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Darwin skeptic focuses on the repeated evolution of the camera eye

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The Mystery of Evolutionary Mechanisms

Robert F. Shedinger, religion prof at Luther College in Iowa and author of The Mystery of Evolutionary Mechanisms: Darwinian Biology’s Grand Narrative of Triumph and the Subversion of Religion, offered a series of reflective posts at ENST, analyzing a Darwinian biology text. His last one focused on the eye:

In my previous post analyzing Strickberger’s Evolution, a prominent textbook by Brian K. Hall and Benedikt Hallgrimsson, I focused on the phenomenon of convergent evolution. One of the most amazing examples of convergence is the repeated evolution of the camera eye. I will begin this final post by considering Strickberger’s treatment of eye evolution along with comments on a few other problematic aspects of the textbook.

On eye evolution, Hall and Hallgrimsson write:

“As explained by the process of convergent evolution, the structural similarity of squid and vertebrate eyes does not come from an ancestral visual structure in a recent common ancestor of mollusks and vertebrates, but rather from convergent evolution as similar selective pressures led to similar organs that enhance visual acuity. Such morphological convergences may have arisen independently in numerous other animal lineages subject to similar selective visual pressures. “

But how could a similar series of mutations of the sort necessary to produce similarly structured eyes in different lineages occur so many times independently if the mutations are randomly produced? Hall and Hallgrimsson are not bothered by this question, but in order to convince the reader that such a thing is possible, they appeal to the well-known work of Dan-Eric Nilsson and Susanne Pelger.

Robert F. Shedinger, “Squeezing Out the Mystery: Final Comments on Strickberger’s Evolution” at Evolution News and Science Today: (August 19, 2020)

But the textbook authors ignore the caveats, he tells us. He concludes,

In this post and the five that preceded it I have tried to highlight some of the more egregious ways Strickberger’s Evolution fundamentally distorts the science of evolutionary biology in service to its real intention to indoctrinate students into the Darwinian worldview. Clearly this textbook is not alone. Many of the errors and distortions outlined in this series of posts could be found in many other evolutionary biology textbooks.

Robert F. Shedinger, “Squeezing Out the Mystery: Final Comments on Strickberger’s Evolution” at Evolution News and Science Today: (August 19, 2020)

Here’s a question: How many people would study biology with interest if we took the Darwin out of it and said, learn what the natural world of life is like without all these theories of how it came to be that way? Who would still be interested?

