UD Editors: No one has come close to refuting UB’s thesis after 129 comments. We are moving this post to the top of the page to give the materialists another chance.
I take the following from an excellent comment UB made in a prior post. UB lays out his argument step by step, precept by precept. Then he arrives at a conclusion. In order for his argument to be valid, the conclusion must follow from the premises. In order for his argument to be sound, each of the premises must be true.
Now here is the challenge to our Darwinist friends. If you disagree with UB’s conclusion, please demonstrate how his argument is either invalid (as a matter of logic the conclusion does not follow from the premises) or unsound (one or more of the premises are false). Good luck (you’re going to need it).
Without further ado, here is UB’s argument:
1. A representation is an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system (e.g. written text, spoken words, pheromones, animal gestures, codes, sensory input, intracellular messengers, nucleotide sequences, etc, etc).
2. It is not logically possible to transfer information (the form of a thing; a measured aspect, quality, or preference) in a material universe without using a representation instantiated in matter.
3. If that is true, and it surely must be, then several other things must logically follow. If there is now an arrangement of matter which contains a representation of form as a consequence of its own material arrangement, then that arrangement must be necessarily arbitrary to the thing it represents. In other words, if one thing is to represent another thing within a system, then it must be separate from the thing it represents. And if it is separate from it, then it cannot be anything but materially arbitrary to it (i.e. they cannot be the same thing).
4. If that is true, then the presence of that representation must present a material component to the system (which is reducible to physical law), while its arrangement presents an arbitrary component to the system (which is not reducible to physical law).
5. If that is true, and again it surely must be, then there has to be something else which establishes the otherwise non-existent relationship between the representation and the effect it evokes within the system. In fact, this is the material basis of Francis Crick’s famous ‘adapter hypothesis’ in DNA, which lead to a revolution in the biological sciences. In a material universe, that something else must be a second arrangement of matter; coordinated to the first arrangement as well as to the effect it evokes.
6. It then also follows that this second arrangement must produce its unambiguous function, not from the mere presence of the representation, but from its arrangement. It is the arbitrary component of the representation which produces the function.
7. And if those observations are true, then in order to actually transfer recorded information, two discrete arrangements of matter are inherently required by the process; and both of these objects must necessarily have a quality that extends beyond their mere material make-up. The first is a representation and the second is a protocol (a systematic, operational rule instantiated in matter) and together they function as a formal system. They are the irreducible complex core which is fundamentally required in order to transfer recorded information.
8. During protein synthesis, a selected portion of DNA is first transcribed into mRNA, then matured and transported to the site of translation within the ribosome. This transcription process facilitates the input of information (the arbitrary component of the DNA sequence) into the system. The input of this arbitrary component functions to constrain the output, producing the polypeptides which demonstrate unambiguous function.
9. From a causal standpoint, the arbitrary component of DNA is transcribed to mRNA, and those mRNA are then used to order tRNA molecules within the ribosome. Each stage of this transcription process is determined by the physical forces of pair bonding. Yet, which amino acid appears at the peptide binding site is not determined by pair bonding; it is determined by the aaRS. In other words, which amino acid appears at the binding site is only evoked by the physical structure of the nucleic triplet, but is not determined by it. Instead, it is determined (in spatial and temporal isolation) by the physical structure of the aaRS. This is the point of translation; the point where the arbitrary component of the representation is allowed to evoke a response in a physically determined system – while preserving the arbitrary nature of the representation.
10. This physical event, translation by a material protocol, as well as the transcription of a material representation, is ubiquitous in the transfer of recorded information.
CONCLUSION: These two physical objects (the representation and protocol) along with the required preservation of the arbitrary component of the representation, and the production of unambiguous function from that arbitrary component, confirm that the transfer of recorded information in the genome is just like any other form of recorded information. It’s an arbitrary relationship instantiated in matter.
Excellent step by step breakdown of the ‘information problem’. Definitely a keeper.
Here is a video to help visualize the process:
Related notes:
also of note:
Here is the ribosome animation that was done ‘based on’ the work from Yonath’s Nobel winning group:
As well, The Ribosome of the cell is found to process information very similarly to a CPU in a electronic computer:
I must be a bit dim. DNA:
1. replicates itself more or less faithfully, except when it mutates at random
2. transcribes protein sequences via RNAs more or less faithfully based on its specific nucelotide sequence
The information held in the original DNA sequence is preserved through both processes (though it may be modified in both by either base substitution or mis-transcription, which are both observed). Did we need the airy persiflage to know this?
My only beef would be with the use of the term “arbitrary”. In which sense is the term meant?
1. Determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle: stopped at the first motel we passed, an arbitrary choice.
2. Based on or subject to individual judgment or preference: The diet imposes overall calorie limits, but daily menus are arbitrary.
3. Established by a court or judge rather than by a specific law or statute: an arbitrary penalty.
4. Not limited by law; despotic: the arbitrary rule of a dictator.
(pinched from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/arbitrary)
Presumably not 3 or 4. In both cases (replication and transcription), the results are necessary – the results are determined by the physics of DNA chemistry. The only arbitrary component arises when random mutations result in a different replicant, or mis-transciption results in a different protein output.
You ask “how are you using the term” immediately after reading exactly how I was using the term. Which words in the following paraghraph are you having trouble with:
Semi OT: Higher level epigenetic information deals another blow to the ‘central dogma’ (genetic reductionism: DNA makes RNA makes proteins) of neo-Darwinism:
related video:
In point 1, UB lists examples which at first seem to be “intended” to convey information (codes,languages,etc) but then later (sensory input, etc. etc.) not necessarily so (to a non-ID person of course).
In point 2 he says it’s not logically possible to transfer information without … I believe it is not “physically” possible – but “logically”, I’m not so sure. In any case I can’t help thinking UB could be undermining various in-tent worldviews in which information starts off, apprently, in some difficult to pin down immaterial “woo” dimension (my paraphrasing) and is conveyed to the
here and nowdistant past by a what appear to me to be absolutely undetectable “magic” (ditto) mechanisms.In point 3 he starts off with “if that is true” which is already on shaky grounds, but then goes on to say that “that arrangement must be necessarily arbitrary to the thing it represents”.
What about the shadow that a pair of would-be robbers standing behind a rock throw on to the ground next to them? It informs an approaching victim that there are other people present; that one is much bigger than the other and appears to be holding a large club. These are not intended messages that the robbers meant to send but are nevertheless information which could save a life and require many bytes for me to pass on to you here. What if the intended victim went back to the scene the next day with a posse of local policemen (all clutching their beloved signed copies of How to calculate CSI&FSCI/O at a crime scene (Dembski, GEM, et al)) * and find footprints? The footprints represent information about the robbers (one was bare foot, the other wore size 10 shoes and walked with a pronounced limp, they walked west and then there seemed to be some sort of struggle, then there’s a sort of grooved channel heading off to some bushes and a large set of single barefoot footprints leading away from that.
Loads of information, none designed, none intended, all material, all subject to the laws of physics and certainly not arbitrary.
In point 4 he starts off again with “if that is true” which is getting shakier by the minute and the rest is, afaict, a recap of point 3.
By point 5 which starts of with “if that is true” again, I think he’s lost the argument completely by now. But that’s just me.
* Above scenarios are imaginary, but this one humorously n-tuply so.
Hello Steveh,
I am now driving home. I will be happy to return and respond.
UD Editors: UD does not condone texting, emailing blogging or otherwise distracting oneself while driving.
Upright Biped said this:
You use “arbitrary” as a synonym for “not the same as”. I am unable to find any dictionary definition of “arbitrary” that matches this usage. Since you appear to rely on this word throughout your argument, I presume you attach some importance to your meaning for it.
timothya- DNA is NOT a replicator. DNA gets replicated when the cell divides.
That said the mRNA is a representation of the amino acids it encodes. The mRNA does not become the amino acids, the codons it contains is just a representation of them.
That means there is knowledge somewhere- knowledge of what codon represents which amino acid.
And if that wasn’t enough the ribosome is a genetic compiler and it is not reducible to matter and energy- synthesized ribosomes do not function and if they were reducible to matter and energy they would.
All that said the morons over on the septic zone just don’t get it and they sure as heck cannot demonstrate necessity and chance can do such a thing- that is account for the ribosome nor transcrition and translation. But I am sure that won’t stop them from bloviating away.
timothya:
The use of “arbitrary” is very common in information theory and mathematics. UB is not making this up. My dictionary includes things like: undetermined; not assigned a particular value; not restricted by law; subject to discretion. Maybe you need a better dictionary.
Do you have a substantive concern with UB’s argument?
—–
BTW, DNA does not reproduce itself. It gets copied through a very detailed and complex and carefully orchestrated process involving a whole suite of coordinated systems.
UB: Some nits.
2. ‘instantiated’ generally appeals to, and is understood by myself, in your argument to be synonynous to ‘stored’. True and correct but at odds with ‘spoken words’ in your definition (1). A great help if you clear up early that you are talking about persistent representations rather than temporal/transient ones.
3. Terribly wordy and a bit tortured: “The material representation and material object represented are distinct and different.” This ought be a definitional point as with (1); as should it be different then the representation of an object is that object and not a representation. Which is not what was assumed and so absurd. (If you want to get proofy with it.)
4. This is terribly ambiguous or I’m being thick. I assume you mean that the physical storage medium is a physical thing-bob. But that the given notion of the encoding stream or representation ordered upon that medium is a purely arbitrary issue.
5. I assume by this that you mean that for the information to be meaningful there must be an observer/recipient/interactor that can interface with the material storage but to which the arbitrary representation elicits a distinguished response. Loosely. If I have that correct, then no worries.
6. It’s wholly unnecessary for it to be ‘unambiguous’ in the sense that I understand your argument. Within the current context there are multiple codons that can signify a given amino acid. But there are also any manner on context specific decorations, etc, that can be bolted onto things that can change the translation environment. This is aside from any issues of general noise tolerance in the channel, etc. This one needs more work, or a clarification, to be useful.
I’ll stop here but I assume though that your entire point is to draw on analogous reasoning that DNA/Ribosomes/Proteins are in every manner the same — in the abstract — as a Jacquard loom, Turing machine, or Hard drive/Software/CPU set. If that is what you are after then I certainly don’t disagree with the general conclusion. But the argument itself is rather opaque as presented.
Hello Timothya,
It’s not really the word I rely upon; it the material observation which has been made. Proteins aren’t constructed from nucleotides. There is no inherent physical property in the pattern of cytosine-thymine-adenine which maps to leucine. That mapping is context specific, not an inexorable law. This has been shown in the lab. Perhaps it’s the Popper in me, but I simply don’t find it necessary to drone on about the number of different ways in which to express that reality, it is only the understanding of the observation that is important. That is why I took the time to explain my usage of the word at the time I used it. So if someone tells me that this thing is “materially arbitrary” to that thing and I have any background knowledge on the topic whatsoever, then perhaps I feel less of a need to run to dictionary in order to understand what it could possibly mean. You are free to call it whatever helps you understand.
And if that is, as you say, your “only beef”, then I suspect you don’t intend on showing how the material observations are false, or that the reasoning is flawed. If you come up with something of material substance, then I’ll be happy to re-engage. Thanks.
Hello steveh,
Neither the source of the information nor its intent (or lack of thereof) is germane to the material observations.
Also, your #2 seems to be devoid of any relevant observations.
So far (in #1) you’ve introduced an issue which is not germane to the observations, and then (in #2) you made some comments about my undermining worldviews, which is irrelevant. And with that you’ve determined that my use of the phrase ’if that is true’ is “already on shaky ground”. And what exactly was I talking about when I said “if that is true”? I was talking about something you’ve already agreed would be impossible to exist any other way.
😐
Seeing a robber’s shadow requires vision. If you see a shadow, it is not then a shadow traveling through your optical nerve. It is a material representation of that image which will be translated into a functional effect by a protocol in your visual cortex.
The remainder of your post seems to be somewhat content free in relation to the challenge of showing a flaw in either the material observations or the reasoning.
If you’d like to actually challenge the observations, I will be happy to answer.
Hello Maus,
I understand, but I don’t see it as being at odds. A spoken word is a material representation instantiated in the variations of local air pressure (sound). My definition does not turn on the lifespan of the material representation, whether it be a pattern of sound waves, or a book burned after 20 years time.
Quite frankly, I feel the same way about your number 3. In fact, I can’t make heads or tails of it. 🙂
No, I mean that “ the presence of that representation must present a material component to the system (which is reducible to physical law), while its arrangement presents an arbitrary component to the system (which is not reducible to physical law).”
Close enough.
If we could not see a representation and protocol in action, we could not (with confidence) confirm the transfer of recorded information. Only by the observation of function can we tell a material representation from any other arrangement of matter. Think Rosetta Stone.
The argument is as I stated it above. Thanks for your input.
UB:
Sure, sure. Delay line memory and like as well.
This is what we get for giving an infinite number of monkeys access to typewriters.
True enough, but if that’s what you’re after then you need to make, in your argument, a clean separation between the system as it is and the system as we have knowledge of it. Especially with regards to ‘function’ specifically. Heiroglyphics and that Nazca Lines are obviously structured affairs for various reasons, but that observation is quite a bit different than watching the flywheel on a donkey engine spin about, lacking knowledge of the rest of the internals.
I say ‘need’ but really it’s just a personal kvetch for clarity. You can keep your own counsel on its accessibility.
Thank you again Maus.
UB,
Thank you for your detailed and precise argument. You are outlining a very important, often misunderstood , point: that in the cell specific knowledge of a completely arbitrary code (the genetic code) is implemented at least at two completely different, and independent, levels:
1) In the DNA protein coding genes, that are written according to the code, so that each gene corresponds to a specific functional sequence of AAs.
2) In the translation apparatus, and specifically in the 20 aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, 20 very complex proteins that are structured so that they can attach the correct aminoacid to the correct tRNA. WIthout those 20 complex proteins, no procedure of translation is possible.
Both the DNA protein coding genes and the 20 synthetases are structured according to the same symbolic code, the genetic code. But the relation to the code is completely different:
1) in the DNA genes, the code is the foundation of the correspondence between the DNA sequence and the AA sequence.
2) In the 20 synthetases, the specific structure of each protein is the foundation of the biochemical function that allows each protein to correctly attach the right AA to the right tRNA, according to the genetic code.
IF we consider that no translation is possible without the 20 synthetases, and that each synthetase is a very complex protein, translated from its DNA gene, we have a very beautiful case of “chicken and egg” problem: IOWs, a beautiful example of irreducible complexity.
A few notes on the fact that the genetic code could have ‘arbitrarily’ been very different:
First and foremost, as has been clearly pointed out on UD many times before, there are no physical or chemical forces between the nucleotides along the linear axis of DNA (where the information is) that causes the sequences of nucleotides to exist as they do. In fact as far as the foundational laws of the universe are concerned the DNA molecule, the protein molecule, and the mRNA molecule, don’t even have to exist at all. In fact it can be firmly argued that the laws of nature are against the spontaneous formation of molecules that have the capacity to carry ‘arbitrary’ sequences of information in a meaningful ‘encoded’ way, such as Upright meticulously has laid out. This is one of the primary reasons why the origin of molecular life is, from a materialistic perspective, such a unfathomable mystery with no realistic resolution in sight. Here are a few brief notes along that perspective:
The following videos have a fairly good overview of the major problems facing any naturalistic Origin Of Life scenario:
In fact, the DNA code ‘could have’, arbitrarily, been vastly different than the optimal code we find in life:
Dr. Rana, points out in this following podcast, at the 22 minute mark, that researchers produced a ‘alternative genetic system’, thus providing solid evidence that the code ‘could have’, ‘arbitrarily’, been vastly different than the optimal one we find in biological life:
Another point that I would like to make is that the chemical elements found in the universe have a very spooky balance,,, a spooky balance that ‘just so happens’ to be necessary for complex biological life to be possible. Michael Denton, author of both ‘Evolution: A Theory In Crisis’ & ‘Nature’s Destiny’, comments on the surprising ‘chemicals balanced for life’ finding in the following two interviews:
The reason why I wanted to point out that the chemicals of the universe appear to be ‘balanced for life’ is because of the following fact:
It seems, to achieve such ‘unbelievable’ energy efficiency, for such massive information processing in the cell, that the integrated coding between the DNA, RNA and Proteins of the cell apparently seems to be ingeniously programmed along the very stringent guidelines laid out by Landauer’s principle for ‘reversible computation’ in order to achieve such amazing energy efficiency.,,, The amazing energy efficiency possible with ‘reversible computation’ has been known about since Rolf Landauer laid out the principles for such programming decades ago, but as far as I know, due to the extreme level of complexity involved in achieving such ingenious ‘reversible coding’, has yet to be accomplish in any meaningful way for our computer programs even to this day:
Thus it seems, although I haven’t seen much detailed research in this area, that the ‘chemistry of the universe’ itself was designed for eventually achieving programming in bio-chemistry along the very stringent guidelines laid out by Landauer’s principle for reversible computation.
F/N: Arbitrary is indeed a common usage in technical fields. In communications, the discussion is about a conventional assignment, or a protocol that is explicit or implied by structures, as opposed to direct physical causal connexion that is not dependent on a purposeful arrangement.
It may help to look at a basic model of a telecomms system:
|| TRANSMITTER || –> Channel –> || Receiver ||
Where TX:
source –> Encoder and or modulator –> transmission unit –>
And Rx:
–> reception unit –> demod and decoder –> Sink
The modulation scheme and the coding scheme are dependent on conventions that are expressed in purposeful system structures, such as amplitude modulation and amplitude-shift keying as a fairly simple case.
Simplest way to do AM is to modify the amplitude of an oscillator based on an analogue [or step-wide] input signal, which physically instantiates the mathematical operation of multiplying the signals, and gives rise to a carrier with side-bands.
This can be boosted in an amplifier and transmitted via an antenna or a cable. The antenna in effect couples electrons running up and down a metal conductor to a surrounding oscillating electro-magnetic field. This propagates away, with various interesting possibilities studied under the head: propagation.
At a receiver, a tuned circuit set to the carrier frequency and coupled to an antenna can oscillate in sympathy with the vibrating field that has propagated.
This can then be boosted and half-wave rectified with some low pass filtering, to yield the base-band signal. You don’t even need an amplifier if the signal is strong enough, that is how a crystal receiver works. Thanks to semiconductors due to oxidation etc, a fence wire could sometimes serve as such.
Now, at first, I thought UB missed the side of waves carrying signals, where say an E-M wave is not exactly material, but then when I thought about the comms system, it was clear that he is right, there has to be some embodiment of the scheme in a material entity for it to have effect.
I think it would be helpful for us to take a look here on in my always linked notes, to help clarify this area, up to a basic intro to info theory and how it links to the design detection controversy. BTW< the presence of a communications network, especially a digital, coded one is — based on induction and related analysis — a strong indicator of purpose, knowledge, skill and artifice at work, i.e. design.
But then, if you are committed to design not being seen in something like the cell, you will always be able to make up clever sounding objections.
But that does not make the fact of a coded info system in the heart of the living cell go away, nor can it change our experience of what creates such systems, and what it takes to do so.
