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What is “Evidence”

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This is a follow up to my Stupid Things Atheists Say post. Evolve is being obstinate in his idiocy. He does not seem to understand the rather simple distinction between “evidence” and “evaluation of evidence.” I will try to help him (whether a fool such as he can be helped remains to be seen; there are none so blind as those who refuse to see). I will try to spell it out in terms adopted to the meanest understanding:

What is “evidence”? The dictionary defines the word as follows: “the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.” The rules of evidence that I use in court define relevant evidence as anything that has a “tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence”  Note that for evidence to be evidence it need not compel a conclusion; it need only have a tendency to lead to the conclusion.

Suppose I am trying a case and the key issue in the trial is whether the light was green. I put on two witnesses who testify the light was green. Is this testimony evidence? Of course it is. The testimony has a tendency to make a fact of consequence to the case (i.e., the light was green) more probable than it would have been without the evidence. My opponent then puts on three witnesses who testify the light was red. That is evidence also.

The evidence closes; we make our closing statements; the jury is charged; and off the to the jury room they go. The jury then evaluates the evidence. Now suppose the jury comes back and says, “we find as a matter of fact that the light was red.” I lose the case. Did I lose the case because the jury had “absolutely no evidence” on which to find that the light was green?  Of course not. I presented evidence (i.e., testimony) that the light was green; presenting evidence is, after all, what a trial is about.  I lost the case not because there was no evidence the light was green.  I lost because the jury was unpersuaded by the evidence I submitted.

Now, if someone comes along and says I lost the case because there was “absolutely no evidence the light was green,” we would say that person was an idiot. Of course there was evidence. The evidence just did not persuade the decision maker.

Now, the evidence for God: All of the things I listed in my last post are evidence that God exists. Let’s take fine tuning as an example. There are a few possible explanations for fine tuning: Inexplicable brute fact; multiverse; God did it. The fact that God is at least a possible explanation for fine tuning means that fine tuning is evidence for the existence of God.

Who is the jury? Everyone is a juror. We all evaluate the evidence for God’s existence and come to a conclusion. I find the evidence from fine tuning very persuasive. If I were on the jury I would vote “God exists.” The fact that you would vote “God does not exist” does not mean there was “absolutely no evidence.” You are like the jurors who believed the light was red and were unpersuaded by the evidence that the light was green. It is not a matter of whether there was no evidence. It was a matter of the evaluation of the evidence.

I hope that helps. I doubt that it will since your ideological blinders seem to make you incapable of seeing anything outside of your narrow dogmatic myopic point of view.

