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Researchers clearly observe quantum effects in photosynthesis

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Leaf Texture From Bill Andrews at Discover:

In particular, according to a study released Monday in Nature Chemistry, an international team of scientists showed that molecules involved in photosynthesis display quantum mechanical behavior. Even though we’d suspected as much before, this is the first time we’ve seen quantum effects in living systems.

With a technique called two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, researchers saw molecules in simultaneous excited states — quantum weirdness akin to a cat being alive and dead at the same time. What’s more, the effect lasted exactly as long as theories predicted it, suggesting this evidence of quantum biology will last. As the authors succinctly put it, “Thus, our measurements provide an unambiguous experimental observation of excited-state vibronic coherence in the FMO complex.” More.

Photosynthesis now becomes less of a mystery in one sense. But in another sense, when we are in the realm of quantum mechanics, we ought not to go out and buy new lecterns to splinter.

See also: Photosynthesis pushed back even further. Time to revisit the “Boring Billion” claim

Comments
Nobody has ever tried to explain to me the definition of a photon. I understand the concept, but it seems to be just scientific slang, equivalent to "Oh, you know".SmartAZ
March 27, 2019
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It is also important to clarify exactly what is meant by quantum non-locality. When a quantum system is said to be in a non-local state that means that “quantum correlations are somehow arising from outside spacetime, in the sense that no story in space and time can describe them,” and that it is therefore necessary to appeal to a 'beyond space and time' cause in order to explain the quote unquote 'non-local' effect we are witnessing:
Looking beyond space and time to cope with quantum theory – 29 October 2012 Excerpt: “Our result gives weight to the idea that quantum correlations somehow arise from outside spacetime, in the sense that no story in space and time can describe them,” http://www.quantumlah.org/highlight/121029_hidden_influences.php
Besides photosynthesis, human vision is also found to be a quantum process. As the following article states,, the Human Eye’s Ability to Detect Single Photons,,, is a quantum mechanism and is governed by the laws of quantum physics.
Quantum Biometrics Exploits the Human Eye’s Ability to Detect Single Photons - April 25, 2017 Excerpt: The new technique is based on the well-known ability of the human eye to detect single photons. Our light-detection machinery relies on rhodopsin molecules in retinal rod cells to detect single photons and then on a complex mechanism of phototransduction to send this signal to the brain. Experiments dating back to the 1940s show that humans can become aware of a flash of light containing just a handful of photons. This photon detection process is a quantum mechanism and is governed by the laws of quantum physics. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604266/quantum-biometrics-exploits-the-human-eyes-ability-to-detect-single-photons/
In the following article commenting on the ability of the human eye to detect a single photon, William Bialek, who is a professor of physics at Princeton University, remarked that photoreceptor cells that carpet the retinal tissue of the eye and respond to light, are not just good or great or phabulous at their job. They are not merely exceptionally impressive by the standards of biology,,, Photoreceptors operate at the outermost boundary allowed by the laws of physics, which means they are as good as they can be, period.
William Bialek: More Perfect Than We Imagined - March 23, 2013 Excerpt: photoreceptor cells that carpet the retinal tissue of the eye and respond to light, are not just good or great or phabulous at their job. They are not merely exceptionally impressive by the standards of biology, with whatever slop and wiggle room the animate category implies. Photoreceptors operate at the outermost boundary allowed by the laws of physics, which means they are as good as they can be, period. Each one is designed to detect and respond to single photons of light — the smallest possible packages in which light comes wrapped. “Light is quantized, and you can’t count half a photon,” said William Bialek, a professor of physics and integrative genomics at Princeton University. “This is as far as it goes.” … In each instance, biophysicists have calculated, the system couldn’t get faster, more sensitive or more efficient without first relocating to an alternate universe with alternate physical constants. http://darwins-god.blogspot.com/2013/03/william-bialek-more-perfect-than-we.html
And, in further regards to the eye's ability to detect a single photon, the following researcher remarked that, 'Any man-made detector would need to be cooled and isolated from noise to behave the same way.”