KF
F/N 2: A cybernetic, control system also clearly embeds communication and signalling protocols in a loop or in a straight feed-forward system. Where such includes a digital signal, that implies a definite comms network. Cf here protein manufacture by translation, transfer, setting up a control tape, successive coded chaining of AA’s, and sending to chaperones for folding, or running through the Golgi “post office” — with address headers of all things, much like HTTP and packet switching.
corrected link:
Great job Barry and especially Upright Biped. Now we have the septic zonites sounding off with nonsense, special pleading and equivocation- one example:
That’s the special pleading- and now for the equivocation:
1- Your position can’t even get a simple ribozyme
2- ID is OK with the system evolving by design
kf:
Not clever sounding objections. Rather, strange, convoluted, incoherent objections.
All logically conceivable transformations of matter can be classified in the following three ways: transformations that are prohibited by the laws of physics, spontaneous transformations (such as the formation of stars) or transformations which are possible when the requisite knowledge of how to perform them are present.
Biological adaptations are transformations of matter of the latter category. Specifically, they occur when the requisite knowledge of how to perform them are present in an organism’s genome.
We can contrast this with, say, automobiles which, unlike biological organisms, do not contain the knowledge to build themselves. Placing a small chunk of metal and rubber in oil does not result in an automobile building itself. Rather, the knowledge of how to build automobiles exists in us and our books (or other storage media). Furthermore, this knowledge is explanatory in nature, rather than merely being a useful rule of thumb.
What do I mean by “knowledge”? I’m referring to information which when embedded in a storage medium tends to remain there and is consistent with Karl Popper’s definition that knowledge is independent of anyone’s belief. While they serve many other purposes as well, both brains and DNA act as storage mediums.
What’s unclear is what you mean by arbitrary or it’s relevance.
For example, as a software developer, one of the questions I often ask clients is how they want to display data in a list. Item’s can be sorted by one or more specific properties of the data itself, or placed in an arbitrary order. However, since the term “arbitrary” can have different meanings, I often use a hypothetical list of colors to clarify the term. On one hand, colors can sorted alphabetically, by wavelength or even the number of characters. On the other hand, they can also be displayed by one’s preference, starting with their favorite color and ending with their least favorite color. The latter represents an arbitrary order.
However, once a user arbitrarily orders colors in a list and quits the application, they do not reappear in the order of the users preference on next launch merely because they prefer it. Behind the scenes, I add an additional property (usually an integer or flowing point number) as an index, indicating where the user placed that color in the list. Then, rather than sorting by the colors wavelength or name, I sort by that index property. In other words, the knowledge of the user’s preference is embedded in some sort of storage medium and recalled at runtime. In the absence of this knowledge, the list does not reflect the user’s preference.
It’s uncontroversial that people exhibit intent. As such, it’s uncontroversial that intent plays a role in the explanation of how the list is ordered. However, this isn’t the case regarding adaptations in the biosphere.
Perhaps a more succinct way of saying it.
Improbable, means from generalized boundary conditions, not specialized boundary conditions like DNA in living organisms.
That is a specialized boundary condition that doesn’t take into account the possibility of the living organism existing in the first place that can make DNA. This is conflating general probability with conditional probability. If you compute the probability of polymerized homochiral DNA emerging from a chemical soup, you get a different answer than the probabilities you calculate after a cell is already living and replicating.
BTW: the shannon entropy of DNA conventionally is calculated from the general case, not the specific case you cite.
The way you calculate the shannon entropy would yield 0 bits per base pair, wherease the mainstream way would calculate 2 bits per base pair. Upright Biped is consistent with the mainstream notions of probability here.
Correction, even this is a generous assumption because it presumes:
1. DNA will exist in the first place
2. DNA will polymerize
3. DNA will be readable and thus likely homochiral
4. There are reading mechanisms that can read a DNA polymer
So the actual configurational entropy is far higher than the shannon entropy we usually use to estimate the information content in DNA.
Upright’s post is spot on.
Interesting. DNA in this account is a communication system such as Claude Shannon described in 1948/9, and so it therefore should be able to be characterized mathematically.
Surely, characterizations along these lines have been done? As a literature guy, I’m not familiar with professional work in either genetics or math (excepting online/blog pieces that I forget quickly).
If such studies have been done, what’s the “new thing” we’re talking about here and now? I think I’m missing the point.
Or is it controversial that DNA acts like a communication system?
What explanation does ID present as to how this knowledge, found in the genome, was created?
Programmed by the designer(s).
How is the knowledge, found in computers, created? By the computer programmers.
LarTanner,
DNA is only PART of the communication system.
Hello CR,
I understand your comment. My point is that the transfer of recorded information can occur when the protocol is present (within a system) as outlined above.
The source of the information does not change the necessary conditions with regard to the observations. The argument above is that if the required protocol is instantiated in the system, then the information can be translated from its transcribed state into a functional effect.
I am uncertain of how this impacts the argument.
I am willing to agree to a certain extent, but again, I do not see a relation to the argument above.
I believe your perspective is made clear here. You are talking about making arbitrary choices with regard to a program you write on top of a symbol system. I am talking about the symbol system itself. The fact that the letter “A” can be represented by “1000001” is arbitrary – not inexorable law.
Thank you GP!
I am so happy to see you posting again.
Thank you as well to Eric, KF, Joe, BA, and Sal. I’m very grateful for your input.
LarTanner, as to your question about how does Shannon information characterize mathematically to all of this, this short video, from a guy who works in the communication industry, Perry Marshall, where he talks about on ‘shannon channel capacity’ (i.e. mathematical theory of communication) and about how Hubert Yockey related DNA and proteins to all this may be of interest to you:
Hello Larry,
Biologists routinely view the information within the genome as only analogous to other forms of information. I have heard it said many times, “when we say ‘information’ we know what we mean”.
On the contrary, it can be shown that genetic information follows the same material realities as any other form of information. It requires: “two physical objects (the representation and protocol) [as described above] along with the required preservation of the arbitrary component of the representation, and the production of unambiguous function from that arbitrary component”.
How these demonstrated realities impact someone’s view depends, of course, on what they started with.
critical rationalist:
It’s uncontroversial that people exhibit intent. As such, it’s uncontroversial that intent plays a role in the explanation of how the list is ordered. However, this isn’t the case regarding adaptations in the biosphere.
Well, the problem is exactly that: how can an “adaptation”, without any intent, generate a system like the one we consider here (information in the DNA gene and its translation by the translation apparatus, both of them linked, in different ways, to a symbolic genetic code)? There is no way to explain that, except by wishful thinking and myth.
What explanation does ID present as to how this knowledge, found in the genome, was created?
A very simple explanation. One or more conscious agent planned the system. The symbolic code was chosen arbitrarily, although according to some logical requisites. Then necessary information about required proteins was generated and stored in protein genes, and the transaltion apparatus, including the 20 synthetase proteins, were included in the system.
IOWs, a complex plan, including knowledge and intent, was implemented.
Please, consider that the fundamental system that manages protein information, stores it in DNA, transcribes it in mRNA, and translates it into proteins by the 20 Synthetases, the tRNAs and the rybosomes, is universal in life. We have no evidence of any kind that life can exist without that.
Joe: Programmed by the designer(s).
This is unnecessarily vague.
For example, before a magic trick can be performed, the explanation of how to perform that trick must be known to the magician who invented it (and passed down to subsequent magicians who perform it). The origin of that knowledge is the origin of the magic trick. In the absence of said knowledge, it would not be a magic trick but actually magic, as the knowledge of how to bring about the desired outcome would have been spontaneously generated.
So, It’s unclear how your answer and different that saying, “A magician did it”?
In other words, you still haven’t explained how the knowledge found in the genome was created.
Through an interesting turn of events, I was given the opportunity to have an audience with a physicist that many would consider an authority on these specific topics. I can say this with some confidence because his peers have already honored him as such more than once. There is no need in asking for his name because (#1) I do not have his permission to give it and (#2) I wouldn’t anyway. This man is an ardent materialist who was kind enough to review the larger argument I am making here and give me his response to it. I have no intentions of dragging him out to be slaughtered by the ideologues whom have already shown what they will do to anyone who would stain themselves by agreeing with an ID proponent. It’s not going to happen.
The reason I bring this up is because I do intend on sharing the first line of his response. However, I would like to take the opportunity to draw a specific contrast. This particular physicist is not the only one which I have encountered with my argument. There have been four or five others. Recently, I spent a little over two months on The Skeptical Zone arguing my case. In the gallery there was a retired physicist. This was my first encounter with this person. In his response to my argument, this physicist prepared himself to brow beat me at every turn. He did little else, which was a disappointment to me because as a non-specialist, I could have used the opportunity to hone my argument if only he was motivated by empiricism instead of ideology. Alas, that was not to be.
What I really have taken from this is the UNBELIEVABLE DIFFERENCE that exists in speaking to someone who is actually motivated by evidence. In my exchanges with the physicist mentioned above, I never once had to re-explain (for instance) what “arbitrary “ meant, or any of the other linguistic gymnastic that are required (in fact absolutely necessary) when dealing with the ideologues that troll the Internet.
Here is just a tip of the contrast. Below is Mr Elzning’s foray into core of the argument above and some of his last comments made (and trust me, I am being kind by only copying these):
And in contrast, here is the first line in the response from a physicist motivated by evidence, without the emotional requirement to belittle and berate any perceived lesser person who holds a different opinion:
Anyone who has ever read David Berlinski’s book “The Devils Delusion: Atheism and its Scientific Pretentions” will recall the preface of that book where David talks about a public feeling oppressed by an ideology which has co-opted the institutions of science as their means. It is not in my particular nature to feel oppressed by a bully ass, but we see it on display all the same.
CR @35:
It is unclear whether you have a sincere question or are simply playing hyperskeptical semantic games due to a philosophical commitment. In order to identify which is the case and allow us to move forward with the discussion, please answer the following question:
How was the knowledge in a detailed computer program or database created?
UB: I understand your comment. My point is that the transfer of recorded information can occur when the protocol is present (within a system) as outlined above.
1. A representation is an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system (e.g. written text, spoken words, pheromones, animal gestures, codes, sensory input, intracellular messengers, nucleotide sequences, etc, etc).
An arrangement of matter that evokes an effect represents knowledge of how to bring that effect about.
For example, I might want to build an army of nanobots that, when injected into a patient, hunt down and kill cancer cells. However, before raw materials could be transformed into said naobots, the requisite knowledge of how to perform that transformation would need to be present. My desire or intention isn’t sufficient for this to occur. And, as a person, it’s uncontroversial that people exhibit intent. Again, this isn’t the case regarding knowledge present in the genome.
UB: The argument above is that if the required protocol is instantiated in the system, then the information can be translated from its transcribed state into a functional effect.
Again, by knowledge, I’m referring to information which when embedded in a storage medium tends to cause itself to remain there. And, I’m referring to Karl Popper’s definition that knowledge exists independent of anyone’s belief. So, it’s unclear why intent must be present to “cause” an particular transformation of matter.
For example, if you asked for the knowledge of how to build a car but received the knowledge of how to build a truck instead, the knowledge you possess still builds a truck regardless of what you believe it does. Nor does following the instructions result in a car merely because that’s what you intended.
CR: Furthermore, this knowledge is explanatory in nature, rather than merely being a useful rule of thumb.
UB: I am uncertain of how this impacts the argument.
Not all conjectures are intentional.
For example, imagine I’ve been shipwrecked on a deserted island and I have partial amnesia due to the wreck. I remember that coconuts are edible so climb a tree to pick them. While attempting to pick a coconut, one falls, lands of a rock and splits open. Note that I did not intend for the coconut to fall, let alone plan for it to fall because I guessed coconuts that fall on rocks might crack open. The coconut falling was random in respect to the problem I hadn’t yet even tried to solve. Furthermore, due to my amnesia, I’ve hypothetically forgotten what I know about physics, including mass, inertia, etc. Specifically, I lack an explanation as to why the coconut landing on the rock causes it to open. As such, my knowledge of how to open coconuts is merely a useful rule of thumb, which is limited in reach. For example, in the absence of an explanation, I might collect coconuts picked from other trees, carry them to this same tree, climb it, then drop them on the rocks to open them.
However, explanatory knowledge has significant reach. Specifically, if my explanatory knowledge of physics, including inertia, mass, etc. returned, I could use that explanation to strike coconut with any similar sized rock, rather than vice versa. Furthermore, I could exchange the rock with another object with significant mass, such as an anchor and open objects other than coconuts, such as shells, use this knowledge to protect myself from attacking wildlife, etc.
So, explanatory knowledge comes from intentional conjectures made by people and have significant reach. Non-explanatory knowledge (useful rules of thumb) represent unintentional conjectures and have limited reach. Knowledge can be created without intent in the form of useful rules of thumb. The knowledge of how to build biological adaptations isn’t explanatory in nature but a useful rule of thumb.
How so? You stated that it’s not logically possible to transfer information without encoding it in matter; However generations of philosophers who knew nothing about photons have managed to conduct perfectly logical discussions based on the apparant fact that they could just see the information from afar. Some of them may have suspected some additional matter was involved, but I doubt anyone ever lost an argument for not doing so. Modern physicists tell us that information is carried in photons which sometimes act like particles (i.e matter) and sometimes are more strange.
Also people here occasionally argue about Out of Body experiences. Apparently some immaterial soul/spirit/whatever floats out of the body of a technically dead person lying on an operating table, has a leasurely look around the operating theater, notices some object that the dead body below them has no way of seeing and brings knowledge of it back to the body using no apparent physical means. Nobody here tells them that have made a basic logical error, although the materialists amongst us will assume that they dreamt it all up.
And a God who doesn’t seem to be physically here with us, is often stated to have full knowledge about every thing about us and our surroundings. Is he reliant on photons travelling at the speed of light reaching him in heaven? It strikes me as a materialist as all being a bit silly, but again I don’t think it’s necessarily logically impossible.
As I said, I think you’ve gone wrong aleady on point 2. You state on each subsequent argument that its truth depends of that of all that came before it.
As for the shadow, I agree that my vision system uses a material representation of the shadow on the rock. However you imply in point 4 that a representation always requires an arrangement of matter which is not reducible to physical law. This may be true of my visual system, but I think that the shadow is also a representation of the robber and it is entirely explained by physical law, as are the footprints. That your visual system involves a arguably arbitrary component to see the footprint, does not require that the arrangement of matter in the footprint conveying information about the robber was not reducible to physical law as well. You didn’t actually use the word “always” but I think it pretty much implied – otherwise you should have said “which is not (always) reducible to physical law”.
Programmed by the designer(s).
Nope, it is as vague as it needs to be given the fact that no one knows how to program an organism.
And no one can explain how the laws that govern this universe were created. So Steve Hawking sez “They just are (the way they are)”
timothya:
Not necessarily. Typically the “critics” are hardly dim. You should see the arguments that they can construct! Maybe obtuse.
timothya @2:
Why presume?
3 and 4 seem to me to be exactly what Upright BiPed has in mind. Why do you think otherwise?
Oh. So you are familiar with the meaning of arbitrary, when you want to use the term.
timothya,
What is “arbitrary” about a random mutation?
Surely you do not mean to argue that a random mutation is based on or subject to individual judgment or preference.
Surely you do not mean to argue that a random mutation is established by a court or judge rather than by a specific law or statute.
Surely you do not mean to argue that a random mutation is
not limited by law.
I assume you’re left with:
1. Determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle.
So now you want to argue that random mutations are determined?
And this is your argument against the meaning of arbitrary?
lol.
OK, never-mind. Who needs science and evidence when one can baldly declare evolutioncandoit?
Earth to Al- “That which can asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.” Hitchens
It never ceases to amaze me the positions our opponents are willing to assume to “win” an argument against us.
Maus:
In this case, “random mutation” means a mutation determined by chance (which is covered by the first definition). What’s your problem with that?
steveh:
That’s a lot of “not so” packed into a single sentence.
How much of it can you actually support?
You assert that there is “loads of information.”
Yet you also assert:
1. No information is intended.
2. All information is material.
3. All information is subject to the laws of physics.
4. No information is arbitrary.
You have given no reason to believe you.
timothya:
Maus != Mung
“Determined by Chance” is any Oxymoron. That’s my problem with that.
Why you would believe that something could be determined by a non-deterministic process escapes me. Care to explain?
You’re in over your head. Stop. Pause. Take a breath. Think.
Reflect.
Ask.
If it’s arbitrary, can it be deterministic?
It is simple: in tossing a coin, the future outcome is still “undetermined” (could be head, could be tail). After the test the outcome is “determined” (either head or tail happened). The specific outcome “is determined by” the randomising process of tossing the coin. Got it? By the way, I think you are overloading the word “determined”.
gpuccio: Well, the problem is exactly that: how can an “adaptation”, without any intent, generate a system like the one we consider here (information in the DNA gene and its translation by the translation apparatus, both of them linked, in different ways, to a symbolic genetic code)? There is no way to explain that, except by wishful thinking and myth.
Please see my comment above. Biological adaptations represent transformations of matter that occur when the requisite knowledge is present. Furthermore, knowledge is independent of anyone’s belief. Nor do all conjectures occur in response to a particular problem.
Do you have any detailed criticism of the above?
Gpuccio: IOWs, a complex plan, including knowledge and intent, was implemented.
I cannot “plan” an army of nanobots that kill cancer cells merely because I intend to do so. The transformations of matter that result in nanobots that actually kill cancer cells only occur when the requisite knowledge is present. The origin of that knowledge is the origin of the system of nanobots.
To clarify, I’m not asking where the knowledge now in the genome was previously located in some other form, but how the knowledge to adapt matter into biological features was it created.
The knowledge of how to build a microprocessor cannot be encoded into 8bit ASCII form before that knowledge has been created. Nor can encoding occur merely because I intend it to occur. The encoding process is a transformation of matter that occurs when the requisite knowledge is present.
CR: What explanation does ID present as to how this knowledge, found in the genome, was created?
Joe: Programmed by the designer(s).
CR: …It’s unclear how your answer and different that saying, “A magician did it”?
In other words, you still haven’t explained how the knowledge found in the genome was created.
Joe: Nope, it is as vague as it needs to be given the fact that no one knows how to program an organism.
I’m not following you. Are you suggesting there can be no explanation for how the knowledge to build biological adaptations, as found in the genome, was created?
Joe: And no one can explain how the laws that govern this universe were created. So Steve Hawking sez “They just are (the way they are)”
Again, this is unnecessarily vague. We have yet to explain, cannot currently explain in practice or cannot explain in principle?
timothya:
Regardless of the outcome. Que Sera, Sera
You should be laughed off this site.
No one here at UD has any reason to take anything you say seriously.
cr @23:
Nope, it is as vague as it needs to be given the fact that no one knows how to program an organism.
By intention, no doubt.
Why the jump to an absolute extreme?
Just because we don’t know how to program an organism now does not even inply we will never know.