See also: Darwin skeptic Robert Shedinger calls out Paul Davies

Comments
And much later, when a new theory that's consistent with observed facts finally emerges, the promoters of Darwinism will glibly claim they knew all along that it was all hot air but they were just fighting to keep the fatally flawed theory afloat long enough to stave off "the creationist pirates." -QQuerius
September 9, 2020
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206 EugeneS
I feel sorry for those who still stick to the old paradigm for fear of the ideological bankruptcy.
The "materialist" Titanic is struggling to stay afloat, but it's just a matter of time for them to sink. And no Carpathia in sight. What a disaster. :)Truthfreedom
September 9, 2020
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Q Good observation. I think the real 'meat' is in splicing where the system decides how to actually interpret the data dynamically given some inputs from the environment. It feels like what UB talks about is only scratching the surface. 'Design' is written all over it. I feel sorry for those who still stick to the old paradigm for fear of the ideological bankruptcy.
I would guess you know a lot more about this than I do.
Of course not.EugeneS
September 9, 2020
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EugeneS, Interesting. It also makes me wonder whether there's a contextual aspect to DNA coding. The idea is that the segment acquires additional information from the other DNA in proximity, both linear or 3D folded. And I'm not including associated epigenetic information. I would guess you know a lot more about this than I do. -QQuerius
September 8, 2020
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Q, Exactly. Formally, Shannon information is the upper bound on functional information. I remember reading Abel's paper on measuring FI in proteins. In certain parts (amino acid sites) of the molecule the measured values reached a max of log(20), which is the theoretical max provided by the Shannon model given the uniform distribution of amino acid 'letters'. These maxima then structurally correlated with the active sites of the proteins (i.e. sites responsible for some specific chemical interaction the protein carries out).EugeneS
September 8, 2020
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Yes, your quote articulates the concept very well. Two strings of data might have the same amount of Shannon "information" (data) but it's possible that only one of them has any functional information. -QQuerius
September 7, 2020
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Querius, More on cryptography:
Modern cryptography reverses the direction of Dembski’s explanatory filter, transforming an encrypted message so that an uninformed observer will see it as random noise. However, with the cypher key, a receiver can eliminate the appearance of chance and infer a message, once the decrypted text can be independently specified by dictionary words into a concise, meaningful text. The encryption method eliminates chance decryptions and the decryption key is the specification. Encryption enables secure communication online where cyber criminals are rampant. Apart from it, they could view all of our personal details and easily steal our identities and assets. Authentication is another side of the cryptography coin. An independent specification is used to verify that a person is who they say they are. Take, for instance, an ATM PIN. If the PIN were a single digit, then odds are a random passerby can easily gain access to anyone’s account. However, if a number of digits are used, the number is very difficult to guess. Account holders can reliably demonstrate their identity and gain access while the chance of invalid entry is kept small. The number of digits eliminates chance, and the particular PIN number is the specification. Without this ability to authenticate account owners with very high reliability, the digital economy would fall apart. Looking at these three technologies that form the bedrock of the modern digital world, we can see that each is a exact implementation of Dembski’s explanatory filter. Each follows the steps to eliminate chance and independently specify the event as required by the filter. The end result is that the intelligent activity that drives the digital world is reliably transmitted, secured, and authenticated. Ironically, the many critics of Dembski’s filter are using the technologies built upon the filter to publish their criticisms. They are just like the fish who do not know about water because it forms the atmosphere of their existence.
From here.EugeneS
September 7, 2020
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Queries, Thank you. I agree that cryptography is interesting. In that context, even a (pseudo)-random sequence of bits has a function (i.e. a cryptographic key).EugeneS
September 7, 2020
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EugeneS @192, Thank you for the explanation!
Functional information in the context of a given function f is information associated with function f of some configuration K of matter.
I'm thinking of the mathematical context of cryptography, which would transform nearly random bits into a decoded message. ET @193, I think the correct term should be "Shannon Data."
“Data is not information, Information is not knowledge, Knowledge is not understanding, Understanding is not wisdom.” -Clifford Stoll