Study suggests humans can detect even the smallest units of light – July 21, 2016 Excerpt: Research,, has shown that humans can detect the presence of a single photon, the smallest measurable unit of light. Previous studies had established that human subjects acclimated to the dark were capable only of reporting flashes of five to seven photons.,,, it is remarkable: a photon, the smallest physical entity with quantum properties of which light consists, is interacting with a biological system consisting of billions of cells, all in a warm and wet environment,” says Vaziri. “The response that the photon generates survives all the way to the level of our awareness despite the ubiquitous background noise. Any man-made detector would need to be cooled and isolated from noise to behave the same way.”,,, The gathered data from more than 30,000 trials demonstrated that humans can indeed detect a single photon incident on their eye with a probability significantly above chance. “What we want to know next is how does a biological system achieve such sensitivity? How does it achieve this in the presence of noise? http://phys.org/news/2016-07-humans-smallest.html
Moreover, besides photosynthesis and human vision, non-local quantum correlations are now also found to be pervasive throughout molecular biology. In fact, quantum correlations are now found to be in both DNA and protein molecules as well as in a wide range of other important biomolecules:
Quantum criticality in a wide range of important biomolecules Excerpt: “Most of the molecules taking part actively in biochemical processes are tuned exactly to the transition point and are critical conductors,” they say. That’s a discovery that is as important as it is unexpected. “These findings suggest an entirely new and universal mechanism of conductance in biology very different from the one used in electrical circuits.” The permutations of possible energy levels of biomolecules is huge so the possibility of finding even one that is in the quantum critical state by accident is mind-bogglingly small and, to all intents and purposes, impossible.,, of the order of 10^-50 of possible small biomolecules and even less for proteins,”,,, “what exactly is the advantage that criticality confers?” https://medium.com/the-physics-arxiv-blog/the-origin-of-life-and-the-hidden-role-of-quantum-criticality-ca4707924552
Moreover, these recent findings from quantum biology, as the following video clearly shows, falsifies the reductive materialistic foundation upon which Darwinian evolution itself is built:
Darwinian Materialism vs Quantum Biology - video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHdD2Am1g5Y
The finding of pervasive beyond space and time quantum correlations within molecular biology has some fairly obvious and profound implications. As Stuart Hameroff remarks in the following video, ' it's possible that this quantum information can exist outside the body. Perhaps indefinitely as a soul.
“Let’s say the heart stops beating. The blood stops flowing. The microtubules lose their quantum state. But the quantum information, which is in the microtubules, isn’t destroyed. It can’t be destroyed. It just distributes and dissipates to the universe at large. If a patient is resuscitated, revived, this quantum information can go back into the microtubules and the patient says, “I had a near death experience. I saw a white light. I saw a tunnel. I saw my dead relatives.,,” Now if they’re not revived and the patient dies, then it's possible that this quantum information can exist outside the body. Perhaps indefinitely as a soul.” - Stuart Hameroff - Quantum Entangled Consciousness - Life After Death - video (5:00 minute mark) https://youtu.be/jjpEc98o_Oo?t=300
Of course the committed atheist will never admit to such obvious and profound implications from quantum biology, but, as a Christian Theist, I am very pleased with the obvious and profound implications that quantum biology has brought forth. As Job 12: 9-10 stated thousands of years before the science of quantum biology came along,,,
Job 12: 9-10 "Who among all these does not know That the hand of the LORD has done this, In whose hand is the soul of every living thing, and the breath of all mankind.,,,”
bornagain77
May 24, 2018
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Moreover, as these following references show, photosynthesis is an extremely elaborate and complicated process that Darwinists have real no clue as to how it possibly could have evolved gradually as they hold it did. As one evolutionist commented “cyanobacteria kind of just appeared out of the tree of life with this very advanced capability to do oxygenic photosynthesis without any apparent forebears.”
