’s take fine tuning as an example. There are a few possible explanations for fine tuning: Inexplicable brute fact; multiverse; God did it. The fact that God is at least a possible explanation for fine tuning means that fine tuning is evidence for the existence of God.

Who is the jury? Everyone is a juror. We all evaluate the evidence for God’s existence and come to a conclusion. I find the evidence from fine tuning very persuasive. If I were on the jury I would vote “God exists.” The fact that you would vote “God does not exist” does not mean there was “absolutely no evidence.” You are like the jurors who believed the light was red and were unpersuaded by the evidence that the light was green. It is not a matter of whether there was no evidence. It was a matter of the evaluation of the evidence.

I hope that helps. I doubt that it will since your ideological blinders seem to make you incapable of seeing anything outside of your narrow dogmatic myopic point of view.

Comments
And, water is itself a wonder of fine tuning rooted in the core physics of the cosmos.kairosfocus
February 11, 2015
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Yes Daniel, and this "order evolving at higher and higher levels until you wind up with suns and planets, etc" sits on an incredibly razor sharp amount of fine tuning. Right from the get go and into the future, structure is dependent on and driven by the fine tuning. That is why Science is very perplexed. It is not like we are fish stuck in a puddle THINKING our puddle is special. We now KNOW empirically that the puddle IS special. There are no other puddles, just parched dead non puddles by the gazillions.ppolish
February 11, 2015
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Thanks ppolish. To me, those tweets, including the one by Krauss, don't amount to anything more than gut reactions. It will be interesting to see if this story has legs.Daniel King
February 11, 2015
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Once again, our opponents’ penchant for substituting mere contradiction for argument is demonstrated. DK thinks he can get his order for free.
My money is on the science, and I said so in the excerpt you quoted. There's a lot of information out there on the evolution of the Universe since the Big Bang. You might look up Baryogenesis (not Barry O'Genesis). It's my understanding that once symmetry is broken, the formation of atoms follows naturally. And once you have atoms, you have gravity and order evolving at higher and higher levels until you wind up with suns and planets, etc.Daniel King
February 11, 2015
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Professor Larry Krause on "No Big Bang" paper: https://mobile.twitter.com/LKrauss1/status/565595561307701250 "Cosmological Constant put in by hand."ppolish
February 11, 2015
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Daniel King, that popular link you posted titled "No Big Bang..." Is a misleading title per the authors: "A new paper in Physical Letters B has the popular press wondering if there was no Big Bang, but the actual paper claims no such thing... The Big Bang is a robust scientific theory that isn't going away, and this new paper does nothing to question its legitimacy." http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/big-bang-not-start-quantum-theory-suggests-universe-has-existed-forever-1487517 This new theory is a bit retro, old school - no talk of a Multiverse;)ppolish
February 11, 2015
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Im increasingly struck by the no. of creationists who were non-believers in an earlier life. Is this the fervour of the re-born or something ?Graham2
February 11, 2015
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DK:
These regularities seem to have derived from the properties of matter and energy, according to the findings of physicists and cosmologists.
Once again, our opponents' penchant for substituting mere contradiction for argument is demonstrated. DK thinks he can get his order for free. Why? No reason (or at least no reason he deems necessary to identify). This comment says more about DK's credulity and his faith commitments than it says about the source of order. Barry Arrington
February 11, 2015
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StephenB, Barry, et al.: Thank you for your replies. I understand that you are defending the teleological argument. As is typical in the many versions of that argument, your examples are all analogies to human activities, and the analogies break down when we're dealing with the Cosmos, because nobody thinks that the order within the Cosmos required the efforts of a human being. These regularities seem to have derived from the properties of matter and energy, according to the findings of physicists and cosmologists. The idea that a human-like actor (a lawgiver, a regulator, a creator) outside of the Cosmos made it all happen is a superfluous relic of superstition. What is true of my house is not necessarily true of the universe as a whole. Apropos of which, check out this new analysis of the Big Bang: http://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.htmlDaniel King
February 11, 2015
