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What is “Evidence”

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This is a follow up to my Stupid Things Atheists Say post. Evolve is being obstinate in his idiocy. He does not seem to understand the rather simple distinction between “evidence” and “evaluation of evidence.” I will try to help him (whether a fool such as he can be helped remains to be seen; there are none so blind as those who refuse to see). I will try to spell it out in terms adopted to the meanest understanding:

What is “evidence”? The dictionary defines the word as follows: “the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.” The rules of evidence that I use in court define relevant evidence as anything that has a “tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence”  Note that for evidence to be evidence it need not compel a conclusion; it need only have a tendency to lead to the conclusion.

Suppose I am trying a case and the key issue in the trial is whether the light was green. I put on two witnesses who testify the light was green. Is this testimony evidence? Of course it is. The testimony has a tendency to make a fact of consequence to the case (i.e., the light was green) more probable than it would have been without the evidence. My opponent then puts on three witnesses who testify the light was red. That is evidence also.

The evidence closes; we make our closing statements; the jury is charged; and off the to the jury room they go. The jury then evaluates the evidence. Now suppose the jury comes back and says, “we find as a matter of fact that the light was red.” I lose the case. Did I lose the case because the jury had “absolutely no evidence” on which to find that the light was green?  Of course not. I presented evidence (i.e., testimony) that the light was green; presenting evidence is, after all, what a trial is about.  I lost the case not because there was no evidence the light was green.  I lost because the jury was unpersuaded by the evidence I submitted.

Now, if someone comes along and says I lost the case because there was “absolutely no evidence the light was green,” we would say that person was an idiot. Of course there was evidence. The evidence just did not persuade the decision maker.

Now, the evidence for God: All of the things I listed in my last post are evidence that God exists. Let’s take fine tuning as an example. There are a few possible explanations for fine tuning: Inexplicable brute fact; multiverse; God did it. The fact that God is at least a possible explanation for fine tuning means that fine tuning is evidence for the existence of God.

Who is the jury? Everyone is a juror. We all evaluate the evidence for God’s existence and come to a conclusion. I find the evidence from fine tuning very persuasive. If I were on the jury I would vote “God exists.” The fact that you would vote “God does not exist” does not mean there was “absolutely no evidence.” You are like the jurors who believed the light was red and were unpersuaded by the evidence that the light was green. It is not a matter of whether there was no evidence. It was a matter of the evaluation of the evidence.

I hope that helps. I doubt that it will since your ideological blinders seem to make you incapable of seeing anything outside of your narrow dogmatic myopic point of view.