Evolutionary biology: Out of thin air John F. Allen & William Martin: The measure of the problem is here: “Oxygenetic photosynthesis involves about 100 proteins that are highly ordered within the photosynthetic membranes of the cell." http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v445/n7128/full/445610a.html New Study on the Evolution of Photosynthesis — A “Very Advanced Capability” - Cornelius Hunter - April 6, 2017 Excerpt: evolutionist Robert Blankenship admitted, “The whole question of the origin of cyanobacteria has long been a mystery because they kind of just appeared out of the tree of life with this very advanced capability to do oxygenic photosynthesis without any apparent forebears.” https://www.evolutionnews.org/2017/04/new-study-on-the-evolution-of-photosynthesis-a-very-advanced-capability/
Moreover, the efficiency of photosynthesis trounces any machine man has ever built in terms of efficiency. The following study found that ‘Certain biological systems living in low light environments have unique protein structures for photosynthesis that use quantum dynamics to convert 100% of absorbed light into electrical charge,,,’
Unlocking nature's quantum engineering for efficient solar energy - January 7, 2013 Excerpt: Certain biological systems living in low light environments have unique protein structures for photosynthesis that use quantum dynamics to convert 100% of absorbed light into electrical charge,,, These biological systems can direct a quantum process, in this case energy transport, in astoundingly subtle and controlled ways – showing remarkable resistance to the aggressive, random background noise of biology and extreme environments. http://phys.org/news/2013-01-nature-quantum-efficient-solar-energy.html
Whereas, on the other hand, the very best solar panels ever tested in a lab (i.e., not the ones actually available for sale and installation on your house) are only able to convert about 34% of the light that hits them into electricity.,
What's quantum physics got to do with biology? - June 2012 Excerpt: certain bacteria can capture 95% of the light that hits them and turn it into useful energy. Solar panels also convert light from the Sun into energy—but they aren't nearly as good at it. The very best solar panels ever tested in a lab (i.e., not the ones actually available for sale and installation on your house) were able to convert about 34% of the light that hit them into electricity.,, Why can't we use the Sun's energy as effectively as bacteria can? The secret may be that the bacteria are using quantum physics to transmit energy. http://boingboing.net/2012/06/01/quantum-biology.html
In the following article entitled 'Uncovering Quantum Secret in Photosynthesis' we find that such stunning efficiency for photosynthesis is accomplished via a quantum process. Specifically, the researcher stated, "These results show that coherence, a genuine quantum effect of superposition of states, is responsible for maintaining high levels of transport efficiency in biological systems, even while they adapt their energy transport pathways due to environmental influences"
Uncovering Quantum Secret in Photosynthesis - June 20, 2013 Excerpt: Photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and some bacteria, have mastered this process: In less than a couple of trillionths of a second, 95 percent of the sunlight they absorb is whisked away to drive the metabolic reactions that provide them with energy. The efficiency of photovoltaic cells currently on the market is around 20 percent.,,, Van Hulst and his group have evaluated the energy transport pathways of separate individual but chemically identical, antenna proteins, and have shown that each protein uses a distinct pathway. The most surprising discovery was that the transport paths within single proteins can vary over time due to changes in the environmental conditions, apparently adapting for optimal efficiency. "These results show that coherence, a genuine quantum effect of superposition of states, is responsible for maintaining high levels of transport efficiency in biological systems, even while they adapt their energy transport pathways due to environmental influences" says van Hulst. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130620142932.htm
It is also important to realize that this quantum coherence found in molecular biology is, like quantum entanglement, a 'non-local' effect. As the following article states, quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are ‘operationally equivalent’:
Physicists find quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are two sides of the same coin - June 25, 2015 by Lisa Zyga Excerpt: Quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are two landmark features of quantum physics, and now physicists have demonstrated that the two phenomena are "operationally equivalent"—that is, equivalent for all practical purposes, though still conceptually distinct,,, While the results show that coherence and entanglement are operationally equivalent, the physicists explain that this doesn't mean that are the exact same thing, as they are still conceptually different ideas.,,, The operational equivalence of coherence and entanglement will likely have a far-reaching impact on areas ranging from quantum information theory to more nascent fields such as quantum biology and nanoscale thermodynamics. http://phys.org/news/2015-06-physicists-quantum-coherence-entanglement-sides.html
In fact, 'Whereas the "EPR" (entanglement) connections are ephemeral and fragile, some forms of nonlocal coherence are robust.'