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ppolish: filling in the X with religion. Lanquage for X works too. Heck, maybe there are more substitutes for X? That's right. There is a strong correlation between the culture of parents and children, including religion. You had claimed there was a distinction with regards to religion when the evidence indicates that all aspects of culture tend to pass through generations, while culture as a whole is increasingly influenced by modernity.Zachriel
February 11, 2015
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" there is a strong correlation between the X of the parents and the X of the children" Deep stuff Zach, filling in the X with religion. Lanquage for X works too. Heck, maybe there are more substitutes for X? Deep stuff. More Religons equal more evidence of God or less evidence? Zero evidence of God?ppolish
February 11, 2015
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ppolish: The Dawkin’s view of mindless religion of your parents zombie kids is an atheist myth talking point. See Graham2. Can't imagine that would be Dawkins's actual position, but there is a strong correlation between the religion of the parents and the religion of the children, even though that correlation has weakened over time.Zachriel
February 11, 2015
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I agree with you Zach, easier than ever to change one's religious beliefs. I was a baptized Catholic, then Lapsed Catholic, then Zen/Buddhist/Hundu, then BornAgain Catholic, then LongDayCreationistCatholic;) The Dawkin's view of mindless religion of your parents zombie kids is an atheist myth talking point. See Graham2. And what are conversions based on? Evidence. Mountains of evidence.ppolish
February 11, 2015
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#110 addendum The two last questions are not directly related, because the first has to do with two philosophical worldview positions, whereas the second is about a radical spiritual change within the same philosophical worldview position. Perhaps the answer to the first of those two last questions can include learning as a decisive factor. However, the answer to the last question is much more complex.Dionisio
February 11, 2015
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ppolish: in the past most things were sticky. Now, it is common for kids to reject political musical fashion views of parents, but religion still sticks. i ask again, why does Religion stick? As previously pointed out, fashion usually expresses modernism as well as incorporating aspects of traditional culture. That's why you can tell Hollywood from Bollywood. In any case, religion is less sticky today than in previous periods.Zachriel
February 11, 2015
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If one is blindly (irrationally) attached to a worldview position, one can't be open minded, can't think out of the box. Hence one willfully avoids trying to understand other positions. Perhaps one might incorrectly equate understanding to agreeing? Sometimes understanding may lead to agreeing, but that's not always the case. I understand the materialistic worldview position, simply because I was an atheist part of my life. Was raised, strongly educated, intensively trained, radically brainwashed within that worldview. However, now I disagree with that worldview position, because I know it well, and I believe it's false. Now I count that period of my life as a loss. Given these two opposite irreconcilable worldview positions, one might logically ask how can one truly (not superficially) switch* from one to another? How did the zealous self-righteous religious Saul of Tarsus, who hated and persecuted the people of "The Way", become Paul the Apostle, the self-proclaimed 'chief of sinners', who prostrated himself at the feet of his divine Savior, and wrote the theologically profound letter to the Romans? (*) I believe such switch is possible only in one direction. I don't believe it would be possible to convert Paul the Apostle to Saul of Tarsus. But this is not the topic of this discussion thread.Dionisio
February 11, 2015
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Evolve, unlike 50 million nearly identical babies, the Multiverse has trigintillions of dead empty voids and this one with life. Fine tuning is still above your head sigh. Zachriel, in the past most things were sticky. Now, it is common for kids to reject political musical fashion views of parents, but religion still sticks. i ask again, why does Religion stick?ppolish
February 11, 2015
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G2: Notice how a rope works? Different strands work together to do an overall job. It's a common situation, one that should be understood for what it is and does. KFkairosfocus
February 11, 2015
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Graham2, "Fine tuning etc, may be evidence of a hand at work, I would be prepared to accept that, but which hand ?" The evidence points to "a hand", singular. This says a lot about the hand. The evidence may not point to a particular variant of a monotheistic God, but it does point directly to monotheism. The only other possibility (other than a moment of ultra-luck caused by a bazillion failed plays) is that there are multiple "hands" working in concert. The latter, however, isn't much difference from "one".bFast
February 11, 2015
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Graham2
fine tuning etc, may be evidence of a hand at work, I would be prepared to accept that, but which hand ?