EugeneS @194, Brilliantly summarized! Also, regarding nomenclature, I'm sure you can think of other examples where poorly chosen terms impede understanding. I believe that information, its source, and its conservation or lack thereof is central to understanding design . . . and the nature of existence. -QQuerius
September 6, 2020
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ET This is an argument purely about nomenclature. Genetic algorithms exemplify artificial (intelligent) selection, not evolution. Whatever is done by means of telic processes is not evolution but an artificial selection. If you define evolution as merely dynamics, I have no objection but I don't think this is standard. Evolution as such is a more general term than biological evolution.EugeneS
September 6, 2020
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What? Evolution is merely the change in allele frequency over time, by definition. Genetic algorithms exemplify evolution by means of telic processes. origin of the word evolution:
1620s, "an opening of what was rolled up," from Latin evolutionem (nominative evolutio) "unrolling (of a book)," noun of action from past participle stem of evolvere "to unroll" (see evolve).
ET
September 6, 2020
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==How does guidance make it stop being evolution?== By definition. Evolution is 'unfolding', 'unrolling' of something that is left to itself. Control or guidance makes it an entirely different thing. It is a mistake to continue to call it 'evolution'. That is my personal point of view, in any case.EugeneS
September 6, 2020
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How does guidance make it stop being evolution? Guidance stops it from being blind watchmaker evolution. And there are definitions of process that don't require guidance. Spontaneous chemical reactions are still a process.ET
September 6, 2020
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ET Agreed in principle. But I'd rather stick to the established terminology, out of respect for our naturalist interlocutors ) Also, I would say that the "unguided process" is an oxymoron by virtue of the definition of 'process'. Finally, 'guided evolution' is also an oxymoron, because as soon as there is guidance, it stops being 'evolution'.EugeneS
September 6, 2020
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Seversky Building on my comment 192, statistically significant functional information gains are observed only as correlates of intelligence, in the entire observable cosmos, with the exception of living systems, which is the explanandum. There are no observations of significant functional information gains that would be a result of purely so-called unguided processes and/or natural regularities, i.e. without intelligence external to the system. Consequenly, we have sufficient reason to believe that the significant functional information gains in living systems (starting from the biochemical level through the cellular, tissue, organ, system of organs to the entire organism) are a result of external intelligence. That is a solid foundation of ID. It is possible to falsify it either by theoretically excluding the possibility of external intelligence or by, at least, demonstrating that life can originate chemically in a test tube. However, the latter should be demonstrated in such a way that excludes the interference or guidance by the experimenter at any point beyond the choice of initial conditions (reagents, concentrations, temperatures, pressures, luminosity, chirality, etc). Otherwise it is nothing but a proof of concept for ID rather than its experimental falsification.EugeneS
September 6, 2020
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"Shannon information" is most likely a misnomer. Information is information. Shannon just provided a way to measure it under certain contexts. And yes, it is true that Shannon didn't care about meaning. That is because the equipment used to transmit and receive it do not care. Shannon was only interested in what was transmitted was received without error.ET
September 6, 2020
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Seversky Shannon information and functional information are two different concepts that should not be confused. Shannon information does not take into account meaning while functional information does. Functional information in the context of a given function f is information associated with function f of some configuration K of matter. It is, just like Shannon information, a measure of reduction in uncertainty as a result of observing K. But, in contrast to Shannon information, this uncertainty is semantic. Configurations of matter (such as molecules, macromolecular complexes, etc) that are characterized by a complex function f, define a relatively small area O(f) in the space P of all possible configurations. Without loss of generality configurations of matter can be represented in our analysis as strings of symbols from an alphabet, given some universal description language L. O(f) is then represented by the set of all synonymous strings, each of which is a representation of f in L. We can say that a string s from O(f) encodes f. Let |X| denote the size of set X. Intuitively, the less |O(f)| becomes in relation to |P|, the more functional information is conveyed by observing a string s that encodes f. If |P| is given, the observer receives a maximum of functional information if f is maximally specific (i.e. if s does not have synonyms, in other words, if |O(f)| = 1). Conversely, the amount of functional information is minimal (equal to 0) if any string from P encodes f (i.e. if f is minimally specific). As a measure of functional information of a configuration