Coherence and nonlocality Usually quantum nonlocality is discussed in terms of correlated multiparticle systems such as those discussed by John Bell in his famous 1964 theorem and then later clarified by GHZ, David Mermin and others. But more striking and significant is the qualitative nonlocal phenomena associated with coherent states,,,, In fact, theoretically these two kinds of nonlocality have precisely the same basis: the unmeasured singlet state uncovered by EPR is a coherent 'pure state' despite its spacial extension, and when the parts are realized in a measurement (a la Bell) this coherence is harvested or cashed in. Whereas the "EPR" connections are ephemeral and fragile, some forms of nonlocal coherence are robust. http://www.nonlocal.com/hbar/nonlocalcoherence.html
Moreover, 'the greater the number of particles in a quantum hypergraph state, (such as what we have with quantum coherence in biological systems), the more strongly it violates local realism, with the strength increasing exponentially with the number of particles.'
Physicists find extreme violation of local realism in quantum hypergraph states - Lisa Zyga - March 4, 2016 Excerpt: Many quantum technologies rely on quantum states that violate local realism, which means that they either violate locality (such as when entangled particles influence each other from far away) or realism (the assumption that quantum states have well-defined properties, independent of measurement), or possibly both. Violation of local realism is one of the many counterintuitive, yet experimentally supported, characteristics of the quantum world. Determining whether or not multiparticle quantum states violate local realism can be challenging. Now in a new paper, physicists have shown that a large family of multiparticle quantum states called hypergraph states violates local realism in many ways. The results suggest that these states may serve as useful resources for quantum technologies, such as quantum computers and detecting gravitational waves.,,, The physicists also showed that the greater the number of particles in a quantum hypergraph state, the more strongly it violates local realism, with the strength increasing exponentially with the number of particles. In addition, even if a quantum hypergraph state loses one of its particles, it continues to violate local realism. This robustness to particle loss is in stark contrast to other types of quantum states, which no longer violate local realism if they lose a particle. This property is particularly appealing for applications, since it might allow for more noise in experiments. http://phys.org/news/2016-03-physicists-extreme-violation-local-realism.html
bornagain77
May 24, 2018
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The fine-tuning of Light to Atmosphere, Water, Photosynthesis, and Human Vision is no friend of Atheistic presuppositions.
Fine tuning of Light, to Atmosphere, Water, Photosynthesis, and Human Vision (etc.) - video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiN9dU0W6rQ
A few selected notes from the preceding video: In the following video Dr. Walter Bradley goes over the fine tuning of the fundamental universal constants, light, and biological life for each other:
Creation of the Cosmos - Dr. Walter Bradley - Walter Bradley - (36 minute mark) video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4_SQzM-1AY
And here is an article from Dr. Bradley entitled, “Is There Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God? How the Recent Discoveries Support a Designed Universe”, in which Dr. Bradley also goes over the fine tuning of the fundamental universal constants, light, and biological life for each other.
Is There Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God? How the Recent Discoveries Support a Designed Universe - Dr. Walter L. Bradley http://www.leaderu.com/offices/bradley/docs/scievidence.html
In the paper Dr. Bradley also lists four graphs. At the bottom of the four graphs he states: “The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (~1 micron) is the most intense radiation from the sun (Figure 3.1); has the greatest biological utility (Figure 3.2); and passes through atmosphere of Earth (Figure 3.3) and water (Figure 3.4) with almost no absorption. It is uniquely this same wavelength of radiation that is idea to foster the chemistry of life. This is either a truly amazing series of coincidences or else the result of careful design.” And in the following article, Michael Denton quotes the Encyclopaedia Britannica which states "Considering the importance of visible sunlight for all aspects of terrestrial life, one cannot help being awed by the dramatically narrow window in the atmospheric absorption…and in the absorption spectrum of water"
Is Earth’s Apparent Design for Life Simply the "Most Severe Case of Observational Bias in the History of Science"? - Michael Denton - May 9, 2014 Excerpt: the fact that the gases of the atmosphere let through just the right light for photosynthesis and the generation of oxygen while at the same time absorbing all the harmful EM radiation on either side of the visual window. Commenting on the narrowness of this crucial window, the Encyclopaedia Britannica remarks13: "Considering the importance of visible sunlight for all aspects of terrestrial life, one cannot help being awed by the dramatically narrow window in the atmospheric absorption…and in the absorption spectrum of water" https://evolutionnews.org/2014/05/is_earths_appar/
As the following video states at the 4:00 minute mark,,, “These specific frequencies of light (that enable plants to manufacture food and astronomers to observe the cosmos) represent less than 1 trillionth of a trillionth (10^-24) of the universe’s entire range of electromagnetic emissions.”