The evidence can lead you on a path of understanding - from one concept to the next. Fine-tuning may show a hand at work. If that evidence became convincing enough, you could move from atheism to deism. There is now a prime mover and creator. But the evidence from fine-tuning may say more than there's merely an impersonal force at work. Is this really an impersonal force that created things, or isn't it more reasonable to conclude that the creator "had us in mind" and shows this through the many coincidences that support the existence of life on earth? Every class of elements that exists on the periodic table of elements is necessary for complex carbon-based life to exist on earth. The three most abundant elements in the human body, Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, “just so happen” to be the most abundant elements in the universe, save for helium which is inert. A truly amazing coincidence that strongly implies “the universe had us in mind all along”. -- Michael Denton So, if that became convincing enough, you could move from Deism to Theism. Now you would have a creator God who was 'personal' to the extend of willing the existence of humanity. Fine-tuning arguments don't take us much farther than that. To move to the next step: "Which theistic God is it?" - requires analysis of whether or not God communicated anything to humanity (through prophets or teachers). But if you look just at "a creator God", you can find that in several religions, so theism is supported by that.Silver Asiatic
February 11, 2015
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ppolish: most kids reject their parents taste in music, fashion choices That's a fairly modern phenomenon. For most of history, children closely resemble their parents in terms of music, fashion, as well as religion. Even today, when teenagers around the world listen to popular music, it often has traditional instruments, costumes, dance, and vocal idioms in the mix. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdHEqAfK69IZachriel
February 11, 2015
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If we prayed only for ourselves, if the churches had not led from the front, in setting up hospitals, schools, and other charitable institutions, and in causing slavery to be abolished, neither we nor our institutional church, compromised as it has been by both human and inhuman failings, neither could be called Christian. But that's what we are, goldurn it! And now we are being marginalised by self-styled progressives, slavery's been making a massive come-back; along with all manner of other ills.Axel
February 11, 2015
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ppolish @ 44, ///Almost all of the 50 million sperm would create a baby, Evolve. But ONLY ONE cosmological constant out of a trillion trillion raised to the trillion trillion squared gives rise to a Universe with monkey men/// But each of those 50 million babies would be different. And only one among them ever materialises. Similarly, different cosmological constants can potentially produce different universes with different results. But only one materialized - ours (if the multiverse exists, then more than one universe could have materialised). Your mistake, as I have pointed out many times already, is teleological presuppositions. You assume that the goal of creation is to produce humans, therefore all parameters must be tuned to achieve that purpose. This is like the fallacy of saying that the earth’s gravity is fine-tuned to produce us, when in reality it is we who are fine-tuned to how the earth ended up being. Likewise, it is we who are fine-tuned (or adapted) to the universe, the universe is not fine-tuned with us in mind. I’m sure many of you already get this, but I don’t expect theists to agree and shake hands with me even if they’re wrong. Barry may now start another thread calling me names.Evolve
February 11, 2015
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F/N: A warning on the matches that are being played with:
Eph 4:17 Now this I say and testify in the Lord, that you must no longer walk as the Gentiles do, in the futility of their minds. 18 They are darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, due to their hardness of heart. 19 They have become callous and have given themselves up to sensuality, greedy to practice every kind of impurity. 20 But that is not the way you learned Christ!— 21 assuming that you have heard about him and were taught in him, as the truth is in Jesus, 22 to put off your old self,[f] which belongs to your former manner of life and is corrupt through deceitful desires, 23 and to be renewed in the spirit of your minds, 24 and to put on the new self, created after the likeness of God in true righteousness and holiness. Rom 2:6 He will render to each one according to his works: 7 to those who by patience in well-doing seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life; 8 but for those who are self-seeking[a] and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, there will be wrath and fury. Jn 3: 19 And this is the judgment: the light has come into the world, and people loved the darkness rather than the light because their works were evil. 20 For everyone who does wicked things hates the light and does not come to the light, lest his works should be exposed. 21 But whoever does what is true comes to the light, so that it may be clearly seen that his works have been carried out in God.” 2 Cor 10:3 For though we walk in the flesh, we are not waging war according to the flesh. 4 For the weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh but have divine power to destroy strongholds. 5 We destroy arguments and every lofty opinion raised against the knowledge of God, and take every thought captive to obey Christ . . . [ESV]
This last seems rather jarring, so let us note Rom 1:
Rom 1:18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth. 19 For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. 20 For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world,[g] in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse. 21 For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools, 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man and birds and animals and creeping things. 24 Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, 25 because they exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! . . . . 28 And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them up to a debased mind to do what ought not to be done. 29 They were filled with all manner of unrighteousness, evil, covetousness, malice. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, maliciousness. They are gossips, 30 slanderers, haters of God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, 31 foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless. 32 Though they know God's righteous decree that those who practice such things deserve to die, they not only do them but give approval to those who practice them. [ESV]
. . . with also Paul's presentation to the Athenian elites c AD 50:
Ac 17:22 So Paul, standing in the midst of the Areopagus, said: “Men of Athens, I perceive that in every way you are very religious. 23 For as I passed along and observed the objects of your worship, I found also an altar with this inscription, ‘To the unknown god.’ What therefore you worship as unknown, this I proclaim to you. 24 The God who made the world and everything in it, being Lord of heaven and earth, does not live in temples made by man,[c] 25 nor is he served by human hands, as though he needed anything, since he himself gives to all mankind life and breath and everything. 26 And he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their dwelling place, 27 that they should seek God, and perhaps feel their way toward him and find him. Yet he is actually not far from each one of us, 28 for “‘In him we live and move and have our being’;[d] as even some of your own poets have said, “‘For we are indeed his offspring.’[e] 29 Being then God's offspring, we ought not to think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone, an image formed by the art and imagination of man. 30 The times of ignorance God overlooked, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent, 31 because he has fixed a day on which he will judge the world in righteousness by a man whom he has appointed; and of this he has given assurance to all by raising him from the dead.” 32 Now when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked. But others said, “We will hear you again about this.” 33 So Paul went out from their midst. 34 But some men joined him and believed, among whom also were Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris and others with them.