K of matter (or, equivalently, of its representation string s), we can use the following expression: I_f(K) = — log (|O(f)| / |P|), where |O(f)| is the size of O(f), i.e. the number of synonymous strings each of which encodes f, and |P| is the size of the space of all possible configurations or, equivalently, the number of possible strings of a given length. In the context of biosystems, strings can represent e.g. nucleotide sequences in DNA/RNA molecules or sequences of amino acids in a protein (primary protein structures). Example. Assume we have a processor of textual information which raises an alert upon receiving the string s = "ALARM" ignoring any other string. For simplicity, assume that any string that it can receive is 5 symbols long. Also, for simplicity, assume that our alphabet includes 23 letters, 14 punctuation symbols and a blank space (38 symbols in total). So in our example, the function f is to raise an alarm signal upon receiving a corresponding message. Consequently, the size of the parameter space is |P| = 38^5 (38 raised to the power 5). The amount of functional information associated with string s (or, simply, the functional complexity of s) in the context of function f is: I_f(s) = — log (1 / |P|) = 5 log (38) = 26.24 functional bits (fits). Now assume that our processor can recognize s as well as the string s' = "MRALA" (inverted s). In this case s' and s will be synonimous, and the size of O(f) is 2. The amount of functional information associated with either s or s' is now as follows: I_f(s) = I_f(s') = — log (2 / |P|) = 5 log (38/2) = 21.24 functional bits. This example shows that as the number of synonyms increases, the amount of functional information associated with each of them is reduced. Finally, observe that upon receiving any string - functional or not - our processor from the example receives the same amount of Shannon information, whereas it is only s and its synonyms, if any, that convey functional bits. Any other string's functional complexity will be 0.EugeneS
September 6, 2020
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Yikes, Truthfreedom! I wouldn't go that far. My take is that some theories are ideologically unacceptable to JVL and simply unthinkable. Even my suggestion for JVL to get additional, more modern information on Evolution seems to have been ignored. So I have to ask myself why. Why would JVL be closed to new ideas even if they don't refute the obsolete ideas he's clinging to? I don't know. Maybe, he's too comfortable with what served his ideology well for years and so he doesn't have any motivation to learn new things. Again, this is just speculation. -QQuerius
September 5, 2020
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JVL Since you like 'falsiability' so much, Dr. Dennis Bonnette, an intelligent man and philosopher (which then excludes him from being a naturalist), has some words that you might find interesting:
"Naturalist propositions": (5) mental entities, such as theories, mathematics, ethical values, and so forth, reduce to, or emerge from, neural activities in the brain, (6) the universe itself is its own ultimate explanation of its existence and operations, (7) nature operates as a blind force acting according to fixed laws with no purpose, (8) complex things, such as minds and living organisms, are composed of simpler constituents that are reducible to ultimate particles obeying physical laws, (9) reason itself is the product of an undersigned process with no intrinsic relation to truth (yet, naturalism is claimed to be true), (10) all things are either physical in nature, or else, depend upon or emerge from physical entities. (Of course, emergentism violates the principle of causality by assuming that you can get being from non-being.)
They rely on the philosophy of naturalism, which presents them as just-so stories that defy disproof, but for which naturalism itself offers no direct scientific demonstration that is independent of philosophical assumptions. But you are a philosophical brute. If only you could understand the difference science vs. PHILOSOPHY. Naturalism is an ideology that feeds on ignorant fools. The Big Problems With Naturalism Truthfreedom
September 5, 2020
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Seversky Shannon information should not be confused with functional information. I can't go into detail just now.EugeneS
September 5, 2020
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EugeneS @182, Agreed. The origin of life is immeasurably more complex. Then there's the separation between novel body plans and adaptation. JVL, but I was correct, wasn't I? LOL There's really no discovery that could shake your faith in or ability to rationalize Darwin's feeble speculation because any alternative is ideologically unacceptable to you. I wish you would go ahead and read Evolution 2.0 because in it, you'll see a whole new world of scientific investigation into modern scientific evolution that's based on observed phenomena. But are you interested in learning more or sticking to a theory proposed in 1859? -QQuerius
September 4, 2020
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JVL:
So your position is unfalsifiable according to you.
It is, by demonstrating the impossible.ET
September 4, 2020
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I acknowledge that the joint conclusion might end up balanced on the same knife-edge as the origin of life debate but we really should not prejudge the outcome should we?