CR: Pardon, but we routinely observe programmers and engineers in action, so to compare what left signs that are sufficiently similar to point to the same pattern of cause, is reasonable. (Or, are you implicitly assuming that there was and could be no possible designer at the point of origin of life. That is a strong claim that would need to be warranted. Absent a designer being impossible, it is far more reasonable to infer on sign to known cause, than to infer to something that we have every reason to believe is not a credible case on the gamut of the observable cosmos: blind chance and equally blind mechanical necessity.) KF
CR
“To clarify, I’m not asking where the knowledge now in the genome was previously located in some other form, but how the knowledge to adapt matter into biological features was created”
John Ch1:1 In the beginning was the Word (information, knowledge), and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Seems quite clear to me really.
Mung posted this:
Before the coin is tossed, the outcome is not determined – it might be a head or a tail, with one-half probability either way.
After the coin is tossed, the outcome is determined. It is either a head or a tail, there is no doubt about the result. It is determined.
Something happens between the before and the after. What was it? Oh, right, the randomising event of tossing the coin.
If you don’t like the term “determined” to describe what happens when you toss a coin, then use another word. How about “specified”. I’m not greatly fussed.
Steveh (#35):
I believe you are raising an interesting point with your shadow and tracks argument, a point that needs to be addressed.
Well, let’s say that we are discussing objective information, that is information that is embedded in a material system, and can be “read” and understood by some conscious agent.
Let’s say that a material object or system B has objective informatio about a distinct material object or system A if sone conscious agent can get useful representations of A through B.
In that sense, certainly your shadows or tracks bear information about some distinct physical system.
It is also true that, in your examples, the connection between A and B can perfectly be explained by basci physical laws: both the shadow and the track can be explained that way, and require no additional procedure.
So, I would say you are right.
But we must notice that both the shadow and the track have a common property: they are some form of analog information. IOWs, the shadow (B) takes some form, because of the working of light, that corresponds to the form of A.
Now, not all analog information can be explained by mere physical laws. Mount Rushmore, for example, bears analog information that cannot be explained by physical laws, and requires a specific design procedure. But there are certainly many examples of analog information that can be explained by mere physical laws.
But what about digital information? In digital information, no physical law can explain the correspondence between the digital arrangement in B and the form in A. A definite procedure is required to embed the information in B (coding), and another definite procedure is required to get the useful information about A from B (decoding). The information about A is embedded in B through an abstract code, a numerical or logical entity.
Why am I discussing digital information here? It’s very simple.
1) First of all, I believe that UB’s argument applies to digital information, and not necessarily to analog information.
2) The information we are debating here, the information in DNA protein genes, is certainly digital.
So, UB’s argument is completely valid, provided that we do this useful restriciton to digital information.
The information in a protein coding gene is digital. It is encoded through a specific logical base three redundant code, usually called the genetic code. It requires a specific procedure to be translated, that is the traslation procedure. We have no detailed and convincing understanding of the procedure by which it was encoded in the beginning.
Moreover, as I have tried to emphasize, the symbolic code, the genetic code, has been embedded both in the storing material (DNA genes) and in the translation apparatus (the 20 synthetases, and other components). Both the stored gene and the translating proteins are “code dependent”. In two completely different ways. And the code they depend on is the same.
So, UB’s argument is perfectly to the point: the information in DNA is digital and symbolic. It requires a procedure to be translated. It is in no way explained by any physical law, and is essentially in no way different from the information we manipulate in our own digital machines.
critical rationalist:
Briefly:
I am not sure I understand what you mean:
Biological adaptations represent transformations of matter that occur when the requisite knowledge is present. Furthermore, knowledge is independent of anyone’s belief. Nor do all conjectures occur in response to a particular problem.
Well, if the requisite knowledge is present, I would call that “implementation”, and not “adaptation”. If you write a code to implement an algorithm that you know, is that an “adaptation”? Please, clarify what you mean.
I cannot “plan” an army of nanobots that kill cancer cells merely because I intend to do so. The transformations of matter that result in nanobots that actually kill cancer cells only occur when the requisite knowledge is present. The origin of that knowledge is the origin of the system of nanobots.
I certainly agree with that.
To clarify, I’m not asking where the knowledge now in the genome was previously located in some other form, but how the knowledge to adapt matter into biological features was it created.
Knowledge is always “created” (your word!) in the consciousness of a conscious intelligent agent. Only conscious intelligent agents can “understand”, and therefore “know”. There is no other way. The same is true for the knowledge of the biological designer: it originated in the consciousness of the biological designer.
The knowledge of how to build a microprocessor cannot be encoded into 8bit ASCII form before that knowledge has been created. Nor can encoding occur merely because I intend it to occur. The encoding process is a transformation of matter that occurs when the requisite knowledge is present.
Correct. And the requisite knowledge requires a conscious intelligent agent (the designer).
It’s uncontroversial that people exhibit intent. As such, it’s uncontroversial that intent plays a role in the explanation of how the list is ordered. However, this isn’t the case regarding adaptations in the biosphere.
Why? How was the knowledge created in those “adaptations”?
As such, my knowledge of how to open coconuts is merely a useful rule of thumb, which is limited in reach. For example, in the absence of an explanation, I might collect coconuts picked from other trees, carry them to this same tree, climb it, then drop them on the rocks to open them.
Your example is not clear. What do you mean by “rule of thumb”? Your “rule of thumb”, although simpler, requires all that is required form what you call “explanatory knowledge”: a conscious agent with an intent (opening the nut” and an understanding of the meaning of facts (the coconut opens when it falls on the rock), and the ability to extablish cognitive connections betqeen facts, such as a cuase and effect relationship. It is cognitive knowledge at all effects, although it does not imply a wider understanding of physics. It originates in a conscious mind.
Darwinism substitutes the role of consciousness with an artificail and ineffectice non conscious mechanism (natural selection) which can in no way explain what it should explain, least of all the coding and decoding of complex symbolic information in living systems, and the origic of that information. But, anyway, natural selection is a deterministic effect in some particular system, and not certainly a “rule of thumb”.
timothya:
Random effects are completely deterministic (except maybe in quantum mechanics). It’s their description that is statistical. We are not able to describe some systems in deterministic detail, because we lack the necessary data, and so we use statistical mathemathical objects that describe with some approximation and uncertainty their behaviour.
But there is no doubt that the tossing of a coin is deterministic, and that the result is predetermined. We just cannot compute it correctly.
gpuccio, good to see you post again!
Gpuccio:
Your point is pretty much what I have being trying to say. But for some reason the term “determined” appears to be interpreted differently by people on this site. I am not sure, but it seems that “determined” is required to mean “determined by an intelligent entity”.
BA:
always good to meet the old friends! 🙂
gpuccio, you state:
Leaving aside the talking about the ultimate source of randomness which is inherent in space-time events, it is interesting to point out what the ultimate source for randomness is in quantum mechanic events:
In the following video, at the 37:00 minute mark, Anton Zeilinger, a leading researcher in quantum teleportation with many breakthroughs under his belt, humorously reflects on just how deeply determinism has been undermined by quantum mechanics by saying such a deep lack of determinism may provide some of us a loop hole when they meet God on judgment day.
Personally, I feel that such a deep undermining of determinism by quantum mechanics, far from providing a ‘loop hole’ on judgement day, actually restores free will to its rightful place in the grand scheme of things, thus making God’s final judgments on men’s souls all the more fully binding since man truly is a ‘free moral agent’ just as Theism has always maintained. And to solidify this theistic claim for how reality is constructed, the following study came along a few months after I had seen Dr. Zeilinger’s video:
So just as I had suspected after watching Dr. Zeilinger’s video, it is found that a required assumption of ‘free will’ in quantum mechanics is what necessarily drives the random (non-deterministic) aspect of quantum mechanics. Moreover it was shown in the paper that one cannot ever improve the predictive power of quantum mechanics by ever removing free will as a starting assumption in Quantum Mechanics!
of note:
*The act of ‘observation’ in quantum mechanics is equivalent to measuring,,
as well, it is important to note that, despite the intrinsic randomness that the ‘free will assumption’ places on quantum mechanics, Quantum mechanics, as a scientific theory, is found to exceed General Relativity in ‘predictive power’:
Somewhat related note:
verse and music:
timothya:
You are right that the concept of randomness is often misunderstood (on both sides).
From an ID point of view, I would distinguish the following meanings:
1) Material phenomena can usually be explained by physical laws. In that sense, we assume that they are completely determined, either we can describe the causal chain in detail, or not. In the second case, we can often get some useful description of the system just the same, by some appropriate probabilistic model. We call such a system a “random system”, but the events are determined just the same, and they are only described by a random model. Obviosuly, the knowledge we get through a random model is not so specific as a deterministic knowledge, but is is often very useful just the same.
2) In human design, something different can be observed. A conscious intelligent agent, starting form subjective representations that include cognition and intent, embeds some specific form and function into a physical system.
That is what is called “design”.
3) Now, the problem arises: what is the origin of that specific form? Does the process violate strict determinism? These are not simple problems. I will try to give some simple answer from my point of view.
4) I would say that the main origin of the specific form embedded in the physycal system is the conscious representation of the designer. In that sense, the final form in some way “expresses” the cognition and intent of the designer’s representations.
5) What about determinism? That depends on one’s world view. A materialist reductionist will probably say that all conscious representations of the agent are generated by physical laws, and are therefore determined. I reject that view. But the subject is obviously vast. In all cases, the designer, at some point, interacts with physical laws (probably without violating them) through some interface (in humans, the mind-body interface). In the end, new original physical events are created that determine the physical modifications in the final object.
6) What about random systems? The important concept, often outlined by Abel, is that the physical sytem which “receives” the conscious representation must in some way be “neutral”: IOWs, it must be physically possible for the system to reach, given the correct inputs, any possible configuration in some configuration space. That allows the designer to fix the specific configuration that conveys the meaning and function.
7) The problem is: in a complex system, where many independent variables determine the output, there are many different possible outputs, and the behaviour of the system can best be described as a random model. Random variation in the genome is one such system.
8) That random variation is invoked by neodarwinism as the engine of change that generates biological information. Obviously, with the “help” of deterministic natural selection.
9) ID is deeply interested in verifying if the random behaviour of random variation in a biological system has really the potentialities to explain what it is supposed to explain, even considering the role of NS. For us in ID, the answer is a very strong and detailed “no”.
10) The best alternative explanation is that the biological variation that generates the complex and useful information we observe in living beings is designed and implemented by some conscious intelligent agent.
CR,
Again, the source of the information nor its intent, or lack thereof, is germane to the observations of the transfer. If your point is that the information in the genome exists without intent, that fact in and of itself would still not be germane to the observations of the transfer. If this is indeed the point you are wishing to make, then perhaps the only question would be how you determined that from the evidence.
As for myself, I am familiar with the proposition that there is such a thing as a “will to survive” in living things. It is called by various names but is substantially the same phenomena and is generally taken for granted as an emergent property of living things. Since this “will to survive” is only demonstrated within massive biological organization (i.e. living things), it is reasonable to believe that such organization is at least one of the requirements for it to manifest itself. If you’ve located the ultimate source of that organization and measured it by some means and found it to be without “intention”, I would sure like to see your data. If not, then I am not certain what impact your point has on the observations made here.
I’ve looked over my argument and I don’t see the word “intent” anywhere in it. Perhaps you can point out where I have addressed “intent” either arguing for or against it in any way. If I was able to state my case coherently without the need to address it, and indeed didn’t address it, then I am not sure why you are asking me to address it now. I am also interested to know what this has to do with showing the observations regarding the transfer of recorded information (TRI) are false or that the logic is invalid.
You need to demonstrate that the “intent” of information, or lack thereof, must be measured and/or accounted for in order to observe the material transfer of that information, otherwise I refer you to my previous answer.
And since the remainder of your post simply repeats this line of thinking, I will leave it here until you demonstrate the above.
While you are working on that, may I suggest that you try to approach the argument on its own terms? For instance, the word “knowledge” is not mentioned anywhere in the argument. There is a reason for that. It is not germane to the observation of the material transfer. You seem to want to conflate the transfer of information with transfer of knowledge. If we were to witness the transfer of information from a book to a child, then perhaps you could argue that we had observed the transfer of knowledge, although I would still argue that all we had witness was the transfer of information, and that knowledge was a separate cognitive phenomenon. In any case, what if we used the transfer of information in a fabric loom in order to control the patterns of thread woven into fabric. Would you then pick up the cloth and say “this is knowledge”? It seems like a rather loose term.
Like I said, perhaps you should attack the argument on its own terms, or demonstrate that other issues must be included in order to observe TRI.
Hello steveh
Living organisms have recorded information from their environment and exchanged symbolic representations between each other for eons on end. How does that acknowledgement impact the observations made? To argue against this observation is to say that information can exist in a material universe without a medium of matter or energy. That’s a stretch. We’d have to wonder why we always find it in a medium, wouldn’t we?
I am going to take this opportunity to explain a disambiguation. Modern physics reifies the term “information” for the express purpose that it becomes calculable to human investigators. That reification serves a human purpose, but it is an intra-disciplinary mistake to apply it beyond that purpose. To say that an oxygen atom exchanges information with a hydrogen atom to become a water molecule is to simply step in as a human observer and assert that it does. But there is a larger issue. If a water molecule “contains information” merely because it exist, then everything “contains information” and we’ll need a new word to describe those things that are actually arranged to “contain information”. We will have taken a very unique material phenomenon within the cosmos (the existence of recorded information) and forced it to be ubiquitous among all matter – and in the process we will have destroyed the meaning of the word we’ve used to describe it. An empty page of paper will suddenly “contain information” just like one full of words – just so that its physical state becomes calculable to human beings. This is an anthropocentric reification of the word, which if mis-used, destroys the established meaning of the word (from its Greek precursors to its Latin form) and forces the need for an immediate replacement if we are to be able to distinguish an empty page of paper from a written poem.
Even so, this reification of the term “information” has become established among physicists and others, and that is why the argument above adds the disambiguation of “recorded information” to specifically distinguish it from the reified “physical information” of physics. Simply put, the transfer of recorded information is a material process which is physically distinguishable from an oxygen atom binding with a hydrogen atom to form a water molecule.
So when you step on the ground and leave a footprint (or cast a shadow for that matter) that footprint is nothing more than the state of the ground after being stepped on. For that state to become recorded information – for its form to become instantiated in matter which can in-form a receiver of that information – requires a mechanism capable of bringing that information into being.
– – – – – – – – – – –
You then make several comments about immaterial entities (ghost, souls, and Deities). I am not sure how these things, which by definition are immeasurable, impact the observations being made in this argument.
– – – – – – – – – – –
To say that the “shadow is a representation of the robber” requires you to observe it. It also requires you to know what a robber is, it requires you to know what a shadows is, and that shadows can be cast upon the ground, and that shadows shaped like this come from bodies shaped like that> etc, etc, etc. Suddenly, to say that the “shadow is a representation of the robber” requires quite a lot, particularly an observer, because none of that it is “contained” in the shadow or the ground.
The shadow on the ground is no more than the state of the ground. It only becomes a representation of something after you observe it.
I have to say that I am really enjoying reading the comments here. Mung and I have disagreements, and GP and I have disagreements. But these are the typical machinations of differing perspectives of related terms, not stark disagreements on observables.
And that is what is at issue here: can it be demonstrated that the observations made in the argument are false, or that the conclusions do not follow from the premises?
Thus far, that has not been the case.
UB:
I am enjoying the discussion too 🙂
About our “disagreements”, I owe you some clarifications.
1) I absolutely agree with you that if we use “information” in the sense of the ultimate conscious representation, including cognition and feeling, that only happens in a conscious agent. I have clearly stated that in my answer to CR (Post 59):
“Knowledge is always “created” (your word!) in the consciousness of a conscious intelligent agent. Only conscious intelligent agents can “understand”, and therefore “know”. There is no other way. The same is true for the knowledge of the biological designer: it originated in the consciousness of the biological designer.”
This concept is true both for the origin of information (a conscious representation of the designer) and for the final recognition of information as such (a conscious representation of the agent who recognizes design).
2) At the same time, I feel the need to define “objective information” as any arrangement in a material system that can evoke some specific cognition in a conscious observer. Here, matter is only a vehicle, but the presence of information is confirmed by the objective possibility that some conscious observer can have the specific representation as evoked by that arrangement of matter.
3) Now, in a sense, any physical system bears at least information about itself. We will ignore that, because I believe it does not count for your argument.
4) The situation is different when some material system bears information about some different, distinct material system. Here, your argument begins to be pertinent.
5) Still, I think that we must distinguish between the two different situations I have outlined in my answer to Steveh (post 58): those cases where the information can be explained by physical laws (some cases of analog information); and those cases where the information cannot be explained by physical laws, either because a designed procedure is necessary to “transfer” the specific form to another physical system (some cases of analog information, such as Mount Rushmore); or because the information in the second system is caode by some symbolic digital code (all digital information).
Now, I believe that your argument is perfectly correct, but that it could be limited to this last case (digital information), while it can create difficulties in the other cases.
The limitation does not create any problem for the biological discourse, because, as I have stated many times, the information in DNA is absolutely digital, coded by an abstrac logical code.
6) Finally, I would like to comment on your argument that any type of information, in the end, must be transferred in digital form to the conscious perceiver, because human senses and cognition operate (as far as we know) through neurological tools that are essentially digital (I hope I have understood well your point).
That is true, but still I feel that it does not answer fully Steveh’s objection, for the following reasons:
a) Even if the final transfer of information to the human perceiver is always through digital tools, an objective difference remains between systems like the shadow or the tracks, and systems like a book or a DNA gene. We must acknowledge that difference, and I think that your argument has different validity in the two cases.
b) Even if the final transfer of information to the human perceiver is always through digital tools, we don’t really know the true nature of the final conscious representation.
c) Humans could not be the only conscious perceivers. The biological designer ia certainly a cosncious perceiver and agent, and is very likely not human. We cannot generalize the way humans perceive nature (through digital neurological tools) to any kind of perceiver.
d) Sicking to the concept of “objective information”, we can limit our discussion to a recognizable property of the physical system. The cosncious perceiver serves, in this case, only as a tool to recognize the presence of information in the system. How the human observer recognizes that information is not pertinent at this level. So, an objective difference remains between “shadow like” systems, that are vehicles of information about the basic system only because physical laws have “transferred” an analog form to the second system (a process that does not require a designer or an act of design), and digital systems, where the information has been arbitrarily coded, and that therefore require a designer, a design procedure, and a translation procedure, if the correct information has to be transferred to a conscious observer.
I hope I have expressed my thoughts clearly. I am obviously bery much interested in your comments 🙂
I would like to add the following point which I think may have been implicit in GP’s last comment.
When I look at a distant tree, photons carry information to my eye. The photons are not the tree itself so, as I understand it, they could be considered to be a represenation of it – and they are not arbitrary and can be explained by the rules of nature.
As they impinge on my visual system, they indeed start a series of events that result in me building up a mental picture of the distant tree. But as I understand it, the visual system is reacting to the photons – not to the tree itself. So why are the electrical and chemical signals in my visual system considered a coded representation of the tree, but the information arriving at my eye (which is also not a tree, but contains all the information my visual system needs to arrive at its concusion) not?
I am very impressed with the high level of this discussion. Everyone has contributed something of value. Permit me to pay a special tribute to Upright Biped for providing the substantive argumentation and to GPuccio for making the distinction between ontological and epistemological chance (though he didn’t express it in those same terms).