Paul was literally laughed out of court. With but scanty apparent results. And yet, 2000 years later the verdict of history is plain. It did not belong to the pagans, or the skeptical philosophers or the cynical politicians, but tot he Apostle and the gospel. The Areopagus and the Parthenon are a;ong a road, named after the Apostle and his chief convert, Dionysius. And there is a ring of churches surrounding the old pagan monuments. From a tiny acorn, a massive oak grows. KFkairosfocus
February 11, 2015
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@your #62, Dan'l: 'I agree with you both. I am thankful for my life, which has been blessed with good fortune. But I am also mindful of the many people who have not been so blessed. What concern do you have for them and the circumstances that you believe have been ordained by a supernatural power for them?' ------------------------- I'm sure we both pray for them every day, morning, noon and night. It's implicit in most Christian prayers, when it's not explicit. Moreover the life of the Christian, notably his/her crosses have redemptive power in respect of the welfare of others others, as well as our own, in this life as well as for the next; and we hope that we are included in their prayers and redemptive power, too.Axel
February 11, 2015
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F/N: I have asserted that evolutionary materialist scientism is self-referentially incoherent. Here is a 101 on why I say that (go there for onward links etc): ___________ >> 13 --> Some materialists go further and suggest that mind is more or less a delusion. For instance, Sir Francis Crick is on record, in his 1994 The Astonishing Hypothesis: . . . that "You", your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behaviour of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules. As Lewis Carroll's Alice might have phrased: "You're nothing but a pack of neurons." This hypothesis is so alien to the ideas of most people today that it can truly be called astonishing. 14 --> Philip Johnson has replied that Sir Francis should have therefore been willing to preface his works thusly: "I, Francis Crick, my opinions and my science, and even the thoughts expressed in this book, consist of nothing more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules." Johnson then acidly commented: “[[t]he plausibility of materialistic determinism requires that an implicit exception be made for the theorist.” [[Reason in the Balance, 1995.] 15 --> In short, it is at least arguable that self-referential absurdity is the dagger pointing to the heart of evolutionary materialistic models of mind and its origin . . . . This issue can be addressed at a more sophisticated level [[cf. Hasker in The Emergent Self (Cornell University Press, 2001), from p 64 on, e.g. here as well as Reppert here and Plantinga here (briefer) & here (noting updates in the 2011 book, The Nature of Nature)], but without losing its general force, it can also be drawn out a bit in a fairly simple way: a: Evolutionary materialism argues that the cosmos is the product of chance interactions of matter and energy, within the constraint of the laws of nature; from hydrogen to humans by undirected chance and necessity. b: Therefore, all phenomena in the universe, without residue, are determined by the working of purposeless laws of chance and/or mechanical necessity acting on material objects, under the direct or indirect control of happenstance initial circumstances. (This is physicalism. This view covers both the forms where (a) the mind and the brain are seen as one and the same thing, and those where (b) somehow mind emerges from and/or "supervenes" on brain, perhaps as a result of sophisticated and complex software looping. The key point, though is as already noted: physical causal closure -- the phenomena that play out across time, without residue, are in principle deducible or at least explainable up to various random statistical distributions and/or mechanical laws, from prior physical states. Such physical causal closure, clearly, implicitly discounts or even dismisses the causal effect of concept formation and reasoning then responsibly deciding, in favour of specifically physical interactions in the brain-body control loop; indeed, some mock the idea of -- in their view -- an "obviously" imaginary "ghost" in the meat-machine. [[There is also some evidence from simulation exercises, that accuracy of even sensory perceptions may lose out to utilitarian but inaccurate ones in an evolutionary competition. "It works" does not warrant the inference to "it is true."] ) c: But human thought, clearly a phenomenon in the universe, must now fit into this meat-machine picture. So, we rapidly arrive at Crick's claim in his The Astonishing Hypothesis (1994): what we subjectively experience as "thoughts," "reasoning" and "conclusions" can only be understood materialistically as the unintended by-products of the blind natural forces which cause and control the electro-chemical events going on in neural networks in our brains that (as the Smith Model illustrates) serve as cybernetic controllers for our bodies. d: These underlying driving forces are viewed as being ultimately physical, but are taken to be partly mediated through a complex pattern of genetic inheritance shaped by forces of selection [["nature"] and psycho-social conditioning [["nurture"], within the framework of human culture [[i.e. socio-cultural conditioning and resulting/associated relativism]. And, remember, the focal issue to such minds -- notice, this is a conceptual analysis made and