Comments
SA, ///How do you know that there was even one other possible universe?/// There could have been...not there was. There could have been a different human born from the union of my father and mother - any of tens of millions of possible humans. Only one came into existence (me) because only 1 out of 50 million sperm cells fused with the egg. The remaining millions of possible humans were never realized. Ditto for the universe.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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Evolve @ 31. This comment demonstrates that you are beyond help. I am so sorry. It really does make me sad.Barry Arrington
February 10, 2015
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Evolve
we’re trying to objectively verify whether an entity called God exists. For that you need to produce objectively verifiable evidence which rules out competing explanations or makes them highly unlikely
Distinctions ... You claimed there was "no evidence". Now you're saying that you're looking for a particular type of evidence. As above, what objectively verifiable evidence do you have that the universe "occurred by sheer chance"?Silver Asiatic
February 10, 2015
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Neil Rickert at 7: You write, "What counts as evidence in a law court is very different from what counts as evidence in a science laboratory." Well, excuse me, the impression you are leaving is that a courtroom is the A ship and science is the B ship. A courtroom has strict rules of evidence. If there is one thing that a dozen years on this beat has taught me is that standards of evidence in science are often tailored to protect one or another naturalist theory, in the sense that what is accepted as evidence is only what supports such theory. One can't do that in a courtroom. (I have relatives who work in the courts, so I know this independently from Barry.) One can't make a rule that the only evidence that can be admitted is what would tend to convict Schmeazle of Schmoe's murder. And all contrary evidence is to be discounted, rejected, or explained away. Well, yes, that kind of thing CAN happen, but there are unpleasant names for such courts (hanging jury, lynch mob). And they are not supposed to form part of our legal system. One outcome is that if naturalism is wrong, it would not be possible to know. Some like it that way, I guess.News
February 10, 2015
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Barry @ 26, ///Almost every experiment in the field of psychiatry relies on reports from the subjects (i.e., testimony)./// It may rely on testimonies, but it does not reach conclusions and pass judgments on testimonies alone. The condition must also be studied and assessed empirically. That's the cornerstone of the scientific procedure. You're making a big mistake by likening court proceedings to science. ///Evidence is evidence if it is information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. Consult any dictionary. /// Dictionary definitions of evidence are not what matter here. Here's how Cambridge dictionary defines evidence: "something that makes you believe that something is true or exists" ...which means each person can have his own personal evidence to believe that God exists. That won't work here because we're trying to objectively verify whether an entity called God exists. For that you need to produce objectively verifiable evidence which rules out competing explanations or makes them highly unlikely.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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Regarding what I said above...the word "God" in this example is also quite vague. Are you talking about a who or a what? Also,ForJah
February 10, 2015
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evolve- You keep using the word evidence. I do not think it means what you think it means. You might try using the word proof instead.SteveGoss
February 10, 2015
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WJM, another explanation occurred to me. Maybe Evolve is a fundamentalist Christian only pretending to be a dogmatic blinkered atheist for the purpose of bringing disrepute on the atheist side by saying really really stupid things. In that case, you are right. He is crazy -- crazy like a fox.Barry Arrington
February 10, 2015
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Evolve
That this universe with this set of values materialized occurred by sheer chance.
You think you have evidence to support that claim?
No, this universe was just one among countless other possibilities, any of which could have materialised.
How do you know that there was even one other possible universe?
You’re ignoring the importance of random chance in bringing about phenomena.
Random chance needs to act on something. How do you know there was any material thing existing before our universe?Silver Asiatic
February 10, 2015
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Evolve @ 21:
Barry wants testimonials to count as evidence in science, as it is in a courtroom!
*Sigh* Your triumphalist tone is really kind of embarrassing, because your assertion is demonstrably wrong at multiple levels. Level 1: You assume that testimony cannot count for evidence in a scientific inquiry. Wrong. Almost every experiment in the field of psychiatry relies on reports from the subjects (i.e., testimony). Level 2: You also assume that evidence is only evidence if it is “evidence in science.” Wrong. Evidence is evidence if it is information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. Consult any dictionary. Evidence is not limited to scientific inquiry. In comment 17 WJM states:
There is, in fact, so much evidence for the existence of a god of some sort that to deny such evidence even exists is borderline pathological
I am willing to give you the benefit of the doubt and conclude that you are just really really stupid. But WJM may be right; you may be pathological. Finally, I am attacking you in every post. Please understand that I my intent is to try to help you, not to hurt you. I am trying to shame you into making an effort at clear thinking. You are so mule-headed and blinkered in your outlook that my efforts at shaming you are almost certainly in vain, but I am trying.Barry Arrington
February 10, 2015