Because of the elimination process inherent in the methodology known as the “explanatory filter, many mistakenly believe that ID argues for the existence of ontological chance (chance as a causal agent or an instrumental power) when, in my judgement, it is epistemological chance (events and processes that, from our perspective, produce a range of possible outcomes, each with some probability of occurring) that is being argued for– an empirical formulation that lends itself to statistical measurement.
Indeed, it is the Darwinists and Theistic Evolutionists that assign causal power to chance, suggesting either, in the first instance, that randomness has its own creative power or, in the second, that God gave nature the power to “create itself.” Chance cannot do anything because chance has no being–a formal probability is not the same thing a real force.
In any case, it should be obvious that Upright Biped has given this matter a great deal of thought and there appear to be no substantive arguments against his position. That is a remarkable development and a high compliment to his preparation skills, given the fact that so many observers would love for him to be wrong.
Hi GP,
I have just scanned your comments above, but just from that quick scan I can see that we have some deeper misuderstandings that I might have thought, but I am fairly certain that they are just that – misunderstandings. The problem is that I do not have the time at this moment to properly respond. So allow me just to say that I will return later and clarify my thoughts.
All the Best.
I also want to acknowledge the useful distinctions that GPuccio makes between digital and analog information and call attention to steve h’s interesting questions about epistemology. Normally, I would get in the game, but I need a day off. Keep up the good work everyone.
By the way…
Steve your 70 is a great question. I think I can answer it to your satisfaction when I return
-Thanks again.
small point:
encoded information, such as we find encoded in computers, and such as we find encoded in DNA, is found to be a subset of ‘conserved’ quantum information:,,,
UB:
It will be a pleasure to read your further contributions. Please, take all the time you need…
StephenB:
Hi, how are you? Thank you for the comments. And for the “ontological and epistemological chance” formulation (what a beautiful way of saying it!).
As you have partially entered the game 🙂 , as soon as you can, I would appreciate to know your take about quantum probability: ontological or epistemological?
steveh:
you say:
As they impinge on my visual system, they indeed start a series of events that result in me building up a mental picture of the distant tree. But as I understand it, the visual system is reacting to the photons – not to the tree itself. So why are the electrical and chemical signals in my visual system considered a coded representation of the tree, but the information arriving at my eye (which is also not a tree, but contains all the information my visual system needs to arrive at its concusion) not?
Well, according to my views, as I have expressed them, the photons transmitting the information are of the “shadow like” category. They are a physical system which is related to the object (the tree) by specific, basic physical laws. You could argue that, in the measure that photons bevave as quantum entities, they could be considered discrete or digital. But that is not the point. The point is that they are not coded according to an arbitrary code (unless you consider the basic laws of nature a code, but it would be difficult to consider it arbitrary, except maybe for the Creator 🙂 ).
The neurological signals that transmit the information to the brain, and from the brain to consciousness, are different, at least as far as we understand (I will happily admit that our understanding of these points is rather limited. For what we know of neurological structures, a real arbitrary coding probably happens in the nervous system. And it is not based purely on basci physical laws. IOWs, the retinal the optical nerve, and the central structures in the brain do not work merely as a film, conveying analogically the form of the tree. They work more like a CCD with a complex software, transforming the visual input into some kind of digital message, elaborating it, reconstructing it, and so on.
Just to be more clear: a DNA gene requires knowledge of the genetic code to be understood or used as a storing memory of a protein sequence. Any software requires basic coding rules to work. The neurological system, as far as we can understand, has ots specific codes too. None of those codes is strictly a consequence of physical laws, although all of them work through physical laws. The sequence of myoglobin could be stored by any other code based on the four nucleotides of DNA, or by any coded sequence of bits in a computer. A word processor can work in the same way if it is written for Windows or for Linux, but the code will be different.
The code is arbitrary. The information remains the same. Arbitrary coding procedures are necessary both when the digital coded information is created and whne it is decoded (translated) and used.
So, my point about the DNA system should be more clear now: the gene for myoglobin is written according to a specific arbitrari code, the genetic code. We have to explain in some way how that structure, storing precious information about a very efficient protein molecule, originated. And that explanation must take into account the “code awareness” of that particular information (as well as of any protein coding gene).
On the other side, we have to acknowledge that the translation system is equally “aware” of the specific arbitrary genetic code, otherwise it could not work. We have to explain that too. In explaining that, we must remember that the translation system, in all its implementations that we know, consists of many very complex structure, at least:
a) the ribosome system
b) the tRNAs
c) the 20 synthetases
I am overlooking here the transcription part, and many other things. I will also leave alone a) and b), to concentrate only on c).
Why? Because c) is the part that is most responsible for decoding the genetic code. It is the specific “code aware” part.
And how is it “code aware”? In a very complex way. Each of the 20 synthetases is able to recognize a specific tRNA with a specific anticodon, and to “charge” it with the correct aminoacid for that anticodon. Please note that there is no biochemical connection between the anticodon in the tRNA and the aminoacid. The connection is “created” by the specific sequence and structure of the specific synthetase (a very complex protein made of hundreds of AAs).
So, we can say that the 20 synthtases are very much “code aware”: their same structure and function is built to “serve” the specific arbitrary genetic code.
And, obviously, the information about each of the 20 synthetases is stored in the respective DNA genes, in a very “code aware” way. And obviously, for each synthetase, that information can be used only by the translation apparatus, based on the synthetases themselves.
Is all that clear?
as to:
Not to comment on the word arbitrary, or code, or any of the other words, but only as to a little more definition relating photons to God:
Now, I find the preceding to be absolutely fascinating! A photon, in its quantum wave state, is found to be mathematically defined as a ‘infinite-dimensional’ state, which ‘requires an infinite amount of information’ to describe it properly, can be encoded with information in its ‘infinite dimensional’ state, and this ‘infinite dimensional’ photon is found to collapse, instantaneously, and thus ‘non-locally’, to just a ‘1 or 0’ state, out of a infinite number of possibilities that the photon could have collapsed to instead! Moreover, consciousness is found to precede the collapse of the wavefunction of the photon to its uncertain particle state. Now my question to materialistic atheists is this, “Exactly what ’cause’ has been postulated throughout history to be completely independent of any space-time constraints, as well as possessing infinite knowledge, so as to be the ‘sufficient cause’ to explain what we see in the quantum wave collapse of a photon??? With the refutation of the materialistic ‘hidden variable’ argument and with the patent absurdity of the materialistic ‘Many-Worlds’ hypothesis, then I can only think of one sufficient explanation for infinite dimensional quantum wave collapse to single bit photon;
Further notes:
LarTanner:
Yes, 4 possible nucleotides = 2^2 = 2 bits of information (carrying capacity) for each nucleotide. Each codon = 3 nucleotides = 6 bits. 64 possible codon combinations that map to either an amino acid or a STOP (command) = 2^6 = 6 bits of information per amino acid.
LarTanner:
But of course Shannon information is largely unhelpful as a concept for understanding functional information . . .
DNA isn’t so much a communication system (although there may be some aspects of DNA that would hint at that), as it is an information repository — a database primarily. The communication system is the whole enchilada: the code, the repository (DNA), the locators, the readers, the translators, all working together toward an end . . .
There’s 10 steps in the OP.
I have it on good authority that UBP cannot count to ten.
timothya,
I’m more interested in other conversations here than in trying to ascertain why you think a non-deterministic process can determine an outcome, but not until the undetermined outcome has actually occurred, at which time it becomes determined.
AARGHH!!!
ok, so shoot me.
timothya:
No, it isn’t. It’s the exact opposite of what you have been trying to say. You say it’s determined AFTER THE FACT. POST.
He says it is PRE-determined.
You say it is NOT pre-determined.
UPB:
Whilst I appreciate women for their mind.
So in an attempt to recall and summarize.
Are our disagreements, as far as you are concerned, limited to the of information?
ME: Information, absent mind, is meaningless, therefore it is not information.
Where else does “aboutness” come from?
ok, something was lost in my previous post.
iirc, I was asking about the WHERENESS of information.
gpuccio,
Anything involving probability is, by definition, epistemological.
gpuccio:
There is no information “out there.”
Is the photon carrying information about the Sun, or is it carrying information about the Tree, or is it carrying information about what is being obscured by the tree?
GPuccio, thanks again for your comments. As usual, the depth of your knowledge and judgment shines through. Concerning your question on quantum mechanics (ontological chance or epistemological chance), I cast my vote for epistemological chance.
What is the difference between “Ontological Chance” and “Epistemological Chance”?
As I understand it, epistemological chance is a measure of ignorance about outcomes, measured by discrete probabilities — such as the outcome of a dice roll, which is ontologically determined but unpredictable apart from a distribution of values. Ontological chance would be causal, and it’s debatable whether that category exists. Some would suggest that quantum realities employ ontological chance, but I’m rather ambivalent about it myself.
Chance Radcliff @92, that was a nice way of putting it.
Thanks StephenB. On reflection I’m not sure that “ambivalent” was an accurate description of my views. Perhaps “agnostic” would be more appropriate in that context. I tend toward the view that all chance is a measure of ignorance about definite outcomes. However with regard to the quantum realm, I’ve no awareness of any causes for specific outcomes. With dice rolls and such, causal factors are at least intuitively grasped.
StephenB and Chance Ratcliff:
I essentially agree with how Chance has put it: I am agnostic too, at present.
But, just to say something more, if we accept a “traditional” interpretation of QM, “ontological” would probably be the case. I am afraid that the “epistemological” interpretation sounds more or less like supporting Einstein’s view of hidden variables, which is definitely not very much alive (although not completely dead), and which after all I would not embrace, because it would imply again complete determinism in nature.
But it is absolutely possible that an “ontological” interpretation is in reality only a partial understanding. Given the importance of the problem for the question of the material/spiritual interface, I believe we should remain humbly openminded about the matter.
Mung:
1) You say:
Anything involving probability is, by definition, epistemological
You are certainly right if we are speaking of traditionalo probability, in classical physics. Unfortunately, the role of probability in quantum nechanics is not so well understood, and is still an unsolved issue. Indeed, different “philosophical” interpretations of QM exist, and none of them is necessarily true.
To sum it up as I understand it, QM is essentially deterministic (like classical mechanichs) as long as it describes reality in terms of “wave functions”. A wave function evolves in a strictly deterministic way. Until… it “collapses”. The wave funtion collapse, which corresponds more or less to some interaction (such as measurement) with the wave function, is essentially probabilistic.
Einstein, who never accepted QM as a truly new paradigm, believed that we unbderstood things that way only because we were not aware of all the “hidden variables”. If that were true, the probability of the wave function collapse would be epistemological, just as in classical physics.
But most interpretations of QM believe that the probability implied is in some way essential, or “ontological”. The classical Copenaghen interpretation, Bohr’s interpretation, certainly affirms that.
For a simple sum up, you can look at the table in this wikipedia page:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I....._mechanics
2) You say:
There is no information “out there.” Is the photon carrying information about the Sun, or is it carrying information about the Tree, or is it carrying information about what is being obscured by the tree?
I absolutely agree with you, as should be clear form waht I have posted. Information, in the measure that it requires a cognitive act of representation and interpretation and understanding, only exists in conscious beings. It is a property of consciousness.
That’s why I have used the term “objective information” to define the objective potentiality of a material system to evoke information in a cosncious observer about something. The term “objective” is probably misleading: I don’t mean that information is really in the material system, but only that the material system can objectively be cognized in that way by conscious observers.
I believe that, in that sense, “objective information” can be evaluated and discussed.
So, to sum up what I have sais in my previous posts in the light of that clarification:
a) A tree, like any object, always has objective information about itself, because conscious observers can cognize it. That is trivial, but true.
b) A shadow, or photons, or tracks, have objective information not only about themselves (we can cognize them as shadows, photons or tracks), but also about other, distinct physical systems (the object that cast the shadow or generated the tracks, the objects with which the photons interacted). We can objectively derive information about disctinct physycal realities from those systems. And we do. But the point is, in all those cases the link between A and B, between the shadow and the object, can be completely understood in terms of physical laws. And the physical laws are not arbitrary, at least to us.
c) The history of England cannot be derived from a book about it only by knowledge of physical laws. The sequence of myoglobin cannot be derived from its DNA gene only by knowledge of physical laws. The function of a software cannot be derived from the stored seqeunce of 0s and 1s only by knowledge of physical laws. Those physical systems (the book, the gene, the stored software) certainly bear the information about other physical realities (the hystory of England, the protein Myoglobin, the working of the software), but to understand the information we need to be aware of a symbolic, arbitrary logical code that in each case has been used in storing the information in those physical systems. A conscious observer who cannot read, or does not know english, derives little information from the book, and certainly not knowledge of the history of England. Now, I believe that english language in no way can be derived from universal physical laws. Nor can the genetic code, or the binary code and informational structure by which some software is written.
In all those cases, and similar cases, we can say that objective information about something is present in the system, but that perceiving that information, understanding it, requires the knowledge of some specific arbitrary code (what UB calls “the procedure”).
It is trivial, but interesting, that knowledge of the code is necessary at two different moments: when a conscious designer writes the information (coding procedure) and when a conscious observer has to understand it (decoding procedure).
It is important to observe also that even the simple use of the information by some non conscious machine requires knowledge of the code (not in the sense of conscious knowledge, but in the sense of knowledge implemented in the decoding machine). That is exactly the case for the translation apparatus in the cell. It is not a conscious observer, therefore it does not understand or know anything. But it has been designed with a definite implementation of the genetic code (for example, in the sequences of the 20 synthetases), and therefore it can decode and use the information in the genes.
Barry, this is exactly what is needed: to drive home the logic, again and again and again. Unfortunately, I think this will be too conceptual for them to accept.
If it’s not 2 + 2 = 4, they’ll find an irrelevant and indeed inane by-road to go down. But still, it’s the only way at present.
gpuccio, some “random” thoughs 😉
with regard to epistemological chance, I can’t escape the notion that an ontology is always implied. However the ontology is either deterministic or its not. Perhaps your #95 is not entirely clear to me, but you appear to be making room for an ontology that is purposefully intended, as opposed to one that is mechanistically determined. This is appropriate, imo. In either case, it seems to me that epistemological chance is the measure of ignorance about the cause, regardless of whether the cause is deterministic or intentionally directed. So it appears that the distinction is not between epistemological and ontological chance, but between varieties of chance’s ontology. With regard to that ontology, we have a wave function describing the range of possible values and their respective probabilities; and then we have the discrete outcomes. The random factor, the exact position of a particle at a specific point in time, is either: 1) mechanistically determined; 2) purposefully determined; 3) determined *by* chance, which is ontological chance strongly defined (the “causal” chance).
I guess in all that rambling I’m trying to suggest that epistemological chance employs a second option, purposeful intention, as a causal factor.
GPuccio @ Chance,
You both make some interesting points. If we think about the possibilities of nature’s movement along a continuum from 1 to 10, with total determinism (no freedom whatsoever: the outcome was completely pre-ordained) on one side [1) and total freedom (the final outcome could have been anything at all) [10], I lean a bit more toward the former view simply because of my theological preferences and my understanding of reason’s rules.
My inclination is to think that nature has little or no freedom [score it at 1 or 2] because it seems to me that the Creator knew and arranged for the final outcome of his creative process in exacting and precise terms, or as Einstein might put it, making it anything but a game of dice. Frankly, I laugh when Theistic Evolutionists argue that God allowed the universe the freedom to “create itself.” I would place the Biologos mentality at about a [7] or however much of nature’s freedom is required to rationalize Darwin’s accident producing paradigm.
I am speculating that both of you might venture a score of about [2 or 3], allowing for a bit more freedom than myself, perhaps paying tribute to the conclusions of most modern expositors of quantum dynamics. On this matter, I am with the minority opinion, though I am open to reasoned objections from the majority. My view, though, is that the mainstream interpretation is, too often, informed by the dubious assumption that effects can occur without causes at the quantum level, confusing the idea of unpredictability with the idea of causality.
It is one thing to say that quantum events behave in a certain way for no “apparent” reason. It is quite another thing so say that they behave that way for no reason at all. I find no humility and much arrogance in that latter proposition. On the other hand, I don’t think it requires much arrogance on my part to say that no effect can occur without a cause. If I am wrong about in that assumption, science is finished anyway.
In keeping with that point, I often wonder if some of these modern interpretations might even result from an attempt to link quantum mechanics with eastern mysticism or some other means of escaping from reason’s non-negotiable rules. Without a sound metaphysical foundation, what is the point? I hearken back now to Niels Bohr who once said, “A great truth is a truth of which the contrary is also truth.” Please! It may be true that there is no genius without a mixture of madness, but we must recognize the madness when it asserts itself.
In truth, I even hesitate to allow for a [2] rather than a [1]. If anything at all can be a product of chance, then it seems to me that we have opened the door to the argument that something can come from nothing. What do you gentlemen think?
Chance Ratcliff:
Interesting thoughts! (and, I hope, purposeful 🙂 )
Well, I would say…
In classical mechanics, we usually assume strong determinism. Maybe that is not really true, but let’s reason in a conventional way. So, a coin is tossed, and the usual view is that the final outcome is completely determined by the laws of mechanics. We don’t know all the hidden variables (exact positon at start, exact strength and direction of forces, and so on). We just observe that, if we toss the coin 1000 times, we have about 0.5 probability for each outcome. So we use a very simple probabilistic model to describe the system.
So, in this scenario, probability is epistemological, and determinism is complete. There is no room for free will or free intervention (not, at least after the coin has been tossed).
What about the collapse of wave function (if it really exists)? Again, let’s reason in a classical way, adhering to the Copenaghen interpretation. So, the wave function evolves deterministically, and as you say, it ” describes the range of possible values and their respective probabilities”. Whne it collapses, we have a dicrete outcome. We are playing Bohr at present, so let’s say that the specific outcome is not determined by hidden variable. The specific outcome is in accord to “ontological probability”, some mysterious property of the whole system of quantum world.
Again, according to QM, the outcome is really random, so again we have no room form free will etc.
So, from these two classical views, we have either:
1) A classical world, completely governed by stricy determinism
or:
2) A QM world, completely governed by a mix of determinism and ontological randomness.
Quite frustrating, isn’t it?
But, obviously, there are those (including me) who believe that conscious agents exist, and that they are endowed with free will, intention and understanding. The problem is, how does free will from a conscious agent express itself in a world governed by determinism or randomness? (We obviously don’t take seriously the position of comnpatibilists, who like to believe that determinism and/or randomness are in some strange way free will…)
Now, strici determinism is a very difficult environment for the intervention of free will. The difficulty has been known to philosophers for centuries: if you have a series of events completely determined, any free intervention woul be an “anomaly”, an interruption of the cascade of causes and effects. A dualism of nature and miracles, not too satisfying nor elegant.
Quantum randomness is more appealing. If free intervention has to be a regular component of reality, what better interface? Consciousnes can certainly manipulate ontological randomness, and still probabilistic laws can be verified on large numbers. That is the beauty of probability. It allows room for designed order.