believed by the materialists! -- is the physical causal chains in a control loop, not the internalised "mouth-noises" that may somehow sit on them and come along for the ride. (Save, insofar as such "mouth noises" somehow associate with or become embedded as physically instantiated signals or maybe codes in such a loop. [[How signals, languages and codes originate and function in systems in our observation of such origin -- i.e by design -- tends to be pushed to the back-burner and conveniently forgotten. So does the point that a signal or code takes its significance precisely from being an intelligently focused on, observed or chosen and significant alternative from a range of possibilities that then can guide decisive action.]) e: For instance, Marxists commonly derided opponents for their “bourgeois class conditioning” — but what of the effect of their own class origins? Freudians frequently dismissed qualms about their loosening of moral restraints by alluding to the impact of strict potty training on their “up-tight” critics — but doesn’t this cut both ways? Should we not ask a Behaviourist whether s/he is little more than yet another operantly conditioned rat trapped in the cosmic maze? And -- as we saw above -- would the writings of a Crick be any more than the firing of neurons in networks in his own brain? f: For further instance, we may take the favourite whipping-boy of materialists: religion. Notoriously, they often hold that belief in God is not merely cognitive, conceptual error, but delusion. Borderline lunacy, in short. But, if such a patent "delusion" is so utterly widespread, even among the highly educated, then it "must" -- by the principles of evolution -- somehow be adaptive to survival, whether in nature or in society. And so, this would be a major illustration of the unreliability of our conceptual reasoning ability, on the assumption of evolutionary materialism. g: Turning the materialist dismissal of theism around, evolutionary materialism itself would be in the same leaky boat. For, the sauce for the goose is notoriously just as good a sauce for the gander, too. h: That is, on its own premises [[and following Dawkins in A Devil's Chaplain, 2004, p. 46], the cause of the belief system of evolutionary materialism, "must" also be reducible to forces of blind chance and mechanical necessity that are sufficiently adaptive to spread this "meme" in populations of jumped- up apes from the savannahs of East Africa scrambling for survival in a Malthusian world of struggle for existence. Reppert brings the underlying point sharply home, in commenting on the "internalised mouth-noise signals riding on the physical cause-effect chain in a cybernetic loop" view: . . . let us suppose that brain state A, which is token identical to the thought that all men are mortal, and brain state B, which is token identical to the thought that Socrates is a man, together cause the belief that Socrates is mortal. It isn’t enough for rational inference that these events be those beliefs, it is also necessary that the causal transaction be in virtue of the content of those thoughts . . . [[But] if naturalism is true, then the propositional content is irrelevant to the causal transaction that produces the conclusion, and [[so] we do not have a case of rational inference. In rational inference, as Lewis puts it, one thought causes another thought not by being, but by being seen to be, the ground for it. But causal transactions in the brain occur in virtue of the brain’s being in a particular type of state that is relevant to physical causal transactions. [[Emphases added. Also cf. Reppert's summary of Barefoot's argument here.] i: The famous geneticist and evolutionary biologist (as well as Socialist) J. B. S. Haldane made much the same point in a famous 1932 remark: "It seems to me immensely unlikely that mind is a mere by-product of matter. For if my mental processes are determined wholly by the motions of atoms in my brain I have no reason to suppose that my beliefs are true. They may be sound chemically, but that does not make them sound logically. And hence I have no reason for supposing my brain to be composed of atoms. In order to escape from this necessity of sawing away the branch on which I am sitting, so to speak, I am compelled to believe that mind is not wholly conditioned by matter.” [["When I am dead," in Possible Worlds: And Other Essays [1927], Chatto and Windus: London, 1932, reprint, p.209. (Highlight and emphases added.)] j: Therefore, though materialists will often try to pointedly ignore or angrily brush aside the issue, we may freely argue: if such evolutionary materialism is true, then (i) our consciousness, (ii) the "thoughts" we have, (iii) the conceptualised beliefs we hold, (iv) the reasonings we attempt based on such and (v) the "conclusions" and "choices" (a.k.a. "decisions") we reach -- without residue -- must be produced and controlled by blind forces of chance happenstance and mechanical necessity that are irrelevant to "mere" ill-defined abstractions such as: purpose or truth, or even logical validity. (NB: The conclusions of such "arguments" may still happen to be true, by astonishingly lucky coincidence — but we have no rational grounds for relying on the “reasoning” that has led us to feel that we have “proved” or "warranted" them. It seems that rationality itself has thus been undermined fatally on evolutionary materialistic premises. Including that of Crick et al. Through, self-reference leading to incoherence and utter inability to provide a cogent explanation of our commonplace, first-person experience of reasoning