4:00 minute mark,,, “These specific frequencies of light (that enable plants to manufacture food and astronomers to observe the cosmos) represent less than 1 trillionth of a trillionth (10^-24) of the universe’s entire range of electromagnetic emissions.” Privileged Planet (Chapter 9 of 12) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quhucmOAdss
And in the following article entitled 'The "just right" relationship of the light spectrum and photosynthesis', the author points out that for photosynthesis to occur, 'light must be of the right color. Light of the wrong color won't do the trick'. ,,, and the article further goes on to state “There was only one chance in 10^25 of the Sun's providing just the right kind of light necessary for us,,,”
The " just right " relationship of the light spectrum and photosynthesis Excerpt: The American astronomer George Greenstein discusses this in The Symbiotic Universe, p 96: Chlorophyll is the molecule that accomplishes photosynthesis... The mechanism of photosynthesis is initiated by the absorption of sunlight by a chlorophyll molecule. But in order for this to occur, the light must be of the right color. Light of the wrong color won't do the trick.,,, The harmony between stellar and molecular physics that Greenstein refers to is a harmony too extraordinary ever to be explained by chance. There was only one chance in 10^25 of the Sun's providing just the right kind of light necessary for us and that there should be molecules in our world that are capable of using that light. This perfect harmony is unquestionably proof of Intelligent Design. http://elshamah.heavenforum.org/t1927-the-just-right-relationship-of-the-light-spectrum-and-photosynthesis The electromagnetic spectrum, fine tuned for life Excerpt: The amazing thing is that all this radiation is limited to a 1/10^25 interval of the whole electromagnetic spectrum yet it is sufficient to keep us warm, see, and allow all the chemical reactions necessary for life to take place. Even if all the other conditions necessary for life and mentioned elsewhere in this book existed, if the light radiated by the Sun fell into any other part of the electromagnetic spectrum, there could be no life on Earth. It is certainly impossible to explain the fulfillment of this condition having a probability of 1 in 10^25 with a logic of coincidence http://reasonandscience.heavenforum.org/t2033-the-electomagnetic-spectrum-fine-tuned-for-life
Luke Barnes touches on the fine tuning of the chemistry that underpins life in he following article
The Fine-Tuning of Nature’s Laws - Luke A. Barnes - Fall 2015 Excerpt:,,, Compared to the range of possible masses that the particles described by the Standard Model could have, the range that avoids these kinds of complexity-obliterating disasters is extremely small. Imagine a huge chalkboard, with each point on the board representing a possible value for the up and down quark masses. If we wanted to color the parts of the board that support the chemistry that underpins life, and have our handiwork visible to the human eye, the chalkboard would have to be about ten light years (a hundred trillion kilometers) high.,,, http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-fine-tuning-of-natures-laws
bornagain77
May 24, 2018
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When the observer's brain is poisoned by quantum quackery, everything the observer observes is quantum. This effect is known as Schrödinger's Schrödinger.polistra
May 23, 2018
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Some papers seem like nonsense disguised in scientific jargon that provoke this simple reaction: Huh? Say what?