IDists know very well how any specific deck of cards is equally improbable. The deck of cards arguments has been used many times against ID, in an astonishing variety of repeated idiocy. IDists know very well, however (but darwinists seem not to understand), that although when we shuffle a deck of cards an improbable outcome becomes real, a specific, ordered outcome will never come out. It’s a simple concept, yet difficult to understand for many out there.
So, what if consciousness could manipulate quntum randomness so that specific ordered outcomes become real at specific times? That would not violate the probabilistic laws: after all, those outcomes are as improbable as any other outcome. But they would be freely designed, and not random.
The point is, our individual human consciousness seems able to do exactly that with the cells of our nervous system. That’s how we express our free will in a deterministic, macroscopic world. Probably thorugh a QM interface at cellular level.
And some other consciousness could do the same with the components of living beings, and realize design and information input in an apparently random system of variation.
Because meaningful and functional arrangements are not necesserily formally different from completely random ones. Only a conscious agent, capable of understanding, representation, feeling and intent, can recognize the meaning, the function, in the midst of apparent randomness.
We know that the sequence of the DNA gene for myoglobin is functional, because we see and understand the function. But objectively, it is not formally very different from a random sequence of the same length. For a non conscious nature (or, maybe, for darwinists) there is no difference there.
So, we come back to your three scenarios:
“The random factor, the exact position of a particle at a specific point in time, is either: 1) mechanistically determined; 2) purposefully determined; 3) determined *by* chance, which is ontological chance strongly defined (the “causal” chance).”
I would say that a traditional view of the non quantum world, which ignores consciousness, would support only 1).
A traditional view of QM is restricted to 1) and 3).
But a complete view of reality, which refuses to ignore one of its most important components, consciousness, must necessarily include 2).
Now, I am not really sure that a quantum interface is the only way to implement free will into determinism. It is certainly an interesting possibility. But I am sure that our understanding of consciousness and of its modes of interaction with matter is still extremely partial. We will certainly understand more and better in the future, especially if science finally ackowledges that conciousness exists as a fundamental mode of reality, that it is not a product of matter, that it does interact with that other mode of reality we call matter, and that it can and must be part of any serious scientifical model of reality.
Stephen:
I have read your 99 after posting my 100.
Your points are, obviously, very interesting. I offer some personal thought, in complete respect for your position.
Yes, I am probably a bit less a rationalist than you are, but I don’t think we disagree so much. When I admit (and I am not really sure of that) that quantum probability could be ontological, I have no intention to deny the power of reason or of the cause and effect link. QM asks us to think in some different and apparently strange way, but it is no supporter of epistemological anarchy at all. Indeed, scientific previsions made by QM, including its probabilistic part, are among the most precise ever known in science.
The point is not that “they behave that way for no reason at all”. The point is that reality can obey laws of various forms, and not necessarily of a traditional deterministic form. The same reason that allows us to understand a deterministic system allows us to understand a quantum probabilistic system. It is cognition just the same.
And I agree with you that “no effect can occur without a cause”. But I do believe that a cause can take forms very different from our traditional idea of a cause.
After all, speaking between us who believe in God, I believe that God is the ultimate cause of all that exists. And I don’t think that our reason can really, fully understand God.
Steve & GP:
It is so good to see you both contributing in an excellent thread headed by a first class post by UB.
I just thought it important to say that.
As you both know I am partial to a two-tier cybernetic controller model by Derek Smith, and hear with interest the suggestion that mind may influence states in neural nets through a quantum process.
Again, great to see you both in actin like the good old days.
KF
Hello All
I am now freed up, and will be respondind soon.
Thanks!
UB 67:
Can matter and energy exist in a material universe without information?
Lest we forget:
KF:
Hi! So good to be with you too 🙂
[GP, sorry about the length]
Hello GP,
I apologize for the extended delay. I’d like to say upfront that your input is always instructive and valuable. One of the things that stand out to me in reading your posts is that you are fearless in addressing some of the larger issues that peel off from the direct observations. You have the intellectual and technical capacity to do so and you never shrink from the discussion. I have seen opponents basically challenge you to go beyond the principal stages of design thinking and move into deeper second and third round observations, and you never disappoint, nor do you relax from a disciplined line of thought. It is very admirable.
As for myself, I seem to always be going the other direction. In my conversations with materialists on these issues, is has generally been their desire to expand the discussion as quickly as possible and as much as possible so that the observations themselves are lost in the minutia and the (as yet) unknown. It’s a standard tactic. In return, I am constantly trying to narrow the discussion back to the observables and what is already known about them.
There are mountain goats on various ranges in the world that spend a great portion of their lives on the treacherous vertical surfaces of mountains doing things that would leave less capable animals frozen in fear. They move around with ease on the very edge of certain death. If the question is asked do they have “knowledge” of how to do what they are doing, then perhaps it would be hard to argue that they don’t, because they are doing it. But if the question is asked do they “fear” a misstep – then I have no idea how to address that question. These are all interesting questions (such as the question above regarding “intent”), but they are the things I try to remove from the conversation because they have no bearing on the material transfer of information; the specific issue at hand. That is the very point of the argument I have tried to present – to remove the fog and observe the transfer from strictly a material perspective, and to ask “are these observations correct” and “does this make a coherent material explanation”, and perhaps even to ask “could it be any other way”.
Having said that I‘d like to address your comments, and I hope that my response isn’t too scattered. I have re-read your comments at #69 as well as your further comments since that posting. I seem to be having a difficult time knowing exactly where to step back in.
In your 69-1, you say that you agree with me if “we use “information” in the sense of the ultimate conscious representation, including cognition and feeling, that only happens in a conscious agent.” My purpose in this argument, again, is to reduce the observations down to nothing but the material exchange of the information or specifically, the exchange of material representation to material effect . With that in mind, I would want to test the edges of your comment, and ask you to consider the following: Let us say that I have a light I want to automatically turn itself on at dusk, and then off again at dawn. To accomplish this I will have to give the lighting system the ability to act upon information if I want it to be self-directed, and will necessarily need to give it the capacity to take a measurement. I will do so by using a basic photocell, which is simply an element that allows electricity to flow through it went ambient light energy is available, but stops the flow of electricity when it is in darkness. I will then take this photocell and wire it to a (normally-closed) relay within a control circuit. When the daylight hits the photocell it will allow electricity to pass through the element and power the relay into an open position – turning the light off during the day. When the sun then goes down, the photocell’s element will stop the electricity from flowing to the relay and it will return to its normally-closed position, turning the light on again until the next sunrise.
What I have done is use the material properties of a photocell (simply following physical law) to generate a measurement of daylight, and then used that as a representation to inform a protocol (the control/relay configuration), which is capable of translating the input of that representation into unambiguous function. Certainly it can be argued that I (as a conscious agent with purpose) am indispensible to this contrivance, and certainly I would be required in order to explain its origin. But I am not indispensable to its operation, and should my ultimate requirement as an agent somehow be in question, the argument that follows would have to find a signature of my involvement within that material operation. So if it should come to pass that objects such as photocells and relays and wires and light bulbs and sockets are thought to be explained by some mechanism other than myself, then my signature of involvement, if it can be found, must be evident in what is observed in the operation of the system.
I submit that signature is the presence of TRI as evidenced by its four physical entailments: a) a representation which is arbitrary to the effect it will evoke in the system, b) a protocol capable of establishing what effect that representation will produce, c) the preservation of the arbitrary nature of the representation, and d) the production of unambiguous function from that arbitrary representation. However, that is not the argument I am making here. Instead I stop short in order to force the issue; to first establish among the opponents of ID that the information transfer in the genome IS semiotic; it DOES rely on the use of arbitrary representations and protocols, and it MUST include these things in order to exist. Not one single materialist has been able to demonstrate otherwise. As expected, they simply try to change the subject. Approaching genetic sequences as being true recorded information is an inescapable necessity of conducting research, but that approach is matched only by the discipline-wide denial of what that fact actually entails. This stands to reason because by Darwin’s own standard, evolution cannot be the source of the system. Materialists would hardly want to highlight that fact in their research, and they are prepared to delude themselves and all other people in order to avoid it.
In fact, the final conclusion of this Semiotic Argument is that a) genetic information observably demonstrates a semiotic system, and b) it therefore will require a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state. Notice that there is no stipulation that the mechanism must be a purposeful entity of any kind – only that it must be able to create what is materially observed to exist. Even that is too much for them to swallow. They simply refuse coherent material evidence.
I’d like to make a comment about your 5 and 6.
One thing that wasn’t made explicit in the OP text is exactly what I include when I say “the transfer of recorded information”. I think this has resulted in a lack of clarity on my part so I would like to explain. I am talking about the transfer from representation to effect which includes both law-based transcription and the arbitrary-driven result of translation. There is a very straightforward reason for this. Both processes are required, as well as the preservation of the arbitrary and the production of the effect, in order to be sufficient to confirm an instance of TRI (which is the goal of the observations). For instance: In a previous debate I was told that information could be transferred without a protocol, and the pressing of a vinyl record was used as an example. Hot vinyl, a pressing plate with analog grooves on it, and voila; information is transferred without a protocol. In this previous conversation it was already made clear that I was talking about the transfer of representation-to-effect (including both transcription and translation) but this example was offered as an attempt to ignore that fact. The same claim was made with the example of photons hitting the eye. Neither of these cases are a transfer from representation to effect. One is an example of information being copied (lawfully transcribed from one medium to another) and the other is simply the sensory perception of the environment (lawfully transcribed from one medium to another). Neither has the slightest capacity to produce their end effect.
Of course, this perspective may (maybe not) only make sense if one first agrees that information is a unique thing which has a unique material foundation, and that it doesn’t just exist in everything as a matter of that thing existing itself, but must be brought into existence by some mechanism. There is not information “in” anything; there is information that can be created “about” anything. For a thing to be information, it must first be transcribed into a representation. If that is not true, then we have emptied the term “information” of all its content, and we’ll need a new word to describe those things that are not just informative because they exist, but because they contain form about something as a matter of their arrangement. What use to be ‘a book of text’ was considered information, suddenly a book of empty pages is information and a book of text is something else. What was gained? I don’t believe it was clarity, not at least from a purely material perspective. And in the end, it is a material requirement in order to confirm an instance of TRI anyway.
I am prepared to learn and adapt because I want the argument to be as materially coherent as possible, and your counsel would be very much appreciated in that regard. At this point though, I simply do not see it as an improvement. “Information in everything” puts the observer or mechanism in the process, and at that point it is already transcribed.
My last comment will be my shortest because it is obviously a simple misunderstanding. Oddly enough, it may once again be tied (like connective tissue) to the information-in-everything theme. You say “I would like to comment on your argument that any type of information, in the end, must be transferred in digital form to the conscious perceiver”
Here I am simply stumped. I don’t understand what I said that could have prompted your comment. In my argument, the transfer of information has the same material entailments whether it is analog or digital. But I certainly agree that (in the end) we are most interested in the observations of genetic information – which is entirely digital. This fact seriously narrows any mechanism which might be proposed as a demonstrable origin of such information. Like other digital formats, it is a format with the unique capacity to contain any type of information.
steveh,
I hope that I have satisfactorily addressed your 70 in my post to GP just above.
Stephen,
Your comments in 71 are an unexpected honor for me. Thank you very much.
Hey Mung,
Perhaps I am completely mistaken, or perhaps I just didn’t read enough for context – but I thought I saw you say somewhere that I wasn’t claiming the genetic system was a semiotic system. But the use of “representations and rules in a process” is the very definition of a semiotic system, and that is my claim.
🙂
Thanks KF,
I’m gonna come down and do a little surf fishing with you. Smoked redfish, garlic, and butter sounds good to me. I hope they let me bring a little mesquite on the trip out.
😉
Joe I wouldn’t even begin to deny that information is it own phenomenon. But it has to have a medium as far as I can tell. Yup.
Glad you’re here Chance, and glad you stuck around after you started commenting.
Hi Eric, hope all is well with you.
Agreed. But if these observations are correct, then “meaning” – that indispensible facet of functional information – can be confirmed to have been transferred.
UB @113.
Agreed. I was attempting to get things back on track and keep the discussion from going down the Shannon rabbit hole, which is (for the most part) irrelevant to the kind of functional information — meaning, as you say — we are interested in here.
UB:
First of all, thank you for the very kind personal words. I can only say that I could not appreciate more both your depth of thought and your lovable character.
Let’s go to the content of your post. I must say that, as usual, I agree with almost all that you say. But there is something that remains slightly different between our positions, so I will do some furhter effort to understand what it is:
1) I would say that I can fully agree with what you say uyp to the phrase “I’d like to make a comment about your 5 and 6”. But, to avoid confusion in the following discussion, I want to emphasize just from the beginning one point which is perhaps the main difficulty here. You quote my statement that: “if we use “information” in the sense of the ultimate conscious representation, including cognition and feeling, that only happens in a conscious agent.” But, if I understand well, your discourse does its best to avoid reference to the conscious observer, to be more “objective”. Now, with all the repsect for your try, that is where I believe you can’t succeed, not for lack of ability or intent, but because I believe nobody can succeed in doing that.
My firm conviction is that a series of concepts arise only, and I insist only, in consciousness. We try to use them for objective matter because we are so accustomed to using them that we beileve they can exist by themselves. But that is not so. That’s why, in my reasonings, you will always find some reference to “a conscious designer” or “a conscious observer”, be it only as a revealer of some property in matter.
For instance, let’s consider your very clear example of the lighting system. Everything is fine there, but: what do you mean by “representation” and “effect”? “Representation” is something I really don’t know how you can define withour the help of a conscious observer. And “effect” is too broad a term, any effect of a cause is an effect. I believe you mean “function”. But again, you cannot define “function” without the help of a conscious observer, that understands intent, in the reasoning. Having made this premise, I will stop a moment and take again the argument in my next post.
UB:
So, to sum up what I have said until now, I use conscious agents and observers in my reasonings not because I just like to do that, but nevìcause I believe that no complete and consistent reasoning about design and meaningful information can be made otherwise. THat conviction of mine is reinforced by the fact that any time my ID friends try to do that, to “get rid” of the uncomfortable conscious entity for the sake of some “objectivity” in the reasoning, their reasoning, however good, suffers at some level.
THat’s what I think happens also in your case. I will try to explain why. I would also like to add that there is a reason, IMO, why Shannon has brilliantly developed the only quantitative theory we have about the objective transfer of information, but he has done that without any reference to “meaningful information”. It’s because you cannot even define “meaningful information” objectively. Try, and you will see what I mean. You need at least a conscious observer to understand and recognize the meaning. Or the function, which is another form of meaning. Meaning and function do not exist objectively and, even when they are embedded in a material system, they cannot be demontrated or defined by any formal property without the help of a “conscious revealer” of meaning and function. Even in the theory of CSI, you can only objectively measure complexity, which is a Shannon-like concept, but you need a conscious judgement to assess function or meaning. IMO, even Dembski has tried to avoid some non conscious dependent approach to his concept of CSI, relying on objective formal definitions, and I am not sure that has really helped his case. The truth is, relying on a conscious observer to assess meaning and function makes the discourse about information and design very simple and natural. Why shouldn’t we do that? Conscious observers are an objective resource in nature. We are discussing design here. Design cannot be defined without using the concept of a conscious agent (I know many have tried, but IMO they have all failed). So, why not do the right thing? When we refuse to include conscious entities in our argumnents about reality, we are only accepting the materialists’ reductionism, a reductionism that will always prevent them from understanding reality, because objective reality includes consciousness.
I have to stop here. I hope I can go on later in the day.
Stephen RE: #99,
Yes I suppose that if chance is causal, then it’s problematic. And for theological reasons, I too prefer an understanding of nature that allows for every detail to be determined, by both the established mechanisms of physics and chemistry, and the governance of deity over contingency. So I would tend toward rating nature very low on the freedom scale. But I think it’s possible that chaotic ordering of systems at the quantum level might be necessary in some respect. Would reality be fundamentally different if electron positions proceeded in specified order? I don’t know. Randomness certainly has its uses, and its presence can even produce a level of probabilistic reliability in computer systems (I’m thinking of the quick sort algorithm). It’s also useful in computer security and simulations. There may be something about the operation of the current physical and spiritual reality that depends upon chaos as a veil of sorts, but I’m wandering into strange territory. So I’m definitely not big on ontological chance, but I don’t rule out that it may itself be an engineered mechanism.
UB:
I hope I can complete my thoughts now.
In the last part of your post, I rather feel the need to ask you more detailed definitions, or clarifications.
For instance, you speak about “the transfer of recorded information”. And still I would appreciate if you could give a more explicit definition of “information” in this context. That unlucky word, indeed, is often the origin of much misunderstanding.
You say:
“I am talking about the transfer from representation to effect which includes both law-based transcription and the arbitrary-driven result of translation.”.
If I understand well, “representation” here is the DNA gene, while “effect” is the functional protein. If that is the case, I agree. Transcription is a tranfer of information “law based”, in the sense that it does not decode the meaning. Translation does. Although even transcription could never happen without a higly complex procedure. My point is, both transcription and translation are so complex that they must be designed. But translation is “code aware”, while trancription is not. But we are anyway speaking of coded digital information here.
OK, let’s go on.
You say:
“There is a very straightforward reason for this. Both processes are required, as well as the preservation of the arbitrary and the production of the effect, in order to be sufficient to confirm an instance of TRI (which is the goal of the observations).”
Well, I don’t know if I understand well. Transcription is necessary in the cellular context, but in general the information could be directly decoded and translated in one step. What is the difference? My point is, what you call TRI, in the sense of a semiotic “signature”, probably requires only:
a) Some meaningful information that
b) is recorded in some material system thorugh a symbolic, arbitrary code and
c) some code aware procedure that can extract the original information and put it to use, either for the understanding of a conscious observer, or for the working of a functional machine.
What’s wrong in that? In that simple form, I certainly agree that TRI is present, and that it is a semiotic signature. I would only add, in traditional ID spirit, that we must also be sure that the system is complex enough (it is certainly specified), to affirm that it is a true consciously generated (designed) system.
You say:
“Of course, this perspective may (maybe not) only make sense if one first agrees that information is a unique thing which has a unique material foundation, and that it doesn’t just exist in everything as a matter of that thing existing itself, but must be brought into existence by some mechanism.”
Well, for me information ia not a self evident concept. I feel the need of specific definitions for each context.
I have given a rather detailed definition:
“That’s why I have used the term “objective information” to define the objective potentiality of a material system to evoke information in a conscious observer about something. The term “objective” is probably misleading: I don’t mean that information is really in the material system, but only that the material system can objectively be cognized in that way by conscious observers.”
According to that definition, I think I am consistent in saying that each material system has objective information about itself. We can certainly get useful information about a wood just by observing it form some high point. That information can be very useful to go through the wood. It is not “brought into existence” by any method. It is objective information, and it becomes true information when I cognize it through my senses and mind.
You say: “For a thing to be information, it must first be transcribed into a representation.” Why? I perceive the wood, and it is informatio to me. It is certainly tranformed into a conscious representation, but not “transcibed” into some other material system (except the photons, as we have already said). What I see is really the “shadow” of the wood in the photons.