and rational warrant for beliefs, conclusions and chosen paths of action. Reduction to absurdity and explanatory failure in short.) k: And, if materialists then object: “But, we can always apply scientific tests, through observation, experiment and measurement,” then we must immediately note that -- as the fate of Newtonian Dynamics between 1880 and 1930 shows -- empirical support is not equivalent to establishing the truth of a scientific theory. For, at any time, one newly discovered countering fact can in principle overturn the hitherto most reliable of theories. (And as well, we must not lose sight of this: in science, one is relying on the legitimacy of the reasoning process to make the case that scientific evidence provides reasonable albeit provisional warrant for one's beliefs etc. Scientific reasoning is not independent of reasoning.) l: Worse, in the case of origins science theories, we simply were not there to directly observe the facts of the remote past, so origins sciences are even more strongly controlled by assumptions and inferences than are operational scientific theories. So, we contrast the way that direct observations of falling apples and orbiting planets allow us to test our theories of gravity. m: Moreover, as Harvard biologist Richard Lewontin reminds us all in his infamous January 29, 1997 New York Review of Books article, "Billions and billions of demons," it is now notorious that: . . . It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel [[materialistic scientists] to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door. [[And if you have been led to imagine that the immediately following words justify the above, kindly cf. the more complete clip and notes here.] n: Such a priori assumptions of materialism are patently question-begging, mind-closing and fallacious. o: More important, to demonstrate that empirical tests provide empirical support to the materialists' theories would require the use of the very process of reasoning and inference which they have discredited. p: Thus, evolutionary materialism arguably reduces reason itself to the status of illusion. But, as we have seen: immediately, that must include “Materialism.” q: In the end, it is thus quite hard to escape the conclusion that materialism is based on self-defeating, question-begging logic. r: So, while materialists -- just like the rest of us -- in practice routinely rely on the credibility of reasoning and despite all the confidence they may project, they at best struggle to warrant such a tacitly accepted credibility of mind and of concepts and reasoned out conclusions relative to the core claims of their worldview. (And, sadly: too often, they tend to pointedly ignore or rhetorically brush aside the issue.)>> ___________ FYI. KFkairosfocus
February 11, 2015
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PS: Link budget used up pretty much so here is a link on the objectivity of morality and where it points: http://nicenesystheol.blogspot.com/2010/11/unit-2-gospel-on-mars-hill-foundations.html#u2_morals PPS: Similarly, Kreeft's 20 or so arguments here will bear examination: http://www.strangenotions.com/god-exists/ PPS: He walked among us is also well worth a read, and a free download: https://s3.amazonaws.com/jmm.us/Books-Downloadable/He+Walked+Among+Us.pdfkairosfocus
February 11, 2015
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Folks, Fascinating, as in car wreck in progress . . . horrifically, sadly, cry of the heart to God . . . fascinating. The notion, that there is "no evidence" for God, really means, no evidence I am willing to accept. That is, we see here the error of the skeptic, selective hyperskepticism in action. As Greenleaf puts it:
[26] . . . In the ordinary affairs of life we do not require nor expect demonstrative [--> mathematical proof or the like . . . ] evidence, because it is inconsistent with the nature of matters of fact, and to insist on its production would be unreasonable and absurd . . . The error of the skeptic consists in pretending or supposing that there is a difference in the nature of things to be proved; and in demanding demonstrative evidence concerning things which are not susceptible of any other than moral evidence alone, and of which the utmost that can be said is, that there is no reasonable doubt about their truth . . . . [27] . . . . In proceeding to weigh the evidence of any proposition of fact, the previous question to be determined is, when may it be said to be proved? The answer to this question is furnished by another rule of municipal law, which may be thus stated: A proposition of fact is proved, when its truth is established by competent and satisfactory evidence. By competent evidence, is meant such as the nature of the thing to be proved requires; and by satisfactory evidence, is meant that amount of proof, which ordinarily satisfies an unprejudiced mind, beyond any reasonable doubt. . . . . If, therefore, the subject is a problem in mathematics, its truth is to be shown by the certainty of demonstrative evidence. But if it is a question of fact in human affairs, nothing more than moral evidence can be required, for this is the best evidence which, from the nature of the case, is attainable. Now as the facts, stated in Scripture History, are not of the former kind, but are cognizable by the senses, they may be said to be proved when they are established by that kind and degree of evidence which, as we have just observed, would, in the affairs of human life, satisfy the mind and conscience of a common man. [Testimony of the Evangelists, Sections 26, 27, emphases added.]