Comments
Daniel, mountains of evidence of incredible suffering. Famine, cancer tormenting kids. Depression, disease, acts of heinous cruelty. Mass extinction events, tsunamis and earthquakes. Seemingly endless list of evidence. That evidence strengthens my belief in a Loving God. If all that takes place without a Loving God? How utterly hopeless and cruel that would be. Suffering points me towards a Loving God. Not away for crying out loud.ppolish
February 10, 2015
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Danial King
What criteria distinguish that kind of evidence from scientific evidence or theological evidence or philosophical argument?
You didn't know that science deals with evidence that can be measured? You didn't know that evidence also comes in forms that can't be measured? Just ask your friend Niel Rickert, who couldn't wait to tell us that legal evidence is different from "scientific evidence."StephenB
February 10, 2015
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SB: Regularity, points to law. Daniel King
This is ridiculous.
It is obvious. What do you think regularity points to, chaos? I notice, by the way, that you completely ignore the broader point, the fact that all evidence must be interpreted.StephenB
February 10, 2015
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Hi ppolish and Axel. I agree with you both. I am thankful for my life, which has been blessed with good fortune. But I am also mindful of the many people who have not been so blessed. What concern do you have for them and the circumstances that you believe have been ordained by a supernatural power for them?Daniel King
February 10, 2015
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I recommend the Psalms as prayers of praise, Daniel.Axel
February 10, 2015
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Daniel, it is good to be thankful, very thankful. This rotating Earth is so incredibly special. Evidence of that is overwhelming.ppolish
February 10, 2015
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Regularity, points to order, which points to an Orderer. Regularity, points to law, which point to a Law Giver.
This is ridiculous. The earth rotates approximately every 24 hours. Thank you, Orderer, for arranging that. Gravity attracts objects with mass. Thank you, Law Giver, for decreeing that.Daniel King
February 10, 2015
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StephenB:
The philosophical evidence alone is so powerful that the only way to deny it is to deny reason itself.
"Philosophical evidence"? What criteria distinguish that kind of evidence from scientific evidence or theological evidence or philosophical argument?Daniel King
February 10, 2015
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'You don’t have to deal with evidence that does not exist. Right? Well, sadly, that is true only in the short term. Reality is the wall you smack into when you’re wrong.' Barry, I remember James Howard Kunstler making that point about reality's blithely brutal insouciance towards our own folly and its just desserts. A bit like the Pope, yesterday: 'God always forgives; Man sometimes forgives; Nature never forgives.'Axel
February 10, 2015
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When you first started this weird foray into the thought processes of the afflicted Evolve and his fellow materialists, Barry, and expressed such bitter anguish at the folly the endeavour had already occasioned you, I was quite puzzled. Athough I don't have the patience to undertake remedial teaching for tertiary level adults myself, I nevertheless, did feel that your anguish seemed a little 'over the top'. Having read the first half of the posts, I now understand. Alas, not merely intellectually, but as viscerally as you do. You ratbag! I should have known better once I saw where Evolve's posts were going - or rather were not going. Be careful you don't have a heart attack!Axel
February 10, 2015
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Axel, dgosse is right. But I would say that more than "hard" evaluating evidence can be "scary." As I've mentioned on these pages before, I was very scared when I first started evaluating the evidence for Darwinism. What if it turned out to be, as we are so often told, "overwhelming." I would have to change my entire worldview. Turns out the evidence is weak. But it might not have been. Evolve does not have the courage to face the evidence on its own terms. That is probably why he pretends it does not exist. You don't have to deal with evidence that does not exist. Right? Well, sadly, that is true only in the short term. Reality is the wall you smack into when you're wrong.Barry Arrington
February 10, 2015
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dgosse #18 Perceptive and witty. Thanks!Axel
February 10, 2015
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Neil Rickert
The point here is that science and law address very different kinds of questions, so have different ways of evaluating evidence.
Neil, you (and evolve) are missing the argument in a rather spectacular fashion. It has nothing to do with how evidence is evaluated. The point is that all evidence must be evaluated (and interpreted) and no evidence can ever speak for itself. Thus, to say that there is no evidence for the existence of God is flat out insane. The philosophical evidence alone is so powerful that the only way to deny it is to deny reason itself. Regularity, points to order, which points to an Orderer. Regularity, points to law, which point to a Law Giver. Those two points alone constitute powerful evidence for the existence of God. To deny them, you (and evolve) must deny reason itself. Anyone, therefore, who tries to take it ever further by saying that law-like regularity doesn't count as evidence is--how should I put this--not conspicuous intellectually.StephenB
February 10, 2015
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News: Well, excuse me, the impression you are leaving is that a courtroom is the A ship and science is the B ship.
I'm not sure what point you are trying to make there.
A courtroom has strict rules of evidence.
Yes, they do, though that does not prevent innocent people being convicted. The point here is that science and law address very different kinds of questions, so have different ways of evaluating evidence.
If there is one thing that a dozen years on this beat has taught me is that standards of evidence in science are often tailored to protect one or another naturalist theory, in the sense that what is accepted as evidence is only what supports such theory.
This is a misunderstanding of the nature of science and of scientific theory.Neil Rickert
February 10, 2015
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Up until 1998, the Cosmological Constant was just theoretical. A weird Einstein number/plug that was required to make the equations of General Relativity work. Theoretical Fine Tuning. In 1998 it was discovered. Confirmed and reconfirmed by expirement. Fine tuning no longer theoretical but revealed in our expanding universe. We live in a special place:) Surronded by trigintiions and trigintillions of not special place? lolppolish