Now, the wood and the photons are probably designed by God, but that is not the point here. We are discussing a semiotic signature inside creation. Something appraochable by science in an empirical way. So, I can only conclude that the wood and the photons are information in the sense I have defined, but probably not in the sense that you would define. They certainly are not an example of digital coded information.
So, I always come back to that. Digital coded information, and its transfer by code aware procedures, are the true semiotic signature. In that sense, with that precisation, I completely agree with your argument, always have and always will.
Finally, about the last “problem”. You say:
“I don’t understand what I said that could have prompted your comment. In my argument, the transfer of information has the same material entailments whether it is analog or digital.”
Well, I believe I was prompted to that comment from this statement you made in post 12:
“Seeing a robber’s shadow requires vision. If you see a shadow, it is not then a shadow traveling through your optical nerve. It is a material representation of that image which will be translated into a functional effect by a protocol in your visual cortex.”
IOWs, you are invoking the protocols of vision to say that they realize here the transfer of information. OK, you don’t refer to “digital”; I interpreted it that way, because you speak of protocols in the neurological system, and those are probably digital protocols.
My objection is that we cannot invoke what happens in our neurological system: that is the same for any perception we have from nature. Any act of perception implies protocols, digital transcriptions, and many other things in our body. That’s not what we are discussing here. We are discussing the objective transfer of information in nature. In that sense, I don’t see how we can deny that objective information is transferred from the robbers to their shadow, or to their tracks. That does not require a procedure, out of the laws of physics, and is not, IMO, a semiotic signature. But it is a transfer of information just the same.
So, I believe, as already said, that we must qualify very well the information that is transferred, and how it is transferred, if we want to define it as a semiotic signature. The best way to do that is to limit our discussion to the transfer of digital coded information. That is certainly a semiotic signature. In the case of analof transfer, the semiotic signature can be affirmed, IMO, only if the transfer procedure is so complex that it must have been designed (a classical, non digital camera would be, I think, a good example).
So, to sum up, muy point is:
a) Objective information can be trasferred fromn one material system to another one by physical laws. That does not require any special procedure, the information is never digitally coded, it is not a semiotic signature, and there is no need for a designer.
b) Analog information can be transferred form a physical system to another one through complex, designed procedures. If the procedure is complex enough that we can safely infer design, this kind of transfer is a semiotic signature, but there is no coding.
c) Digital coded information always requires an arbutrary logical code, a code aware procedure for storing information, and a code aware procedure to decode it. It is always a semiotic signature and, except for possible very trivial pseudoexamples (of which, however, I am not aware), it always implies a conscious designer.
Well, that was not easy. But I have tried to be as open and detailed as possible, as you definitely deserve.
Chance Ratcliff:
This is just to say that I have really appreciated your post 117. What you think is very similar to what I think. Thank you.
gpuccio RE #100
“So, in this scenario, probability is epistemological, and determinism is complete. There is no room for free will or free intervention (not, at least after the coin has been tossed).”
Agreed. This is how I’m understanding epistemological chance. In this case, chance doesn’t provide the ontology — unknown variables do.
“Quite frustrating, isn’t it?”
That’s the reason why strict philosophical materialism in science is inappropriate, imo.
Let me say regarding free will, that I accept it in part because it is an immediate fact of direct experience. It could possibly be said that free will falls under the category of qualia. In this regard, “free will is an illusion” makes about as much sense as “blue is an illusion.” 😉
“Quantum randomness is more appealing. If free intervention has to be a regular component of reality, what better interface? Consciousnes can certainly manipulate ontological randomness, and still probabilistic laws can be verified on large numbers. That is the beauty of probability. It allows room for designed order.”
Fascinating! This is something I’ve considered before in another context (divine intervention). The same set of dice roll outcomes, given different ordering, can produce varying results, for instance, in a craps game. I made the point a while back on another thread (and under a different name):
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-423342
The set if outcomes is the same, but the different ordering produces either wins or losses. I think your suggestion that a form of ontological randomness could provide an interface for mind is intriguing.
“Now, I am not really sure that a quantum interface is the only way to implement free will into determinism. It is certainly an interesting possibility. But I am sure that our understanding of consciousness and of its modes of interaction with matter is still extremely partial. We will certainly understand more and better in the future, especially if science finally ackowledges that conciousness exists as a fundamental mode of reality, that it is not a product of matter, that it does interact with that other mode of reality we call matter, and that it can and must be part of any serious scientifical model of reality.”
Agreed. That consciousness is a fundamental pillar of reality is a possibility that should be embraced if we are to understand anything non-trivial about consciousness and intelligence in general.
Thanks for your words in #119. It’s nice to know that the paragraph made sense to somebody besides myself. 😉
Upright, thanks for your kindness in #112. It’s good to be here, and it’s a pleasure to read your posts.
Gpuccio,
Ahh, thanks for your response. I think its facinating that two people can come at a difficult issue from entirely different directions, and meet at the exact same place – sharing their own observations from along the way, using the same tools and langauge. I think its a good sign.
In 2003, information ethicist Rafeal Capurro wrote a rather excellent paper entitled The Concept of Information. (I remember once seeing the paper billed as ‘the state of the art’). He gives a very nice breakout of the history of the word, as well as the variety of difficuties in defining it over time. Then in a section on the relationship between scientifc terms and theories, Capurro writes “Following Chalmers, we propose that the scientific definitions of terms like information depend on what roles we give them in our theories; in other words, the type of methodological work they must do for us”.
In the argument I’m presenting, the term ‘information’ is viewed solely from its impact on matter. That is the work it must do. From that perspective, what is found to be common (in that impact) among all instances of information is precidely what I am highlighting. At this point, I am prepared to view information as an arrangemet of matter that carries the form of a thing as a consequence of its arrangement. It is inseparable from its material representation because it is that representation that has the material impact. This is what I was hoping to illustrate by my example of a automatic light. A representation of form is used to produce unambiguous function in a system via a protocol instantiated in matter. From that perspective, this unique material signature is found in all communication throughout the living kingdom, as well as in the contrivances of intelligence, and in the material operation of the living cell. And it is found nowhere else.
I think the bridge between our positions is a short trip. Instead of responding to your comments outright, I think I ‘ll let them set and enjoy them. Perhaps I’ll jump back in later.
Many thanks GP. The reasons why you are one of UD’s favored contributors is obvious.
In the meanwhile, no opponents have shown that the logic of my argument is invalid, or that the premises are untrue.
UB: If your point is that the information in the genome exists without intent, that fact in and of itself would still not be germane to the observations of the transfer. […] If this is indeed the point you are wishing to make, then perhaps the only question would be how you determined that from the evidence.
As Popper pointed out in his book Objective Knowledge, knowledge is independent of belief. Popper imagines two scenarios where nearly all people on the planet are wiped out. In the first scenario all of our books (dead trees and electronic format) are wiped out as well. In the second, these books remain. In the case of the former, it might take millennia to rebuild, if at all. But in the latter this could be achieved in only a fraction of the time. So, knowledge is objective in the sense that it is independent of anyone’s belief.
UB: If you’ve located the ultimate source of that [will to survive] and measured it by some means and found it to be without “intention”, I would sure like to see your data. If not, then I am not certain what impact your point has on the observations made here.
Please see above. Non-explanatory knowledge is created when conjectures are made which are random in regards to any particular problem to solve. As such, your argument is parochial in that it does not make a distinction between these two kinds of knowledge.
UB: I’ve looked over my argument and I don’t see the word “intent” anywhere in it.
Which definition of arbitrary are you referring to that does not include will or intent?
arbitrary
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system: his mealtimes were entirely arbitrary.
• (of power or a ruling body) unrestrained and autocratic in the use of authority: arbitrary rule by King and bishops has been made impossible.
• Mathematics (of a constant or other quantity) of unspecified value.
ORIGIN late Middle English (in the sense ‘dependent on one’s will or pleasure, discretionary’): from Latin arbitrarius, from arbiter ‘judge, supreme ruler,’ perhaps influenced by French arbitraire .
Does a king rule in a way that he does not intend to? Mealtimes were either random or occurred at intentionally chosen times. Or perhaps you simply mean arrangements of matter that are not identical?
UB: While you are working on that, may I suggest that you try to approach the argument on its own terms? For instance, the word “knowledge” is not mentioned anywhere in the argument.
Does the explanation which succeeded the idea that light traveled in a medium called “the ether” (Einstein’s theory of general relatively) approach the argument on it’s own terms? Does it use the word “the ether”? Nor is the term “photon” part of the original argument.
Furthermore, protocols in Objective-C represent the knowledge of what methods an object implements. Drug protocols represent the knowledge of which medications to take on a particular schedule and at a particular dosage.
When we attempt to learn a completely new, undocumented language, we conjecture what a word means, then take that guess seriously. Specifically, we assume it is correct and use it along with our best guesses about all other words for the purpose of creating sentences. We then test those sentences to see if they are internally consistent. If so, we then test them via observations by trying to communicate with others who speak that language. Errors are discarded and we repeat the process.
Nor is it clear what you mean by “observing” the transfer of knowledge. When we observe something, we’re doing so as conscious beings. This is unavoidable and uncontroversial. It seems that you’re having difficulty taking yourself out of the equation.
UB: In any case, what if we used the transfer of information in a fabric loom in order to control the patterns of thread woven into fabric. Would you then pick up the cloth and say “this is knowledge”? It seems like a rather loose term.
First, do I normally pick up objects, such as a cloth, and refer to them as knowledge? No. But the origin of the knowledge of how to adapt the thread is the origin of the cloth. Isn’t that the issue at hand?
Second, a definition has been provided. You seem to be taking a reductionist approach in assuming That science must reductively explain everything.
What do I mean by “knowledge”? I’m referring to information which when embedded in a storage medium tends to remain there and is consistent with Karl Popper’s definition that knowledge is independent of anyone’s belief. While they serve many other purposes as well, both brains and DNA act as storage mediums.
Gpuccio: Well, if the requisite knowledge is present, I would call that “implementation”, and not “adaptation”. If you write a code to implement an algorithm that you know, is that an “adaptation”? Please, clarify what you mean.
If Charles Babbage had actually build his Analytical Engine, it would have been the first Turing complete computer. So, despite being completely mechanical in nature, it could have run any program runnable on even the latest Turing complete digital computers. While emulating the amount of storage and RAM in a modern day computer using punch cards would be impractical, it would be possible in principle. These cards would represent adaptations of matter. Modern day computers with magnetic media, SSD drives and electrons also represent adaptations of matter. If one varies these adaptations slightly, they serve this purpose less well, if even at all.
CR: The origin of that knowledge is the origin of the system of nanobots.
Gpuccio: I certainly agree with that.
I suspect we’re not quite in agreement in regards to the term “knowledge” and “origin”, but this is progress none the less.
Gpuccio: Knowledge is always “created” (your word!) in the consciousness of a conscious intelligent agent. Only conscious intelligent agents can “understand”, and therefore “know”. There is no other way. The same is true for the knowledge of the biological designer: it originated in the consciousness of the biological designer.
First, in the sense that I’m using it, knowledge is actually created rather than being already present in experience or mechanically derived from it. Any theory of an organism’s improvement raises the following question: how is the knowledge of how to make that improvement created? Was it already present in some form at the beginning? A theory that it was represents creationism. Did it just happen? If so, the theory represents spontaneous generation – such an example is found in Lamarckism, which assumed we still see simple creatures (such as mice) today because a continuous stream of simple creatures is being spontaneously generated.
But both of these represent fundamental errors. Knowledge must first be conjectured and then tested. This is what Darwin’s theory presented from the start. Genetic variation, in the form of conjecture, occurs independent of the problem to be solved. Then natural selection discards the variations that are less capable of causing themselves to be present in future generations.
Second, there are two types of knowledge: explanatory and non-explanatory. While people can create both kinds of knowledge, only people can create explanatory knowledge in the form of explanatory theories. This is because, as universal explainers, only people can create explanations. People create explanatory knowledge when they intentionally conjecture an explanation for a specific problem, then test that explanation for errors. If the theory is found to be internally consistent, it can be tested via empirical observations.
So, I’d agree that only people can create explanatory knowledge.
However, conjectures made in the absence of a specific problem result in non-explanatory knowledge. Specifically, it’s random in respect to any particular problem to solve. While my example is an imperfect analogy in the case of the genome (otherwise, it wouldn’t be an analogy) it illustrates how non-explanatory knowledge can be created independent of any specific conscious problem to solved. Furthermore, being non-explanatory in nature, it’s reach was significantly limited. This is in contrast to explanatory knowledge, which has significant and potentially infinite reach.
Gpuccio: Your example is not clear. What do you mean by “rule of thumb”?
For example, if I had a genetic condition, I wouldn’t want my doctor to base my treatment on the mere logical possibility that changing just any genes in my genome could improve my condition. Rather, I’d want my treatment based on an explanation that specific genes play a hard to vary, specific role in my symptoms and that changing them in a particular way would have a beneficial impact. The former is a useful rule of thumb. The later is an explanatory theory.
In the case of people, rules of thumb are not completely non-explanatory because they are based on uncontroversial background knowledge which is explanatory in nature. But this isn’t the case in regards to the biosphere.
gpuccio: Darwinism substitutes the role of consciousness with an artificail and ineffectice non conscious mechanism (natural selection) which can in no way explain what it should explain, least of all the coding and decoding of complex symbolic information in living systems, and the origic of that information.
Darwinism is a theory of knowledge creation. Critical Rationalism is a epistemology that shares aspects of Darwinism.
Chance Ratcliff:
Thank you for your further contribution. I agree with all, except that I do not consider free will as part of the “category of qualia”, but rather as an objective input form a transcendental self. But that has been discussed elsewhere some time ago, and it would take us too far 🙂
Moreover, I am all for the objective existence of “qualia” (including blue), and would never call them “illusions”.
critical rationalist:
Well, now I understand better you terminology. So, you call “non-explanatory knowledge” what I (and others) would call “unguided generation of useful information in a system by random variation”. OK, that’s fine with me. Words are just words. But you may excuse my initial confusion, because usually, as far as I understand, the word “knowledge” implies some cosncious cognition.
I wonder: do you believe that “non-explanatory knowledge” can explain (in the scientific sense) a system where digital coded, complex information is first stored, and then translated, by two completely different sets of code aware, complex procedures, like it happens in DNA protein genes? Just to know…
By the way, I am happy to know that some school of thought exists that is called “critical rationalism”. Now maybe we can get rid of all the old acritical rationalism that has been around for millennia 🙂 (just joking)
Again, your comment does not impact the issue at hand. No matter how interesting you see Popper’s model of knowledge, it is simply non-responsive to the issue of the transfer of recorded information having a material foundation on which it must operate. If you feel otherwise, then make your case – and by that I mean make your SPECIFIC case demonstrating the impact on the inventory of the necessary and sufficient material conditions of recorded information transfer. This would take the form of “your inventory of necessary and sufficient conditions of TRI is incorrect because…” or “your conclusions from the transfer of recorded information do not follow from the premises because…”.
My argument will be displaced from the UD front page today. I appreciate UD posting it, and also the responses that came forward.
No one provided a demonstration that the observations are false, or that the logic is flawed. Indeed quite the opposite, the observations are completely valid, and the logic is entirely coherent with regard to those observations. Genetic information transfer demonstrates a semiotic state, and any mechanism proposed to be the origin of that system must have the capacity to establish a semiotic state for two intractable reasons: 1) because the transfer of recorded information is logically impossible without it, and 2) that is the way we find it.
This evidence demonstrates a central prediction of ID – that the genome is a semiotic process. It also demonstrates the most prolific example of irreducible complexity in the natural world. And also that, using Darwin’s own standard, evolution is incapable of establishing that process.
Well TSZ claims to have refuted every one of UB’s claims. And if bald assertions, misrepresentations and nonsense were refutations they would have a point. 😛
I’m not a geneticist, but the non-genetic observations and reasoning seem OK to me.
However (you knew it was coming) there certainly are places for clarification. For example, Step 7 says:
The bolded part strikes me as kind of “and then a miracle happened.” What is this quality we are talking about, especially concerning genetic information transfer/exchange?
In speech acts, the “objects” (to use UBP’s term) get their qualities from the abitrariness of signifier-signified relationships and from grammar. In non-human contexts, I would imagine–but obviously, I don’t know–that biology, chemistry, environment, and stochasticism may be among the factors which endow the representations and protocols their particular qualities.
It seems to me that the quality UPB invokes is a critical part of what makes the overall argument interesting. So, if it has not come up before (sorry, I have not reviewed the earlier 129 responses, even though I did make a comment earlier), I would appreciate learning UPB’s theory, as it were, of the specific quality as it relates in genetic information transfer.
Excepting the qualities issue, I’m not sure I see the significance of the argument generally. That genetic processes are or could be semiotic seems par for the course in the universe. Everything is in communication with everything else, in a manner of speaking. Living systems are especially adept at communication–that is, at information exchange.
Now, language is a bit of a different story. It’s news when we have reason to believe different animals have real language use capabilities. “Real language” is definable, although some elements of the definition are controversial. If the argument of the OP were a language argument, I think that would be very exciting and much easier to assess on the surface.
The argument of the OP, as is, is interesting and obviously the product of lots of thought and research. Is there a plan to expand the argument into a paper submission?
Hello Larry, I will return very shortly to respond.
Thanks
A decade or 2 ago, I was involved in the development of STEP/PDES (Product Data Exchange Standard) and have continued in the business of creating Process Models (SADT) and Data Models. In each case, what is created is a representation of something (a data set, a standard process, a physical product), but in all but the most trivial cases, the model is not a COMPLETE representation of the something. The same it true for the older style collections of paper drawings and specifications that defined a Technical Data Package. The representations are intended to allow a competent technician (DBA, office manager, automated machining center) to produce an acceptance version of the thing within certain tolerances. See ISO 9000, CMMI, etc., etc.
More generally, the Global Warming folks base all of their work on Weather Models, which attempt to represent global movement of heat, ocean currents, albido of dry land, etc., etc. The very best of this representations are crude and inaccurate. So the discussions are about which features of the Earth-Sun system a particular model gets closest to right.
Instantiations (bringing into existence an instance of) of Process Models are especially tricky, since experienced and talented workers can produce acceptable versions of the intended outputs by following only the general features of the model.
But the understanding I get is UB and others are assuming that the “representation” is a PERFECT and COMPLETE description of the thing AND it contains assembly instructions. The goal of STEP/PDES was to do that, but then the intention was also to produce a “neutral format” description, which did not assume the specific devices that would be used for instantiation.
For example, assume a steel plate requires a feature described as a “through-going hole”, which is different from a “depression” in that it completely penetrates the material. However, I can produce a through-going hole either by drilling straight through the material or by first creating a depression and then grinding off the underside, exposing the “hole”. The result is the same, but I use different tools to get there.
The same is true for data models. The logical model can contain details that are not directly implementable on some RDBMSs, and it’s common for developers to enforce some of the required constraints in the application rather than the data base itself.
Or more generally, I can represent a dinosaur with a toy dinosaur. My daughter can be complete satisfied with this representation, but many paleontologists might complain about its completeness and accuracy.