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Evolve, this Universe arising by chance is dismissed by current Cosmologists and Physicists. Its either God, Multiverse, or a God/Multiverse combo. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cT4zZIHR3s&feature=youtube_gdata_playerppolish
February 10, 2015
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Reply to mrchristo post# 6 from the previous thread, ///Your explanation is descriptive but morality is prescriptive about why we should or should not do anything. There is no should or should not within nature. Nature just is./// That’s also wrong as I have explained umpteen times in the previous thread. What we should/should not do is subjective, what you deem as right may be wrong for me. For example, there are cultures which state that barring women from driving is a good thing! See this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQEeXmcWOxI He has his own reasons why that’s good! I can give you many such examples if you want. Another one: Dressing scantily is absolutely ok in the west, but considered disrespectful in the middle east. This difference in opinion on what’s right and wrong stems from our evolutionary past, where our ancestors not only experienced increased brain development and cognitive abilities, but also formed societies and developed culture. Each person’s morality has evolved and adapted to suit the cultural evolution his society has undergone. It’s laughable that you guys totally ignore how evolution has shaped humans and claim that an unknown transcendent being injected moral values into our brains! And I get called all kinds of names by people for pointing out their mistake!Evolve
February 10, 2015
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Reply to mrchristo post# 6 from the previous thread, ///Fine tuning is real. It takes just as much faith to believe in a multiverse to explain it./// No, you don’t need any multiverse. A universe with any of countless other values of cosmological constants could have come into existence. That this universe with this set of values materialized happened by sheer chance. This is just like how one sperm cell out of 50 million fused with one egg cell to produce you and me by chance. It could have been any of those 50 million cells, and in each case the result would have been different. However, none of those all other possibilities ever materialised, only one did - you/me. Galaxies, stars, planets & life all came about as mere consequences of how the universe ended up being. In other words, life is fine-tuned to the universe, not the other way around. As Lawrence Krauss put it, we are fine-tuned to the earth’s gravity, not the other way around (i.e earth’s gravity is not fine-tuned to produce us). You guys are making the mistake of reversing the sense of cause and effect. Another mistake you make is to see teleology in everything. You’re assuming upfront that the goal of creation is to produce a universe supporting life and humans, therefore all values required for that purpose must be set exactly right in order to realise it. No, this universe was just one among countless other possibilities, any of which could have materialised. You’re ignoring the importance of random chance in bringing about phenomena.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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Neil @ 19. If you are saying that the existence of God is not an inquiry that is suitable for the methods and limitations of scientific inquiry, we can agree on that. Science does not speak to whether God exists.Barry Arrington
February 10, 2015
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Barry wants testimonials to count as evidence in science, as it is in a courtroom! That means if someone testifies that God visited him yesterday we should count that as evidence for God! Nice way to settle scientific debates! Now I don't care Barry's continuing personal attacks on me, as all his points are moot and he's merely trying to make up for his lack of evidence with his rhetoric. He always pulls that stunt. Theists have absolutely no evidence for the existence of God.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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Barry Arrington, Just to respond back from the previous post on a different thread. Nano-technology does no increase the probability that "God" exists anymore than it increases the probability that ALIENS exist. It only increases the probability that an intelligence is responsible. That's NOT evidence for God. That's only indirect evidence of tenet of God. Evidence for God would have to come with an objective means to display why things are or were perfect, and that they display the utmost state of perfection in relation to the fact that all things that God creates are perfect. As it stands, there is no scientific way to determine the "perfection" of design and therefore evidence for God in relation to creation is impossible.ForJah
February 10, 2015
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I must be misunderstanding you. It seems that you are saying that evidence for the existence of God does not count unless it is “scientific evidence” whatever that is.
When we have a serious court trial on the existence of God, we can begin to ask whether the evidence is appropriate for that case. If a serious scientific study is undertaken to determine whether there is a God, we can begin to ask whether the evidence is suitable for that study. In the meantime, all we have is people expressing opinion. So the "evidence" mentioned in the post title would seem to only be about what people might find subjectively persuasive.Neil Rickert
February 10, 2015
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Hello Mr. Arrington. I do recall hearing some advice regarding pearls and swine. That said, as often as not, the pearls are cast for the benefit of the audience more than for the subject. I've run into the 'evolve' argument before, 'there is absolutely no evidence for God' because God doesn't exist. This relieves 'evolve' from the necessity of evaluating the evidence. Because evaluating evidence is hard.dgosse
February 10, 2015
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From my first O.P. here: https://uncommondescent.com/philosophy/is-atheism-rationally-justifiable/