February 10, 2015
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Evolve, I'm with SA @2 above:
Another problem is the statment: “there is no direct, scientifically observed evidence of the existence of God”. Ok, but there’s no direct observed evidence that humans evolved from ape-like ancestors but that doesn’t stop a lot of claims about the supposed-overwhelming support for evolutionary ideas.
Depending on how you define "evidence", the amount of evidence for God, and the amount of evidence for molecules-to-man Evolution is exactly the same: either 0, or significantly greater than 0. If you define evidence as Direct Observation Of, then there is no evidence for either. No man has seen God. No man has seen abiogenesis-to-man. If you define evidence in any way that meets the definition of "we have evidence for Evolution", by that same definition "we have evidence for God". Any number of authors, scientists and philosophers (including the Lee Strobel example already given) have used exactly such definitions of "evidence" to present the case for the existence of God. Disagree? Then provide a) your definition of evidence and b) a concrete example thereof that supports the statement "there is evidence for Darwinian Evolution". By any standard, that same definition and a corollary example can be provided that supports the statement "there is evidence for God". For example: Zachriel proposed the existence of hominid skeletons. By this definition, the existence of Life is evidence for God - after all, there isn't any physical, observable evidence that any given hominid skeleton was not human, was human, was a direct ancestor of a human, was a direct ancestor of a non-human, was a descendant of a human, was a descendant of a non-human, etc. Sure, some morphology matches the Evolutionary storyline somewhat, but so what - a modern ape has similar morphology too, who's to say the hominid skeleton wasn't simply a now-extinct ape form not currently known? On the other hand, Life has all kinds of characteristics that make it unique and distinct from non-life, and we know for a fact that the most intelligent form of life can't create Life. This fits the God storyline that only something with greater intelligence than man could create life - God fits. Therefore, evidence for God. I think you'd be better off just admitting that thousands of years worth of men much more intelligent than you and I may have been on to something in their belief that there is, in fact, "evidence" for God, than arguing that you are somehow more logical and more sensible and more knowledgeable than all the geniuses who came before you.drc466
February 10, 2015
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Evolve: No, you don’t need any multiverse. A universe with any of countless other values of cosmological constants could have come into existence. That this universe with this set of values materialized happened by sheer chance. This is just like how one sperm cell out of 50 million fused with one egg cell to produce you and me by chance. It could have been any of those 50 million cells, and in each case the result would have been different. However, none of those all other possibilities ever materialised, only one did – you/me.
You are comparing the coming into existence of a life-permitting universe (universe X) with the coming into existence of a particular person; let’s call him John. You are saying that the coming into existence of universe X and John are equally unlikely. One problem with this comparison is that the coming into existence of John presupposes universe X. A second problem is that – contrary to universe X - we have knowledge of the (chance) process by which John (at least his body) comes into existence. We know that when things have been started up it's likely that a person will be born. We know of no such cause of universe X. This second problem undermines your claims. Without the postulation of a multiverse – which you reject – we have a universe X without a known cause. And since we are without a known cause we have no ground for assuming that a chance process produced it – as you claim. If you want to posit chance as an explanation for universe X you have to postulate a chance process – e.g. a multiverse.Box
February 10, 2015
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William J Murray @ 45 & 47, As always, your brilliance and eloquence shines through. Thank youmike1962
February 10, 2015
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This is a mistake because science has no limitations, it can inquire about anything including God. The only requirement is that there should be testable hypotheses, empirical evidence supporting a given hypothesis which renders competing hypotheses implausible or unlikely.
One of the claims about god that science was able to look into was the idea that god created the universe; in order for that claim to have scientific merit, science would have to be able to demonstrate that the universe had a beginning (and was not, as previously thought, eternal). The big bang theory (nicknamed in ridicule by those who felt the theory was creationist hokum) made predictions which were later verified; the universe, it seems, began. You may not think that's such a big deal now, but back then it was an enormous finding. Many cosmologists tried everything they could in order to thwart the evidence that supported the idea that the universe came into being instead of always existed. The fine-tuning evidence, which is accepted as such by Hawking and others, begs for a plausible, non-ID counter-theory, which Hawking and others attempt to provide via their "infinite universes from nothing" hypothesis, which have been soundly rebutted and which are ludicrous on the face of it since that very theory entails many more habitable universes with gods than without. I don't expect such information to make it past the gated walls of hyperskeptical secular fanaticism, but many giants of physics have in the past admitted that our universe seems to have been designed. It's a reasonable position to hold if one can get past their own emotional blinders.William J Murray
February 10, 2015
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Evolve: Forget humans, we can even demonstrate that animals have self-awareness and consciousness through several tests. See this:
Those tests only demonstrates that other animals/humans act like you, that is, they act like what you assume consciousness to act, because you are relating them to your own actions. But they may be merely zombies acting like they are conscious. I'm asking you (or "science") to PROVE they are conscious. Not merely acting as if they are. Can you do it? Of course not. Assumptions are not evidence.mike1962
February 10, 2015