So, I believe UB should state at the beginning that the representation under discussion is complete and highly accurate AND that there is a known means of instantiating the thing represented that uses the system of codes (including free text?) in which the representation is encoded. Of course the “known means” might only exist on Alpha Centauri.
Joe,
Ahh yes. I see that is Patrick’s claim over at TSZ. But then again, Patrick has a certain history of being, let us say, inconsistent with facts. Here is a simple example, taken specifically from this topic:
You see, facts simply do not matter to Patrick. This, along with the denial of material evidence, is part of his master plan to save his family from the delusions of those who disagree with him.
– – – – – – – – – – –
I also see that Mark Frank has a question about #2 in the OP. He states:
Okay, one at a time.
#1. Writing a letter certainly involves representations instantiated in matter. That is what written letters and words are.
#2. Simply pointing at a footprint does not transfer information. For that footprint (which is nothing more than the state of the ground after being stepped on) to become information, someone will have to see it and interpret the image. But it is not then a footprint traveling through the observer’s optical nerve; it is a representation of that image instantiated in a neural signal, which will be processed into a functional effect via a protocol within their visual cortex.
#3. Same answer as #2
#4. Same answer as #2.
Sensory input takes place through representations and protocols.
Hello Larry,
There is nothing magical taking place Larry – perhaps “awe-inspiring”, but not magical. This is a purely material argument about observable phenomena. You ask ‘what are these qualities’, but those qualities were explained throughout the text, and then specified once again in the very next sentence following the one you bolded:
” The first is a representation and the second is a protocol (a systematic, operational rule instantiated in matter) and together they function as a formal system.”
The justification of the terms, and well as the operation of both material objects, is explained within the argument. If you can narrow your question down where I can understand the impasse, I will be very happy to explain.
Thanks!
Hello Mahuna,
You have a very interesting perspective. However, the “completeness” or “quality” or “exactitude” of the representation is not germane to the argument.
UB,
So anything can be identified as a representation (e.g., a picture of a whale) and all of the rest of the points of the argument still apply?
In trying to sort out the mess of Technical Data, it was frequently discovered that the available data only made sense to the original manufacturer, and a 3rd Party (i.e., neither the original contractor nor the government owner) could not reproduce the part. The representation was close to worthless, and the usual consequence was a painful attempt by the new contractor to reverse engineer the part from an existing example. Tricky things like heat treatments to produce surface hardening were frequently missed, and the reproductions never worked as well as the original.
Since I’m not a Biologist (although I can follow parts of what Behe says), my understanding is that encoding the description of a Thing as DNA and turning that encoding over to a cell mechanism that understands how to “open” the DNA and understands how to locate and manipulate components is a very special kind of representation. It’s the rough equivalent of having a properly formatted file to feed to a SPECIFIC automated machining center, which has also been pre-stocked with the right range of bar stock, etc.
But turning the same file over to a different vendor’s machining center is likely to result in either a complete refusal to process the data or a very odd combination of cuts on the bar stock.
At a higher level, having read “Rare Earth”, it appears that somewhere there must be a representation of the star Sol and its Solar system. And that representation probably includes the assembly instructions, which assume a set of building mechanisms (e.g., Gravity). The same general representation might adequately describe other star systems, but the assembly includes some level of randomness (um, QA tolerances?). The randomness of the assembly means that the Solar System is quite different than more than 99% of all other attempts at assembly.
If DNA worked that way, almost all attempts to use the representation would result in death.
UBP@135, That answer doesn’t work for me. I’ll try to explain why. In the OP, point #7, you say this:
So, you have laid out:
(a) Two discrete arrangements of matter.
(b) These “objects,” these arrangements of matter, have a quality.
(c ) This quality extends beyond their mere material make-up.
My question to you was/is: What is this quality? Can you describe it more specifically?
Following the piece I just quoted, you say this:
Now, I read this as saying:
(d) The first object is a representation.
(e) The second object is a protocol.
(f) Together, the two objects function as a formal system.
But now it seems you’re telling me that I misinterpreted. What you meant was:
(d’) The first quality is representation.
(e’) The second quality is protocol.
(f’) Together, the two qualities function as a system.
If the latter part is really what you meant, I guess I don’t see what the big deal is. Essentially, the conclusion is that some material things do stuff or can be used to stuff by other material things.
What am I missing?
mahuna,
DNA is a long chain of nucleic acids which carry information as a consequence of their order within the chain. Among other things, that sequence is used to provide information to the cellular machinery during protein synthesis (the construction of the proteins required for life). There are four different nucleic acids (cytosine, adenine, thymine, and guanine) which are repeated throughout the sequence, and each set of three nucleotides is a representation that evokes a specific response in the production of a specified protein. For instance the arrangement of C-T-A is a representation mapped to the addition of leucine to the protein being constructed. In other words, if the arrangement C-T-A should appear in the sequence when a protein is being produced, then leucine will be added next to that nascent protein.
Obviously, the system has to operate with enough fidelity to facilitate those individual actions, and must be configured properly to result in that response from that representation.
Hello Larry,
The first object is a representation; an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system, where the arrangement is materially arbitrary to the effect it evokes. The word “arbitrary” is used in the sense that there is no material or physical connection between the representational arrangement and the effect it evokes (i.e. the word “apple” written on a piece of paper evokes the recall of a particular fruit in an observer, but that recall has nothing whatsoever to do with wood pulp, ink dye, or solvent). The representation presents a material component to the system (i.e. it is a material piece of paper with discernable markings on it) but it also presents an arbitrary component (i.e. it is not the presentation of marks on a paper that evokes the response, but the arrangement of those marks). From causal standpoint, a representation evokes a response in a system, but does not determine what that response will be.
The second object is a transfer protocol; an arrangement of matter which establishes the otherwise non-existent relationship between the representational arrangement and the effect it will evoke within the system. It is a systematic operational rule, instantiated in matter. The protocol allows the arbitrary component of the representational arrangement to evoke a response within a physically determined system, while preserving the arbitrary component of the representation. The protocol must be coordinated to the arbitrary component of the representation as well as the material production of the effect.
The system therefore requires two material objects which operate as a formal system; i.e. recorded information cannot be transferred without the presence of both coordinated objects. From the standpoint of biology, it is an irreducibly complex system required prior to the onset of Darwinian evolution. Its origin will require the establishment of a semiotic state prior to the onset of organization via information.
Upright BiPed @ OP
This part of the agument appears faulty. Material separateness does not entail arbitrariness.
Taking steveh’s example @ 5, a robber’s shadow is materially separate from the robber, but the shadow is not arbitrary – it is based on physical laws.
For all we know, the representation of the shadow in the optic nerve and brain is also not arbitrary but is based upon physical laws.
Thus the arbitrariness that is critical to the argument is not satisfactorily established.
Cheers
Clavdivs,
Isn’t it odd that you have no problem illustrating that you know what materially arbitrary means in the second half of your comment, even as you question what it could possibly mean in the first.
Also, the transcription of information (from the environment) into sensory input is based upon physical law – just as explained in the argument and ongoing comments.
Upright BiPed @ 142
What are you talking about?
I did not question what material arbitrariness could possibly mean.
I pointed out that material separateness does not entail arbitrariness. You have not responded to this.
So what part of the shadow scenario do you believe has been established as being arbitrary?
Cheers
‘Do you have a substantive concern with UB’s argument?’
A very pithy and highly amusing question to timothya, Eric. Probably because its appositeness is so stark. You swine! Just kidding, of course.
IMHO, you haven’t. AS I mentioned before many people here swear by the reality of Out-Of-Body experiences in which non-material entities can gather, store and disseminate information using purely non-material means.
If they are correct, then _logically_, it _is_ possible to transfer information _without_ using a representation instantiated in matter. So your point 2 is logically incorrect and your argument fails as you state subsequent points rely on it.
The same problem will arise if you allow for the possibility that the universe was designed in the non-material mind of a non-material being before the existance of the matter – as most of those here believe. How was the designer’s information generated, stored, manipulated and (later) instantiated in matter?
I think another problem here is that you have realised that a simple analogy of man-made coding systems and DNA would not form a logically sound argument. So you’ve tried to invoke some sort of universal truth applying in _all_ cases where a something is physically represented by something physically different i.e. that the arrangements are always arbitrary (not governed by physical law); But when given examples you say they are not valid because they are _are_ examples of non-arbitrary things which can simply be described by phsical laws.
You did not show that information was not transferred or that no effect was evoked (your definition of a representation from point 1)
Clavdivs,
In the original argument I stated the definition of a representation as follows: A representation is an arrangemt of matter that evokes an effect within a system, where the arrangement is materially arbitrary to the effect it evokes.
I had to look up at the OP to understand what you were talking about, Right now I do not know if the second half of that definition was accidently clipped from the post that Barry pasted it from, or if I left it off in the post itself. I know I added the list of examples in parentheses, and may have left it off as an unintended consequence. It is something that I have covered dozens of times in the argument**, and I see I that I covered it in #140 above. Representations are arbitrary to the effects they evoke. I hope that clears it up for you.
– – – – – – – – – –
“Firstly, the representation (by necessity) is materially arbitrary to the effect it evokes within the system. This is evidenced by the simple fact that the matter the representation is instantiated in, is not the effect it represents to the system. Secondly, the physical protocol must establish the material relationship between the representation and its effect, but it must do so while preserving the arbitrary nature of the representation. In other words, neither the representation nor the protocol ever becomes the effect.” UBP, uncommondscent.com June 19
Steveh,
I think I understand now.
The actual content of my argument doesn’t really matter; instead, you want me to address something else entirely, something that someone else said, which you say invalidates my argument, even though you don’t believe it.
Thats a good one. As unsuspecting as the people are on this site, its amazing more visitors don’t try your moves. They are probably just too embarrassed.
Steveh,
You think I realized that, huh? And you’re here to point out the logical errors in the argument I decided to present in its place?
You mean like a regularity that can be generalized into a coherent theory? The nice thing about regularities is that they are immediately falsifiable by a single demonstration to the contrary. At that point they are either entirely overturned, or appropriately modified to account for the new evidence. Do you have anything like that you’d like to add?
You are accusing me of dishonestly knowing that someone had presented me an example which fit the criteria of my argument, but I discounted it because it invalidated my argument. Name it.
Name it.
Upright BiPed @ 148
Well, I am only responding to the OP, not to any other writings here or elsewhere.
I’m not sure I grasp the purpose of the argument in the OP. The idea seems to be that there exist certain arbitrary elements of genetic information transfer systems, where arbitrary means not reducible to natural law. In spite of these arbitrary elements, such systems produce very organised, complex effects. Therefore, there must exist some organising principle over and above, and not reducible to, natural law.
I think this is valid (and I agree with the conclusion, by the way), but I don’t think the argument is sound.
What I believe still needs to be established is that genetics is categorically arbitrary and not reducible to natural law (i.e. unconscious mechanisms). There is some evidence that the apparently arbitrary elements of genetics are in fact law-driven – this evidence needs to be addressed.
Cheers
For all this blah, blah, blibbidy-blibbidy blah, no one has put forward any evidence that blind and undirected processes can produce the transcription/ translation system we observe in living organisms. And no one even knows how we could test such a premise.
The objectors at TSZ can’t do such a thing, evolutionary biologists can’t do such a thing and the objectors here can’t do such a thing.
But hey all three groups can sure pound the table!
Thumbs high big guys! All science so far…
UBP@14, Thanks for this:
I guess I’m not sure about the “prior to the onset of Darwinian evolution.” When does “Darwinian evolution” begin? What’s happening before evolution?
More broadly, isn’t everything in the universe already a semiotic state? I ask because your last post didn’t use the word “quality,” which was the original point of focus in my questions. It seems like now you are saying that the curious quality of the two objects, representation and transfer protocol, is the quality of appearing designed. This quality, in turn, results from the two objects being set in a pre-existing semiotic state that organizes and coordinates them.
Do I have this right? If so, aren’t we really talking about more than a pre-existing semiotic state? That is, aren’t we really talking about a designing state, a condition in which items are arranged specifically to assemble systems?
LarTanner:
Darwinian evolution is alleged to build off of variations from one generation to the next. Therefore, by definition, Darwinian evolution cannot occur until we have a self-replicating system, usually described as an “organism,” but in theory it could be something simpler, such as a single cell or the hypothetical self-replicating molecule. Thus, the search goes on for the most simple self-replicating system, because — the thinking goes — Darwinian evolution can kick in and do the creative work once we have a self-replicating system.
Before replication, you are dealing with pure chance and/or some kind of law-like property of chemistry and physics to form the first self-replicating system. Those are your only options.
That is, unless one is willing to consider the obvious possibility of purposeful design . . .
And Allan Miller continues to prove that he isn’t interested in science:
Wow, a strawman and a total lack of understanding of how scientific inferences are arrived at, in one sentence. Nicely done Allan.
But that is to be expected when the materialists can’t support their own position with a testable hypothesis and supporting evidence.
Thumbs high big guy.
Eric Anderson@154,
Right. I see what you are saying, and that what I was expecting UBP to explain.
Certainly the possibility of purposeful design has been on the table for millenia (as has materialism, or at least forms of it, if I remember my pre-Socratics).
The question them becomes how to pursue that possibility in a meaningful, scientific way. Or is it enough only to entertain the possibility?
CLAVDIVS:
If you refer to the Yarus papers, those are really no evidence at all. Read them, and you will see. And if you believe they are “evidence”, come here and explain why. We will discuss those points in detail.
The genetic code is obviously categorically arbitrary and not reducible to natural law. Nobody has even begun to show any evidence of the contrary.
Hello Clavdivs
It is not “in spite” of these arbitrary elements, but “because of” them. It is specifically the arbitrary component of genetic representations which create bio-function through the protocol. The supported conclusion is that the genetic system is semiotic, and by logical extension, its origin requires a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state.
By the way, the purpose of the argument from the beginning was to inventory the necessary and sufficient material conditions for the transfer of recorded information.
Stereochemistry seems to be a dead end. Advances have come to a drought, not because a proper methodology for advancement has not revealed itself, but because the tantalizing possibilities develop no real distinctions. We are now at the point where avid researchers are now reviewing each other’s lack of advancement.
Hi Larry,
“When does Darwinian evolution begin” is an interesting question. If you read the peer-reviewed writing of biosemioticians, they leave no doubt. Darwinian evolution began at the origin of Life with the establishment of the semiotic system that organizes living systems. To me, their claim may be the most coherent and supported claim in all of Life origins research.
Firstly, I do not believe the whole of the universe is in a semiotic state. I have given my reasons. Secondly, it is beyond the scope of this argument to determine if a specific thing was designed, instead, this argument is intended to list the necessary and sufficient conditions for TRI, or more precisely, to list what must be observed in order to confirm an instance of TRI. It is unavoidably apparent that the use of representations and rules (i.e. semiosis) are two of the foundational requirements (the other two being the preservation of the arbitrary component of the representation, and the production of unambiguous function from that arbitrary component). The conclusion then becomes that the genetic translation apparatus demonstrates a semiotic state, and will therefore require a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state.
The thesis of Design is corroborated and made immediately arguable from these conclusions, but the validity of that argument does not change the observations made here.
Design thinkers (such as UD’s gpuccio and others) are quite capable of arguing from the establishment of genetic semiosis to the necessity of artificial input.
Upright BiPed @ 158
But Upright BiPed, as I pointed out, for the argument to hold water it must be categorically established that genetics is not reducible to natural law.
That in your opinion research in this area appears to be a dead end, therefore genetics is not reducible to natural law, is a fallacious argument because it’s an appeal to ignorance.
Strictly speaking, an appeal to ignorance is the fallacy of the excluded middle: that it’s not proven that genetics is reducible to natural law still leaves numerous possibilities open:
1. genetics truly is not reducible to natural law;
2. genetics is reducible to natural laws that are presently unknown but may be known in future;
3. genetics is reducible to natural law but we can never establish it because the relevant historical evidence has been destroyed by the passage of time;
4. etc.
In short, the true position is we do not know whether or not genetics is reducible to natural law. Therefore, any argument that assumes in its premises that we do know this is unsound.
Cheers
CLAVDIVS:
The old fallacy again.
We are speaking abour empirical science here, not mathematics.
Therefore:
1. The genetic code is not reducible to natural law.
is the only sound empirical explanation compatible with known facts.
Your other “points” are empirically irrelevant:
2. genetics is reducible to natural laws that are presently unknown but may be known in future.
Who cares? If we reasoned that way, we could well renounce all empirical science. Why build theories for quantum mechanics or anything else, if the same facts could in the future be explained by completely different laws, at present not even guessed? The simple truth is that empirical science is all about the best explanation compatible with present facts and knowledge, and has no room for false logical reasonings like yours.
3. genetics is reducible to natural law but we can never establish it because the relevant historical evidence has been destroyed by the passage of time.
Same nonsense. We go on with the facts we have, or we can reasonably assume. Science does not stop because some facts could have been lost.
4. etc.
There is simply no acceptable etc.
But please, explain why you seem to have changed your argument. In your post 151, you stated:
There is some evidence that the apparently arbitrary elements of genetics are in fact law-driven – this evidence needs to be addressed.
which seems an acceptable empirical argument. Unfortunately not true.
So, why in your 160 are you retreating to such pseudo-philosophical nonsense?
Just to know…
Hello Clavdivs,
At first glance I would say you’ve simply misunderstood the argument. The question being addressed by the argument is not whether genetics is reducible to physical law, so as a consequence of that, its validity is not dependent on the answer to that question. The question being addressed by the argument is about the operation of the genetic system. The argument concludes that the TRI in the genetic system demonstrates a semiotic state, and therefore its origin will require a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state. If your goal is to understand the origin of a system, then it is an advancement in knowledge to understand how that system operates and what its origin must therefore entail.
You will notice that there is no stipulation that the genetic system must be reducible to physical law, or even that the mechanism of its origin be reducible to physical law. The argument being presented demonstrates that the system operates by the use of an arrangement of matter that evokes an unambiguous functional effect within the system, but does not physically determine what that effect will be. If it does not physically determine what that effect will be, then it does not have a local physical relationship to it. Instead, the effect is determined is material isolation from this arrangement of matter, by a second arrangement of matter. That is the threshold that the mechanism must be able to meet, because that is the way the system operates, and that is the way we find it.
On second glance though, I would say your comment hits the nail on the head – is there a categorical distinction here? The answer to that question is ‘yes’, and again, this is the specific distinction that the argument is making. Allow me to shift gears and I’ll explain, and try not to botch the explanation. Perhaps I can express the essence of the issue.
There is a principle in physics that says that any physical structure will distort and twist, and naturally orient itself to seek its lowest potential energy. It draws on the simple distinction between a stretched rubber band and a relaxed rubber band. The interactions of different physical structures will also seek this lowest potential energy state, making interactions dependent upon the rates of change and exchange of energy. Now consider the nucleic triplet C-T-A. This is an isolated and identified causal structure within the process of protein synthesis. C-T-A will evoke a specific effect within the system which is not based upon its mere presence, but based upon its arrangement (i.e. C-T-A). But its arrangement is not determined by its lowest potential energy, and can be re-arranged in order to evoke a different effect.