Evidence in favor of God: The following is a brief summary of the evidence that typically leads many people to make a general finding that a god (as described above) exists, even if variantly interpreted or culturally contextualized: (1) Anecdotal evidence for the apparently intelligently ordered anomalous, miraculous (defying expected natural processes and probabilities) events attributed to god, such as signs, supernatural events (e.g. Fatima, Guadeloupe, Paul’s Damascus Road Experience), or answers to prayers to god; (2) Testimonial evidence (first-hand accounts) of experience of such phenomena, including interactions with a god-like being or accounts of god-like interventions; Also, the testimony of religious adherents of various specific gods can be counted as evidence of the god premised in this argument in the manner that various cultures can vary widely in their description of certain phenomena or experiences, and come up with widely variant “explanations”; what is interesting as evidence here, though, is the widespread crediting of similar kinds of phenomena and experience to a “god” of some sort (which might be the case of blind or ignorant people touching different parts of an elephant and thus describing “what the elephant is” in various ways). Such testimonial evidence can be counted in favor of the premise here, but cannot be held against it where it varies, because it is not testimony that such a god doesn’t exist. (3) The various Cosmological and Ontological Arguments for the existence of god; (4) The Strong Anthropic (or Fine Tuning) argument and other evidences for design of our world and of life in it; (5) The empirical, scientific evidence assembled in support of the design arguments in #4 (such as recently persuaded Antony Flew — formerly the world’s leading philosophical atheist — that there is a god); (6) The Moral arguments for the existence of god. (7) Empirical, first-hand and testimonial evidence of phenomena closely correlated to the existence of a god as described above, such as the survival of consciousness after death, and the existence of an afterlife realm; the evidence for interactions with correlated entities such as angels and demons (which seem to act to influence our free will towards or away from our human purpose), etc., gathered by various serious and scientific investigations into what is often referred to as the “paranormal”, including mediumship studies dating back to William Crooke and ongoing through the work at Pear Labs and the Scole Experiment, including consciousness-survival research published in the Lancet. While indirect, this evidence tends to support the proposition that god exists. While the various arguments listed above have been subjected to counter-arguments and rebuttals of varying strengths and weaknesses across the ages, one must not lose sight that while there is much evidence of all sorts (as listed above) in favor of the existence of god; there is zero empirical evidence (to my knowledge) or and little in the way of rational argument that no such god exists. In other words, decreasing the value of the arguments and evidence for god does not increase the value of the position that there is no god; it can only increase the reasonableness of the “weak atheist” (there isn’t enough evidence) or an agnostic position.
There is, in fact, so much evidence for the existence of a god of some sort that to deny such evidence even exists is borderline pathological; to insist that there is no god in spite of the evidence available is simple blind ideology; to perhaps be unconvinced but open-minded about the idea might at least be a rationally justifiable position. Atheism - the strong or weak position that there is no god or probably is no god - is simply not a rationally justifiable position.William J Murray
February 10, 2015
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Box: There is no direct observed evidence of the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors. This statement is accurate: There is no direct observation of the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors.Zachriel
February 10, 2015
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Box: There is no direct observed evidence of the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors. The observation of the evidence for the claim is direct. The evidence for the claim may be indirect (and usually is!). This means that the evidence is a deduced effect rather than that the claim is directly observed. Silver Asiatic: The evolution of humans from ancestral species exists only in the imagination, until and unless it can be demonstrated and observed directly, in real-time. Generalizing: "The purported phenomenon is only speculation until it can be observed directly in real-time." That is incorrect. Nearly all scientific findings have been and are still based on indirect evidence, including the movement of the Earth, that dinosaurs once roamed the Earth, and the existence of atoms.Zachriel
February 10, 2015
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Zac: The evidence may be indirect, even though the observation is direct.
Fossils are directly observed, however the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors is NOT directly observed. So Silver Asiatic is right when he states:
There is no direct observed evidence of the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors.
Got it?Box
February 10, 2015
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NR:
What counts as evidence in a law court is very different from what counts as evidence in a science laboratory.
I must be misunderstanding you. It seems that you are saying that evidence for the existence of God does not count unless it is "scientific evidence" whatever that is. I am pretty sure you are not that stupid. So can you clarify what you mean?
Saying that it is fine tuned is merely opinion. There is no statement of fact involved.
Bollocks. Fine tuned means that if it were different even in a small degree, life would not exist. That is a fact. Even most atheists admit the universe is fined tuned. Obviously, they disagree on how to account for that. Neil, you are entitled to your own opinion on that issue. But you are not entitled to your own facts.Barry Arrington
February 10, 2015