There is no knife edge, and there is no prejudging the outcome. If we receive a narrow-band radio signal from space that displays semiosis (encoded symbolic content) we will immediate infer that a previously unknown intelligence is the source of that signal, which is the exact same as finding symbolic content inside the cell (a phenomenon was both clearly predicted and famously confirmed by experiment). So why the double standard JVL? Why the need for obfuscation and deception in the defense of your reasoning?Upright BiPed
September 4, 2020
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Except that the SETI institute has changed its focus:
Yet again, this is more obfuscation. SETI has not “changed” focus, it had added additional methods to the search. That SETI has adopted additional methods in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence does absolutely nothing whatsoever to nullify or delegitimize the methods they already (and continue) to employ. If they develop even newer methods tomorrow and add them to their practices, that again will change nothing. You already know this. And just as before, if SETI receives a narrow-band radio signal from space, they will still infer intelligence from it. You know that too. Can you just not stop with the obfuscation?
I tell you what, when there is a suspect signal from another planetary system let’s both examine it together and see what we both think.
Good grief. JVL, your blatant double standard remains, as does my previous question. If your reasoning is sound, then why is this deception and obfuscation (clearly and obviously) required to maintain it?Upright BiPed
September 4, 2020
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Upright Biped: The operational definition of intelligence for SETI is the reception of a narrow band radio signal that is detectable on Earth. SETI is unambiguous that a narrow-band radio signal is a product only of a narrow band radio transmitter, thus allowing them to make the inference to the presence of a narrow band radio transmitter and an intelligence that constructed it. Except that the SETI institute has changed its focus:
The SETI Institute’s first project was to conduct a search for narrow-band radio transmissions that would betray the existence of technically competent beings elsewhere in the galaxy. Today, the SETI Institute uses a specially designed instrument for its SETI efforts – the Allen Telescope Array (ATA) located in the Cascade Mountains of California. The ATA is embarking upon a two-year survey of tens of thousands of red dwarf stars, which have many characteristics that make them prime locales in the search for intelligent life. The Institute also uses the ATA to examine newly-discovered exoplanets that are found in their star’s habitable zone. There are likely to be tens of billions of such worlds in our galaxy. Additionally, the Institute is developing a relatively low-cost system for doing optical SETI, which searches for laser flashes that other societies might use to signal their presence. While previous optical SETI programs were limited to examining a single pixel on the sky at any given time, the new system will be able to monitor the entire night sky simultaneously. It will be a revolution in our ability to discover intermittent signals that otherwise would never be found. The search has barely begun – but the age-old question of “Are we alone in the universe?” could be answered in our lifetime.
https://seti.org/seti-institute/Search-Extraterrestrial-Intelligence The question still stands. You have done nothing but run from it, which you will continue to do. Having given up your intellectual ability to acknowledge what is made completely obvious by your own words, you have no other choice. Accepting semiosis in a radio signal from outer space as an unambiguous inference to an unknown intelligence, but denying semiosis as an unambiguous inference to an unknown intelligence at the origin of life on earth is a blatant double standard every day of the week. You cannot obfuscate and dissemble your way out of it. I tell you what, when there is a suspect signal from another planetary system let's both examine it together and see what we both think. That makes sense. I acknowledge that the joint conclusion might end up balanced on the same knife-edge as the origin of life debate but we really should not prejudge the outcome should we? I'm interested in promoting co-operation and joint exploration. What do you think?JVL
September 4, 2020
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Competely incorrect. But please, keep making assumptions.
The proof is in the pudding, as they say.
I agreed with everything Dr Pattee wrote which did NOT include an unabmbiguous inference to an unknown intelligence. It does for you but not for me or Dr Pattee.
This is obfuscation. The topic at hand has nothing to do with Dr Pattee.
There is no double standard. The claim to have detected an interstellar signal is very much akin to claiming to have detected desigh; both are extraordinary claims which require extremely careful and scrupulous examination before they can be accepted.
This is more obfuscation. The operational definition of intelligence for SETI is the reception of a narrow band radio signal that is detectable on Earth. SETI is unambiguous that a narrow-band radio signal is a product only of a narrow band radio transmitter, thus allowing them to make the inference to the presence of a narrow band radio transmitter and an intelligence that constructed it. You already know this because, once again, I have provided the quotes from SETI on the matter. HOWEVER, IF there was any question whatsoever about the legitimacy of the inference, that question would be immediately abandoned in the case that semiotic content (what you refer to as "compressed data") was found in that signal. SETI is well aware of this, as you are, which is why you pointed to it as the KEY OBSERVABLE in an inference to design. This is all territory that we have been over before. It is disingenuous to pretend otherwise, as disingenuous as it is to pretend that this somehow answers the blatant double standard you place on evidence. Here is my response to you in July:
So when we find a signal that presents itself as a narrow-band carrier wave, we will assume intelligent activity because in our universal experience, narrow-band radio waves are the unique product of a transmitter, not a natural noise-maker. In other words, the operational definition of intelligent action for SETI is the reception of a narrow-band radio wave. Oh but however, if we want to be absolutely certain of intelligent activity, we will check that signal for an even more formidable operational definition of intelligent activity, which absolutely no one will argue with; a finding that will confirm without question an act of intelligence. We will look for an aperiodic coding structure — semiosis — the very phenomenon that was predicted and confirmed inside of every living cell on earth, JVL. And in response to this documented historical/scientific fact, you ask to see the designer’s toilet instead. So, why the instantaneous double standard?
The question still stands. You have done nothing but run from it, which you will continue to do. Having given up your intellectual ability to acknowledge what is made completely obvious by your own words, you have no other choice. Accepting semiosis in a radio signal from outer space as an unambiguous inference to an unknown intelligence, but denying semiosis as an unambiguous inference to an unknown intelligence at the origin of life on earth is a blatant double standard every day of the week. You cannot obfuscate and dissemble your way out of it. ... and by the way, did I mention that the semiosis in the cell was clearly predicted and then confirmed by experimental result, with multiple Nobel prizes being awarded in the process?Upright BiPed
September 4, 2020
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Querius, PaV I think that it should be kept in mind that evolution, whatever its capabilities, on the one hand, and the origin of life, on the other, are two distinct problems. The first pales into insignificance in terms of the magnitude of challenges it presents to the naturalistic view, compared to the second. Evolution starts once the origin of life has happened, obviously. However, in terms of the discussion in this thread, it translates to the statement that semiosis is a prerequisite of evolution, and not the other way around. Again, to explain semiosis in Darwinian terms is a hopeless enterprise. Biologist Eugene Koonin, being a staunch evolutionist, BTW, clearly understands and acknowledges it. He claims that the neo-Darwinian paradigm is dead. That is, actually, why he promulgates the (unscientific) idea of the multiverse, but it is another story. What is important here is that people like him fully understand the challenge.EugeneS
September 4, 2020
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Upright Biped: I seriously doubt that. What I believe instead is that a fatal flaw has been demonstrated in your attack on design, and that you do not want to face that fact, and thus, you want me to shut up about it. Competely incorrect. But please, keep making assumptions. It is a fact — clearly recorded in your own words on this blog in July — that you affirm the presence of semiotic content (i.e. the symbolic encoding of information in a medium) as an unambiguous inferenced to an unknown intelligence. I agreed with everything Dr Pattee wrote which did NOT include an unabmbiguous inference to an unknown intelligence. It does for you but not for me or Dr Pattee. So why the double standard JVL? There is no double standard. The claim to have detected an interstellar signal is very much akin to claiming to have detected desigh; both are extraordinary claims which require extremely careful and scrupulous examination before they can be accepted. I do not think that the claims of design have met that kind of standard just like no interstellar signal has been accepted as coming from an alien intelligence. No one wants to make a false positive claim. And that means the evidence has to be very, very strong. I do not think the evidence for alien intelligence or design are up to that level yet. They may be, I am open to new data and new evidence. Which is why I encourage both the SETI Institute and ID proponents to continue to search for more evidence. When a lot of people don't agree with you then look for more evidence.JVL
September 4, 2020
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ET: The only way blind and mindless processes are responsible for the diversity of life is to show they also produced living organisms. You can’t No one can. It didn’t happen. It is impossible. So your position is unfalsifiable according to you. I won't bother discussing it further then.JVL
September 4, 2020
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Querius: I didn’t think so. Since you have already incorrectly anticipated my answer I shan't bother to first dissuade you from your misconception and then attempt to explain my position because clearly you're not really interested. LOL, ET! See what I mean.JVL
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