An alternative biological synthesis is presented that conceptualizes evolutionary biology as an epiphenomenon of integrated self-referential information management. Since all biological information has inherent ambiguity, the systematic assessment of information is required by living organisms to maintain self-identity and homeostatic equipoise in confrontation with environmental challenges. Through their self-referential attachment to information space, cells are the cornerstone of biological action. That individualized assessment of information space permits self-referential, self-organizing niche construction. That deployment of information and its subsequent selection enacted the dominant stable unicellular informational architectures whose biological expressions are the prokaryotic, archaeal, and eukaryotic unicellular forms. Multicellularity represents the collective appraisal of equivocal environmental information through a shared information space. This concerted action can be viewed as systematized information management to improve information quality for the maintenance of preferred homeostatic boundaries among the varied participants. When reiterated in successive scales, this same collaborative exchange of information yields macroscopic organisms as obligatory multicellular holobionts. Cognition-Based Evolution (CBE) upholds that assessment of information precedes biological action, and the deployment of information through integrative self-referential niche construction and natural cellular engineering antecedes selection. Therefore, evolutionary biology can be framed as a complex reciprocating interactome that consists of the assessment, communication, deployment and management of information by self-referential organisms at multiple scales in continuous confrontation with environmental stresses. At every scale and within its limits, cognitive ability discriminates the use of information from a proscribed range of uncertainties that can settle into biologic action. The zone of separation between the animate and the inanimate thereby lies upon the threshold of physical data becoming biological information. Its crux is the condition of knowing that this information has constraints. As any awareness of situation is information dependent, evolutionary development is the perpetual entanglement of living entities in their use of information to resolve environmental ambiguities into explicate self-referential biological solutions to meet environmental stresses. The compulsory gap between information and its reliability is the exact rationale towards assessing the scope of life at every scale as systematized information management. Simply put, perfect information needs no management. Thus, evolutionary development can be appraised as centered within the systematic management of information to sustain cellular homeostatic equipoise. At a consequence, and at all reiterating scales, the survival of any living organism is granted only through the self-referential scrutiny of its incertitude.
Miller, William. (2017). Biological information systems: Evolution as cognition-based information management. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 134. 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.11.005. Huh? Say what?
Living systems inhabit the area of the world which is shaped by the predictable space-time of physical objects and forces that can be incorporated into their perception pattern. The process of selecting a “habitable” space-time is the internal quantum measurement in which living systems become embedded into the environment that supports their living state. This means that living organisms choose a coordinate system in which the influence of measurement is minimal. We discuss specific roles of biological macromolecules, in particular of the cytoskeleton, in shaping perception patterns formed in the internal measurement process. Operation of neuron is based on the transmission of signals via cytoskeleton where the digital output is generated that can be decoded through a reflective action of the perceiving agent. It is concluded that the principle of optimality in biology as formulated by Liberman et al. (BioSystems 22, 135–154, 1989) is related to the establishment of spatiotemporal patterns that are maximally predictable and can hold the living state for a prolonged time. This is achieved by the selection of a habitable space approximated to the conditions described by classical physics. In conclusion, the problem of perception can be resolved within the frames of endophysics, which is the concept claiming that physical properties of the world can be understood only from the “inside” of the internal observer being within the Universe (Rossler, 1996). The proponents of endophysics, including E.A. Liberman, K. Matsuno, Y.-P. Gunji and the authors of this paper, take into consideration the simple fact that an indefinite interface exists between an object and an observer, and observed objects cannot be distinguished from the measurement process used to identify them (Gunji et al., 1998, 2016, 2017). The context of organizational endoperspective in perception and consciousness can be viewed as a consequence of the process of internal quantum measurement and is related directly to the issue of free will. Interacting observers form a perpetually changing externality which constitutes their environment (for all observers possessing the genetic language) and the cultural medium (for those possessing human language). It serves as a reflective space which sheds the light of knowledge how to orient, survive, and develop: “Man, as a light in the night, is lighted and extinguished” (Heraclitus, Fragment 26). In this space, all qualia immanent to the subject are hidden and appear via encoding in signs, while the whole world in its basis is not a set of things but the set of internal observers.
Igamberdiev, Abir & Shklovskiy-Kordi, Nikita. (2017). The quantum basis of spatiotemporality in perception and consciousness. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 130. 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.02.008. Huh? Say what?
All eukaryotic organisms are holobionts representing complex collaborations between the entire microbiome of each eukaryote and its innate cells. These linked constituencies form complex localized and interlocking ecologies in which the specific microbial constituents and their relative abundance differ substantially according to age and environmental exposures. Rapid advances in microbiology and genetic research techniques have uncovered a significant previous underestimate of the extent of that microbial contribution and its metabolic and developmental impact on holobionts. Therefore, a re-calibration of the neonatal period is suggested as a transitional phase in development that includes the acquisition of consequential collaborative microbial life from extensive environmental influences. These co-dependent, symbiotic relationships formed in the fetal and neonatal stages extend into adulthood and even across generations.
Miller, William. (2016). The Eukaryotic Microbiome: Origins and Implications for Fetal and Neonatal Life. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 4. 10.3389/fped.2016.00096.OLV
May 22, 2018
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Original paper: online full textOLV
May 22, 2018
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