Collins has a nice definition:
evidence (??v?d?ns) n 1. ground for belief or disbelief; data on which to base proof or to establish truth or falsehood 2. a mark or sign that makes evident; indication: his pallor was evidence of ill health. 3. (Law) law matter produced before a court of law in an attempt to prove or disprove a point in issue, such as the statements of witnesses, documents, material objects, etc. See also circumstantial evidence, direct evidence 4. (Law) turn queen's evidence turn king's evidence turn state's evidence (of an accomplice) to act as witness for the prosecution and testify against those associated with him in crime 5. in evidence on display; apparent; conspicuous: her new ring was in evidence. vb (tr) 6. to make evident; show clearly 7. to give proof of or evidence for
Wiki's article on Evidence, leads:
Evidence, broadly construed, is anything presented in support of an assertion. This support may be strong or weak. The strongest type of evidence is that which provides direct proof of the truth of an assertion. At the other extreme is evidence that is merely consistent with an assertion but does not rule out other, contradictory assertions, as in circumstantial evidence. In law, rules of evidence govern the types of evidence that are admissible in a legal proceeding. Types of legal evidence include testimony, documentary evidence, and physical evidence. The parts of a legal case which are not in controversy are known, in general, as the "facts of the case." Beyond any facts that are undisputed, a judge or jury is usually tasked with being a trier of fact for the other issues of a case. Evidence and rules are used to decide questions of fact that are disputed, some of which may be determined by the legal burden of proof relevant to the case. Evidence in certain cases (e.g. capital crimes) must be more compelling than in other situations (e.g. minor civil disputes), which drastically affects the quality and quantity of evidence necessary to decide a case. Scientific evidence consists of observations and experimental results that serve to support, refute, or modify a scientific hypothesis or theory, when collected and interpreted in accordance with the scientific method. In philosophy, the study of evidence is closely tied to epistemology, which considers the nature of knowledge and how it can be acquired.
Now of course much of the problem pivots on the prevalence of a priori evolutionary materialist scientism in our day, which collapses on a modicum of inspection of say Lewontin's infamously question-begging statement in NYRB in 1997:
. . . the problem is to get them [hoi polloi] to reject irrational and supernatural explanations of the world, the demons that exist only in their imaginations [--> loaded question-begging and closed mindedness that others may see something you don't] , and to accept a social and intellectual apparatus, Science, as the only begetter of truth [--> NB: this is a knowledge claim about knowledge and its possible sources, i.e. it is a claim in philosophy not science; it is thus self-refuting]. . . . To Sagan, as to all but a few other scientists, it is self-evident [--> actually, science and its knowledge claims are plainly not immediately and necessarily true on pain of absurdity, to one who understands them; this is another logical error, begging the question , confused for real self-evidence; whereby a claim shows itself not just true but true on pain of patent absurdity if one tries to deny it . . ] that the practices of science provide the surest method of putting us in contact with physical reality [--> note the lock down and suggestion this is all], and that, in contrast, the demon-haunted world rests on a set of beliefs and behaviors that fail every reasonable test [--> i.e. an assertion that tellingly reveals a hostile mindset, not a warranted claim] . . . . It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes [--> another major begging of the question . . . ] to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations [--> so the ideology drives the conclusions, undermining credibility as a serious open-minded search for truth about the world on empirical evidence and linked reasoning], no matter how counter-intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is absolute [--> i.e. here we see the fallacious, indoctrinated, ideological, closed mind . . . ], for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door [--> ideological, a priori lock out] . . . [if you imagine "quote mining" kindly cf here on for context and notes]
I suggest: 1 --> Much of the matter pivots on foundational issues on worldviews and epistemology (study of knowledge), so here is a good place to begin: http://nicenesystheol.blogspot.com/2010/11/unit-2-gospel-on-mars-hill-foundations.html#u2_bld_wvu 2 --> For instance, unless you ponder impossible vs possible being and contingent vs necessary being, the idea of an uncaused, necessary root of reality and existence may seem strange. Where contingent possible beings depend on external, on/off enabling causal factors which is why they can begin or end; by contrast, there are things that don't have such on/off enablers, and either exist in any possible world or -- like square circles -- are impossible due to contradictions in core proposed characteristics. For instance the truth expressed in 2 + 3 = 5 never began to exist, nor can it cease to be so . . . a simple case of a necessary being. 3 --> Also, a true nothing -- non-being -- has no causal powers. So if ever there were an utter nothing, nothingness would forever obtain. So, as we live in a real world, something always was, at the root of reality. 4 --> The issue is not whether reality has a necessary being at its root, but the nature of that root. This of course implies that God is always a serious candidate to be the root necessary being, especially for an observed cosmos with a credible beginning and which in any case comprises composite, changeable beings and so is credibly contingent. 5 --> A little while back, I took up here at UD, one direction this points in: https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/on-the-reasonableness-and-importance-of-the-inherently-good-creator-god-a-necessary-and-maximally-great-being/ . . . also, note here on dismissiveness to "religion": https://uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/on-the-reasonableness-and-importance-of-the-inherently-good-creator-god-a-necessary-and-maximally-great-being/ 6 --> And of course, things like the mere fact that I am alive to be typing this (I should have died 40 years ago, absent a miracle of guidance to the right doctor . . . ) and the experience of millions of others who have met God in miraculous and/or life changing ways are evidence of God in action. 7 --> Speaking of which, we need to focus miracle no 1 in its historical and scriptural context, as summarised in 1 Cor 15:
1 Cor 15 Now I would remind you, brothers,[a] of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, 2 and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. 3 For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, 4 that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. 8 Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me. 9 For I am the least of the apostles, unworthy to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. 10 But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace toward me was not in vain. On the contrary, I worked harder than any of them, though it was not I, but the grace of God that is with me. 11 Whether then it was I or they, so we preach and so you believed. [ESV]
. . . where, here on in context (do, watch the video!) may be of help to the perplexed: http://nicenesystheol.blogspot.com/2010/11/unit-1-biblical-foundations-of-and-core.html#u1_grnds (And yes, having read Cold Case Christianity by J W Wallace, I can highly recommend it for those needing a good 101.) 8 --> This is of course record of eyewitness testimony dating to 35 - 8 AD, written down AD 55. In the very literal sense, it is evidence that points to God, the God of the Judaeo-Christian tradition. 9 --> Our consciences, notoriously, tell us that we are under the eye of a law written in our hearts, that the same Apostle discusses in Romans, c 57 AD . . . starting with the implications of pointing an accusing finger:
Rom 2:1 Therefore you have no excuse, O man, every one of you who judges. For in passing judgment on another you condemn yourself, because you, the judge, practice the very same things. 2 We know that the judgment of God rightly falls on those who practice such things . . . . 14 For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law. 15 They show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, while their conscience also bears witness, and their conflicting thoughts accuse or even excuse them . . . . Rom 13:8 Owe no one anything, except to love each other, for the one who loves another has fulfilled the law. 9 For the commandments, “You shall not commit adultery, You shall not murder, You shall not steal, You shall not covet,” and any other commandment, are summed up in this word: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” 10 Love does no wrong to a neighbor; therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.
10 --> We have a choice. We can take this testimony seriously and recognise that we are under law, a core moral law that grounds rights and duties, that OUGHT is real and binding. Thus, there is a world-foundational IS that grounds OUGHT. There is but one serious candidate . . . and yes, I am here using explicitly abductive, inference to best explanation reasoning . . . the inherently good Creator God, a necessary and maximally great being, the root of reality. 11 --> Or, we may find some lab-coat clad way to dismiss that general testimony, deflecting it into a delusion of obligation that is merely subjective and probably psycho-socially conditioned. But, that pays a price that is not generally acknowledged. 12 --> Namely we here see an inference to general delusion on a major facet of mindedness. But as there are no fire-walls in the mind, we see here yet another way that a priori evolutionary materialist scientism and its fellow travellers are self-undermining and inherently irrational. Yes, irrational per ex falso quodlibet. 13 --> So, the balance on best explanation is to acknowledge conscience as generally pointing to a true, profoundly important reality: we are under moral government, so also a moral governor. 14 --> The onlooker will note I have not invoked design in the world of life or the cosmos. Deliberately, such is not the start-point for relevant evidence, though it strongly buttresses it. A cosmos fine tuned in many ways that set up C-chemistry aqueous medium cell based life and the fact that such life is chock full of FSCO/I -- a strong sign of design -- support the view that a serious and open minded assessment of evidence will conclude that there is much evidence pointing to the reality and relevance of God. But, a man convinced against his will is of the same opinion still. KFkairosfocus
February 11, 2015
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Daniel King:
I see no need, as you and your fellow theists do, to invoke an anthropomorphic creator and mover.
Yet you cannot explain the evidence without at least one Intelligent Designer. That means you see no need to explain what we observe. Talk about anti-science lunacy...Joe
February 11, 2015
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keith s and Zachriel try to use objective nested hierarchies as evidence for unguided evolution even after it is proven that unguided evolution could not produce an objective nested hierarchy. Now we have this that also refutes them:
The goals of scientists like Linnaeus and Cuvier- to organize the chaos of life’s diversity- are much easier to achieve if each species has a Platonic essence that distinguishes it from all others, in the same way that the absence of legs and eyelids is essential to snakes and distinguishes it from other reptiles. In this Platonic worldview, the task of naturalists is to find the essence of each species. Actually, that understates the case: In an essentialist world, the essence really [I]is[/I] the species. Contrast this with an ever-changing evolving world, where species incessantly spew forth new species that can blend with each other. The snake [I]Eupodophis[/I] from the late Cretaceous period, which had rudimentary legs, and the glass lizard, which is alive today and lacks legs, are just two of many witnesses to the blurry boundaries of species. Evolution’s messy world is anathema to the clear, pristine order essentialism craves. It is thus no accident that Plato and his essentialism became the “great antihero of evolutionism,” as the twentieth century zoologist Ernst Mayr called it.- Andreas Wagner, “Arrival of the Fittest”, pages 9-10
The case should be closed but it is a given we will be addressing this, again, some time in the future.Joe
February 11, 2015
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