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ppolish @1 If you enjoyed cold case Christianity (I have bought the book, yet to read it) you may well enjoy Simon Greenleaf. An interesting chap. He was an atheist and a professor of law. He wrote a lot of the 'rules of evidence' for the American court system. Challenged by his students to take apart the new testament under the rules of evidence he ended up becoming a Christian. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/jesus/greenleaf.html Excerpt (talking of the evangalists) And first, as to their honesty. Here they are entitled to the benefit of the general course of human experience, that men ordinarily speak the truth, when they have no prevailing motive or inducement to the contrary. This presumption, to which we have before alluded, is applied in courts of justice, even to witnesses whose integrity is not wholly free from suspicion; much more is it applicable to the evangelists, whose testimony went against all their worldly interests. The great truths which the apostles declared, were that Christ had risen from the dead, and that only through repentance from sin, and faith in him, could men hope for salvation. This doctrine they asserted with one voice, everywhere, not only under the greatest discouragements, but in the face of the most appalling terrors that can be presented to the mind of man. Their master had recently perished as a malefactor, by the sentence of a public tribunal. His religion sought to overthrow the religions of the whole world. The laws of every country were against the teaching of his disciples. The interests and passions of all the rulers and great men in the world were against them. The fashion of the world was against them. Propagating this new faith, even in the most inoffensive and peaceful manner, they could expect nothing but contempt, opposition, revilings, bitter persecutions, stripes imprisonments, torments and cruel deaths. Yet this faith they zealously did propagate; and all these miseries they endured undismayed, nay, rejoicing. As one after another was put to a miserable death, the survivors only prosecuted their work with increased vigor and resolution. The annals of military warfare afford scarcely an example of the like heroic constancy, patience and unblenching courage. They had every possible motive to review carefully the grounds of their faith, and the evidences of the great facts and truths which they asserted; and these motives were pressed upon their attention with the most melancholy and terrific frequency. It was therefore impossible that they could have persisted in affirming the truths they have narrated, had not Jesus actually rose from the dead, and had they not known this fact as certainly as they knew any other fact. If it were morally possible for them to have been deceived in this matter, every human motive operated to lead them to discover and avow their error. To have persisted in so gross a falsehood, after it was known to them, was not only to encounter, for life, all the evils which man could inflict, from without, but to endure also the pangs of inward and conscious guilt; with no hope of future peace, no testimony of a good conscience, no expectation of honor or esteem among men, no hope of happiness in this life, or in the world to come.DillyGill
February 10, 2015
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Box: Or are you saying that science does not distinguish between directly observed evidence and information gathered from other sources? The evidence is directly observed, the evidence being the entailments of the hypothesis. The evidence may be indirect, even though the observation is direct.Zachriel
February 10, 2015
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Zac,
Silver Asiatic: There is no direct observed evidence of the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors.
Zac: In science, evidence is the observations that are entailed in a hypothesis.
Unresponsive. Or are you saying that science does not distinguish between directly observed evidence and information gathered from other sources?Box
February 10, 2015
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If I visit that traffic light, I presumably will sometimes see it as green and sometimes as red. And maybe it will sometimes be yellow. When a witness reports that the traffic light is green, they are reporting one of several possibilities. When we look at the world, it is the same yesterday, today and tomorrow. Saying that it is "fine tuned" is just saying that it is the same as it has always been. There is no other universe to compare it to. Maybe it is terribly tuned, but we cannot know that because we have not seen the better tuned universes. Saying that it is fine tuned is merely opinion. There is no statement of fact involved. It is rhetoric, not evidence. If the world were tuned one way on Monday, Wednesdays and Fridays, and another way on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, we would at least have some sort of comparison as to the fineness of tuning. But we have no such comparison available.Neil Rickert
February 10, 2015
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Silver Asiatic: The evolution of humans from ancestral species exists only in the imagination, until and unless it can be demonstrated and observed directly, in real-time. That's not how science works. For instance, scientists had evidence of the Earth's movement long before it was possible to directly observe that movement; and evidence of the atom long before it was possible to directly observe atoms. Silver Asiatic: There is no direct observed evidence of the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors. In science, evidence is the observations that are entailed in a hypothesis.Zachriel
February 10, 2015
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What counts as evidence in a law court is very different from what counts as evidence in a science laboratory.Neil Rickert
February 10, 2015
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Silver Asiatic: there’s no direct observed evidence that humans evolved from ape-like ancestors Zac: That is incorrect. Hominid fossils, for instance, are direct observed evidence that are entailed in the hypothesis of human evolution.
There is no direct observed evidence of the evolution of humans from ape-like ancestors. Evolution is a process - an action. Fossils are static. The evolution of humans from ancestral species exists only in the imagination, until and unless it can be demonstrated and observed directly, in real-time.Silver Asiatic
February 10, 2015
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