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Evolve and Rickert are apparently unaware that probably 95%+ of the so-called "scientific evidence" they supposedly base their views on is really nothing more than testimonial or anecdotal evidence where they are concerned. Unless they are conducting the experiments themselves, they either read about it in published research papers. which makes the claims testimonial when evolve, rickert or others read it, or anecdotal if they read articles about the research in popular science periodicals or the news. For the most part, humans base almost all of their beliefs and knowledge about the world and their lives on (1) their own first-hand knowledge and (2) testimony from trusted sources. How many people who believe in evolution or anthropogenic global warming actually conduct any of the relevant scientific research themselves? How much of that science is predicated upon and directly assumes the research (testified evidence) of other science in order to draw conclusions? Anyone ever heard of the peer-review problem? The number of retracted papers and debunked work still being cited? But, when it comes to evidence supporting that which they do not want to believe in, suddenly we have a major firewall where they will not even consider a thing unless it's demonstrated 9 ways to Sunday via officially sanctioned "scientific evidence". The whole "scientific evidence" firewall is just another fraudulent tactic used entirely as a rhetorical device to keep oneself from having to actually look through and consider the available evidence objectively. It's an ideological mantra used to ward off troubling ideas and information.William J Murray
February 10, 2015
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Almost all of the 50 million sperm would create a baby, Evolve. But ONLY ONE cosmological constant out of a trillion trillion raised to the trillion trillion squared gives rise to a Universe with monkey men. Scientifically laughable to view that as chance. Knowledgable scientists are not laughing haha. They are very puzzled. Very very very puzzled. God or multiverse explains the evidence. Or God/Multiverse combo, Geez, Evolve, why do you think the Multiverse has become so grudgingly popular among many scientists? Not by chance. But because chance has been ruled out.ppolish
February 10, 2015
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///Please demonstrate that anyone besides yourself is conscious./// Forget humans, we can even demonstrate that animals have self-awareness and consciousness through several tests. See this: http://news.discovery.com/animals/zoo-animals/chimpanzees-self-awareness-110504.htmEvolve
February 10, 2015
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/// The universe could not be its own cause because to be your own cause you have to exist before you existed./// The same applies to God then. By invoking God, you're not solving any problem, you're only pushing it one step back. Remember to say YOU DON'T KNOW, which is much better than asserting goddidit.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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This is fun its almost as if evolution messed with the brains of some people, also known as atheists. The universe could not be its own cause because to be your own cause you have to exist before you existed. Remember that the next time you try the chance just so story.Andre
February 10, 2015
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Evolve: This is a mistake because science has no limitations
Please demonstrate that anyone besides yourself is conscious. You can't do it, neither can "science" (i.e, that investigative actions of human beings.)
"there’s absolutely no evidence for a God."
Evidence doesn't mean anything without an interpretive framework. What is your interpretative framework?mike1962
February 10, 2015
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///True with egg and sperm, not with universe. You know that there are lots of potential sperm/egg combinations. But you don’t know if there’s even one other universe./// There are also lots of potential combinations of physical constants as well. Each combination will theoretically give rise to a different universe, just like how a given sperm-egg combination will give rise to a different human. ///you’re willing to make a decision about the chance origin of the universe, but you have no evidence that it happened that way/// The evidence is in the nature of events itself. There's nothing preventing physical constants from assuming a myriad of different combinations producing a multitude of universes. There's no reason to believe that our universe was specially created and fine-tuned with humans in mind. Don't forget that that was the point I was rebutting. Now, whether a multiverse actually exists or only one single universe exists is obviously unknown. ///Would you say that “it’s impossible that God exists”?/// I wouldn't say it's impossible that God exists, but I will reiterate that there's absolutely no evidence for a God.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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///If you are saying that the existence of God is not an inquiry that is suitable for the methods and limitations of scientific inquiry, we can agree on that. Science does not speak to whether God exists./// Wrong. I often see accommodationists trying to declare a truce between science and faith by placing God outside of the purview of science. This is a mistake because science has no limitations, it can inquire about anything including God. The only requirement is that there should be testable hypotheses, empirical evidence supporting a given hypothesis which renders competing hypotheses implausible or unlikely.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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Evolve
There could have been…not there was.
Ok, true - but you seemed to draw a definite conclusion on something that might not be true at all. So can you also accept: "God could exist"?
There could have been a different human born from the union of my father and mother – any of tens of millions of possible humans. Only one came into existence (me) because only 1 out of 50 million sperm cells fused with the egg. The remaining millions of possible humans were never realized. Ditto for the universe.
True with egg and sperm, not with universe. You know that there are lots of potential sperm/egg combinations. But you don't know if there's even one other universe. The point here -- you're willing to make a decision about the chance origin of the universe, but you have no evidence that it happened that way. It could have happened, but there also could only be one universe. Would you say that "it's impossible that God exists"?Silver Asiatic
February 10, 2015
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///Distinctions … You claimed there was “no evidence”. Now you’re saying that you’re looking for a particular type of evidence./// It's well understood that by evidence I mean evidence based on reason and not evidence based on personal whims and fancies. ///As above, what objectively verifiable evidence do you have that the universe “occurred by sheer chance”?/// Because standard cosmological theory allows for it. Our current universe has one set of physical constants. But physical constants could have assumed any of countless possible values - each set would produce a different universe with different properties.Evolve
February 10, 2015
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