Now consider that while this arrangement evokes an effect, it does not physically determine what that effect will be. Instead, the effect is determined by a second arrangement of matter which is both spatially and temporally isolated from the first. This demonstrates that unambiguous function is being derived from an arrangement of matter (i.e. the sequence of C-T-A) which is not determined by its lowest potential energy. In other words, the unambiguous function of life is not reducible to the principle of lowest potential energy, but to the relationship that exist between two sets of isolated arrangements of matter. You asked for a categorical distinction, and now you have one.
The mechanism required for the origin of this system will need to coordinate the relationship between these two sets, and also be a source of the sequence in the first, leading to unambiguous function (otherwise, we would not be here to observe it).
– – – – – – – – –
And I might add that all of this must be in place in order for Darwinian evolution to even exist as a causal force in the natural history of life on earth.
UD Editors: No one has come close to refuting UB’s thesis after 129 comments. We are moving this post to the top of the page to give the materialists another chance.
Representations are abstractions. It’s unclear how the existence of abstractions is actually a problem for evolutionary theory. Nor has UB clarified what he means by “observations of the transfer of recorded information” in regards to observers and justification of the transfer.
Is the conclusion is that existence of abstractions requires some ultimate arbiter? If so, this represents justificationism and is parochial. It also assumes that all high-level explanations should be reductionist in nature. However, this simply isn’t the case. Nor is it necessary or even desirable to do so for us to actually make progress.
For example, in terms of fundamental physics, we encounter events of extreme complexity on a daily basis. If you place a pot of water on a stove, every computer working on the planet could not solve the equations to predict exactly what all those water molecules will do. Even if they could, we’d need to determine their initial state, the state of all external influences, etc., which is also an intractable task.
However, if what we really care about is making tea, enough of this complexly resolves itself into hight-level simplify that allows us to do just that. We can predict how long water will take to boil with reasonable accuracy by knowing it’s overall mass, the power of the heating element, etc. If we want more accuracy, we may need additional information. However this too exists in the form of relatively high-level phenomena which is also intractable.
So, some kinds of phenomena can be explained in terms of themselves alone – without direct reference to anything at the atomic level. In other words, they are quasi-autonomous (nearly self-contained). Resolution into explicably at a higher level is emergence.
IOW, it’s not necessary for genetics to be reducible to law for it to be *explicable*.
This leads us back to my initial comment…
All logically conceivable transformations of matter can be classified in the following three ways: transformations that are prohibited by the laws of physics, spontaneous transformations (such as the formation of stars) or transformations which are possible when the requisite knowledge of how to perform them are present.
Every conceivable transformation of matter is either impossible because of the laws of physics or achievable if the right knowledge is present. This dichotomy is entailed in the scientific world view.
If there was some transformation of matter that was not possible regardless of how much knowledge was brought to bare, this would be a testable regularity in nature. That is, we would predict whenever that transformation was attempted, it would fail to occur. This itself would be a law of physics, which would be a contradiction.
Furthermore, if we really do reside in a finite bubble of explicably, which exists in an island in a sea of of inexplicability, the inside of this bubble cannot be explicable either. This is because the inside is supposedly dependent what occurs in this inexplicable realm. Any assumption that the world is inexplicable leads to bad explanations. That is, no theory about what exists beyond this bubble can be any better than “Zeus rules” there. And, given the dependency above (this realm supposedly effects us), this also means there can be no better expiation that “Zeus rules” inside this bubble as well.
In other words, our everyday experience in this bubble would only appear explicable if we carefully refrain from asking specific questions. Note this bares a strong resemblance to a pre-scientific perspective with its distinction between an Earth designed for human beings and a heaven that is beyond human comprehension.
gpuccio: Well, now I understand better you terminology. So, you call “non-explanatory knowledge” what I (and others) would call “unguided generation of useful information in a system by random variation”.
You’re overlooking a key point: non-explanatory knowledge has significantly less reach that explanatory knowledge. If I lack an explanation as to why the coconut is opened when it accidentally fell on the rock, then its usefulness is limited to just that scenario. To open other coconuts from other trees without rocks beneath them, I’d cary them up a tree that did, then drop them. It’s a useful rule of thumb.
However, there are always explanations for non-explanatory knowledge, even when they are not explicit. In the case of the coconut, these explanations include mass, inertia, etc., and has significantly more reach. Rather than dropping the coconuts from the tree to land on a rock, I can stay on the ground and strike any coconut with any rock. And I can substitute rocks and coconuts with other objects, such as anchors and shells, etc. This is significantly greater reach.
This is a significant distinction which represents progress in our ability to, well, make progress as people. It also explains our recent, rapid increase in our ability to make progress.
gpuccio: I wonder: do you believe that “non-explanatory knowledge” can explain (in the scientific sense) a system where digital coded, complex information is first stored, and then translated, by two completely different sets of code aware, complex procedures, like it happens in DNA protein genes? Just to know…
I’m still not sure exactly what your asking or how it’s relevant.
Translation mechanisms perform transformations of matter. Transformations occur with the necessary knowledge is present. In addition, cells build themselves based on the knowledge found in their genome. These transformations occur when the requisite knowledge is present as well. So, in both cases, the question is, “how was this knowledge created?”
Knowledge is a high-level explanation for phenomena. For example if someone is defeated by a chess program, we do not say they were defected by electrons or sand. Yet, you seem to be asking me how electrons or sand can defeat a chess player.
Are you suggesting that science should always explain everything reductively?
gpuccio @ 161
If you presently have an empirically demonstrable explanation for the origin of genetics — something science doesn’t think it has, as pointed out by Upright BiPed — then let’s hear it.
Discussion about logical fallacies is not “pseudo-philosophical nonsense”, it is relevant and expressly called for by the OP. Nor is it being “retreated to” because I don’t have the burden here, as anyone can see.
Cheers
It is unfortunate that you didn’t clarify your thought. In this instance, representations are abstractions of what, precisely?
It is only a “problem” to the extent that evolutionary theory (specifically Darwinian theory) is fully dependent on the arrangements of matter being described here, which I have referred to as “representations” and “protocols”. It is their material existence that is being observed and presented (by extension) as the necessary material conditions for evolution to occur. Therefore evolution cannot be the source of their existence.
Not only is that not the case, but for anyone over the past 40-50 years who has even a modest understanding of protein synthesis, it is not even particularly arguable what someone might mean by the using the phrase “the transfer of recordeed information”. If you feel that I should clarify the fact that we observe this phenomenon, I’ll be happy to do so. We observe this phenomenon, just like all the others.
As for the remainder of your comment, it seems terribly like you want to shoehorn a perspective onto these observations which doesn’t actually effect them.
If I am misunderstanding your point, then you should be able to relate it specifically to the text of my argument and point out the issue as it interrelates.
Clavdivs, if you’ll read my 162, you’ll see that you asked a question that the OP did not attempt to answer. An argument that doesn’t provide an answer to a question it wasn’t designed to ask – is not a logical fallacy.
Clavdivs,
Just as a further point of clarity, here is a additional view:
critical rationalist:
My point is simple. Only “explanatory knowledge”, that is a knowledge that originates in a conscious agent, can explain a system like DNA protein coding genes and the translation system, with the double implementation of the same symbolic code. That is my point.
So, the only reasonable explanation for that kins of system is design.
“Non explanatory knowledge”, that is the informational arrangement that could arise by unguided events in a material system, has “significantly less reach that explanatory knowledge”, as you say. So much so, that its reach is infinitely far away from those types of complex symbolic systems.
And I am certainly not “suggesting that science should always explain everything reductively?”. Just the opposite. As should be clear from what I write.
CLAUDIUS:
A design paradigm is a mcuh better explanation frame for that.
And it was you who posted about supposed “evidence”. So yes, the butden is yours to present that evidence. If you don’t do that, that is retreating, for me.
Upright BiPed & gpuccio
Thanks for your responses.
Unfortunately, I’m considerably distracted by family business this weekend. Hopefully I’ll have a chance to respond soon.
Cheers
Upright BiPed:
I think perhaps you didn’t read enough for context. Was that in this thread? I can’t find it. But, iirc, someone was claiming that you were claiming that DNA is “the system.” Your argument is broader than just DNA and yet they were trying to restrict it to just DNA. I was trying to be helpful and point out they were misrepresenting your argument.
At least that’s the way I remember it.
🙂
mahuna:
mahuna:
Actually, the toy dinosaur is an instance of an abstraction of an abstraction. Unless you’re going to argue that it’s an abstraction of a ‘specific’ dinosaur.
Maybe Upright BiPed will address the difference between abstraction and representation.
Hmmm… maybe the toy dinosaur is a material representation of an abstract concept. Surely there’s some information here somewhere.
Upright BiPed @ 162
You did not challenge this paraphrase of the OP, other than to substitute “because of” for “in spite of”. But then, later, you wrote:
So, to be crystal clear, do you grant, for purposes of this discussion, that the origin of genetics is entirely reducible to mechanistic laws, including the origin of the mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state?
Cheers
CLAVDIVS,
Let me get this straight.
You ask for a categorical distinction that the genetic system is not reducible to physical law. So I show you that the centerpiece of the system (the precise point where the unambiguous function of Life is derived) is categorically not reducible to physical law.
And so in your very next question you want to quietly slide past all that, and want me instead to agree that the system is reducible to physical law.
That is really quite funny.
Empirical data does not matter to the opponents of ID.
Demonstrated.
Upright Biped,
Empirical data NEVER mattered to them. Does “eons of time” ring a bell?
Upright BiPed @ 176
Right here you state the argument is not dependent on whether genetics is reducible to physical laws. Therefore, logically, it should not matter to the argument to grant that genetics is reducible to physical laws, because such is irrelevant. I asked you (@ 175) to confirm this, and you responded:
I was just trying to clear up the apparent contradiction between your post @ 162, where you say the reducibility of genetics to physical law is irrelevant to the argument in the OP, and your post @ 176, where you say it’s highly relevant. Please take it as constructive criticism that these two comments appear contradictory and confusing.
Going with your most recent post @ 176 — that the argument is dependent upon the irreducibility of some elements of genetics to physical law — we can return to my original criticism @ 160 that the argument is an appeal to ignorance and your rebuttal of this criticism:
I had in mind categorical as in a universal statement in formal logic with no qualifications or exceptions i.e. ‘All S are P’.
Your premise about the irreducibility of elements of genetics is of the form ‘No S is P’, namely ‘no physical laws (S) fully explain genetic information transfer (P)’. This is the dreaded universal negative — you cannot establish it just by enumerating instances of physical laws that fail to fully explain genetic information transfer, such as molecular energy levels.
To establish this universal negative you must establish some property of S or P that entails that No S is P. I appreciate you’ve tried to build that argument up by reference to material separateness and the apparently arbitrary nature of the genetic code, but neither of those strictly entail the irreducibility of genetic TRI to physical laws. The robber’s shadow is a counterexample of TRI via materially separate elements. And organic life is rife with examples of arbitrary configurations that are then ‘locked in’ for all descendants, like the number of legs of tetrapods, which is explained by a mathematically simple branching tree model. How can one rule out the possibility of a similar kind of model of the origin of genetic TRI?
So I still feel this part of the argument is weak.
Cheers
CR: Representations are abstractions.
UB: It is unfortunate that you didn’t clarify your thought. In this instance, representations are abstractions of what, precisely?
Are you sure we’re talking about the same comment? Or perhaps it is unfortunate that you didn’t read my comment in its entirety?
CR: It’s unclear how the existence of abstractions is actually a problem for evolutionary theory.
Is the conclusion is that existence of abstractions requires some ultimate arbiter? If so, this represents justificationism and is parochial. It also assumes that all high-level explanations should be reductionist in nature. However, this simply isn’t the case. Nor is it necessary or even desirable to do so for us to actually make progress.
UB: It is only a “problem” to the extent that evolutionary theory (specifically Darwinian theory) is fully dependent on the arrangements of matter being described here, which I have referred to as “representations” and “protocols”. It is their material existence that is being observed and presented (by extension) as the necessary material conditions for evolution to occur. Therefore evolution cannot be the source of their existence.
It’s unclear what the difference is between the example/question I asked you (and criticized) and your response. Can you clarify the difference?
CR: Nor has UB clarified what he means by “observations of the transfer of recorded information” in regards to observers and justification of the transfer.
UB: Not only is that not the case, but for anyone over the past 40-50 years who has even a modest understanding of protein synthesis, it is not even particularly arguable what someone might mean by the using the phrase “the transfer of recordeed information”.
Yet the majority of people with significant understanding of protein synthesis do not see it as problem for evolutionary theory. As such, I’m unclear what you mean by “observations of the transfer of recorded information”
For example, do you mean information only transferred if it is verified or justified in someway? Does the verification occur by some observer or arbiter? Which observer/arbiter and what what hard to vary role do they play, if any?
UB: As for the remainder of your comment, it seems terribly like you want to shoehorn a perspective onto these observations which doesn’t actually effect them.
Again, it’s not necessary for genetics to be reducible to law for it to be *explicable* or for us to make progress. If you mean that we cannot justify genetics with some ultimate cause then you are projecting your problem on me. Specifically, I’m a critical rationalist, not a justicationist.
From the following essay on Hayek, Bartley and Popper: Justificationism and the Abuse of Reason
CLAVDIVS
The argument is not dependent of the reducibility of genetic information to physical law because that is not the question being addressed by the argument. Do you understand this distinction? Further, do you believe that such distinctions are neccesarily made with regard to questions and answers, and that those distinctions are important in assessing the validity of arguments? For instance, the 2nd Law of thermodynamics does not explain why my daughter’s favorite color is purple. That fact however does not weaken the 2nd Law of thermodynamics. This should be somewhat obvious, yet you seem completely intent on conflating the two anyway, and you seem to want to do this for the expressed purpose of questioning the validity of the argument – which is exactly what you cannot do. This is either a case of terribly poor reasoning on your part, or a tactical maneuver in order to avoid the conclusion of the argument, or perhaps both.
As for granting a priori that the system is reducible to physical law (even though it is irrelevant to the conclusion of the argument) … well, it’s irrelevant to the conclusion of the argument, so there is no reason to grant it. If it is reducible, that doesn’t change the observations being made here. If it isn’t reducible, that still doesn’t change those observations. It’s irrelevant. Do you understand? Once again, this should be obvious.
Again, there is no contradiction. What you suggest is a contradiction is based upon an issue that is irrelevant to the conclusion of the argument. May I ask you to pay particular attention to a particular sentence? The following is that sentence: The conclusion of the argument is that the transfer of recorded information from the genome demonstrates a semiotic state, and therefore its origin will require a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state. If we can be so lucky as to there being no problem in comprehending that sentence, then clearly, you will see that there is no stipulation that the system (or the mechanism of its origin) be reducible, or not reducible, to physical law. Given that fact, the question of whether or not it is reducible does not impact the conclusion of the argument.
Now, the remainder of your comment is entirely based upon this irrelevant issue. However, if you agree that distinctions can be made as to what questions any particular argument might address, and that those distinctions are critical in evaluating the validity of those arguments, then there is no need for me to address the remainder of your comment. It is beset with an inescapable flaw in reasoning.
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Critical Rationalist
I asked a straightforward question in order to evoke a straightforward response. You were unsuccessful. I do not intend on trying to make your case for you. If you cannot coherently articulate it, then so be it.
I noticed in your response you bolded three portions of text. The first of these three begins with this question: “Is the conclusion is that existence of abstractions requires some ultimate arbiter?” To answer that, again, allow me to post the conclusion written in the OP:
If the answer to your question is not clear enough, allow me to answer in a single word: No.
The second of your bolded text states: “According to the critical rationalists, the exponents of critical preference, no position can be positively justified but it is quite likely that one (or more) will turn out to be better than others in the light of critical discussion and tests.”
I see that you present this tidbit of wisdom as the hood ornament of your movement. But the remainder of humanity has pretty much been doing this all along. We don’t typically step in front of speeding buses, because we’ve calculated what outcomes from that action are more ‘quite likely’ than others. All in all, it’s not a particularly new way of viewing the world.
Your final bolded text then says: “Of course this is no help for people who seek stronger reasons for belief, but that is a problem for them, and it does not undermine the logic of critical preference”.
There is nothing particularly interesting about that text, perhaps you feel your views are particularly valuable to humanity because you say you hold none of them closely (having nothing invested in them) and your proof of this takes the form of “because I said so”. At the same time, my views are based upon the real world observations of nucleotides and such. Frankly by comparison, I think your substantiation is a bit of a yawner.
What is more interesting is the text that precedes this bolded portion. Here you say that you hold all your positions open to criticism, which you are quick to point out is not taking a position, but other people must think it is, and these other people criticize it as being useless, but in the end that’s okay, because when you get around to the real world of speeding buses, you are allowed to take a position anyway.
That’s groovy man. Really.
– – – – – – – – –
UD
After two weeks, there hasn’t been a single opponent able to provide a flaw in either the material observations themselves, or in the logic of the conclusion. At this point I am left with one objector who cannot help but manage to add his own mess to the argument, and a shadow boxer who can’t even manage that.
Well I see the denizens over on TSZ are still upset because their position still doesn’t have any positive evidence nor any way of testing to see if their mechanism has the capabilities of producing transcription and translation.
Heck if they could produce a testable hypothesis for such a claim that alone would go a long way to giving their position some hope. But they can’t even do that.
But they sure as heck can misrepresent and misconstrue an argument though.
The TSZ saying:
“When you can’t beat them with evidence, baffle them with BS and claim victory.”
Upright BiPed @ 181
That’s fine. I understand you are stipulating that at no point in your argument do you rely upon either the irreducibility or the reducibility of any elements of genetics to physical laws.
Well, then, we return to my earlier observation (@ 151) that I am not sure I grasp the purpose of the argument.
Let’s acknowledge, just for this discussion, your conclusion that genetics exhibits semiotic states, and therefore the origin of genetics requires a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state.
So what? You are merely observing that if system X has property Y, then – however system X came about – it must have involved at some point the introduction of property Y. This is almost tautological.
What is it about semiotic states that is supposed to make this conclusion interesting? What does it tell us that we didn’t know before?
Cheers
Joe, has any of the TSZ circle tried to answer the syllabus of 18 q’s here, cogently? I know someone has been struggling with No. 1, on induction ,as in the major part of real world reasoning on evidence. KF
Kairosfocus,
Not that I have seen. Right now they are focused on UB’s semiotic argument, Dembski’s LCI, misrepresenting ID , over-stating their position and equivocating.
They did toy with your post for a while but I guess they gave up.
CLAVDIVS-
Semiotic states require knowledge- knowledge of what symbolizes what. In this case knowledge of what codon represents which amino acid. Knowledge that blind molecules just do not have.
Allan Miller thinks the knowledge lives in the molecules. Well Allan if it does then they were programmed and nature doesn’t program. Blind and undirected processes don’t program. Only intelligent agencies program.
Unprogrammed molecules don’t have any knowledge and cannot create a semiotic state.
That said any of you can just step up and actually support your position with real evidence…
Yes Joe, I see that. I find it amazing that they are still playing the “You didn’t answer Keith” card.
Keith asked me to summarize my argument, so I did. He didn’t like my summary so he revised it (a common practice at TSZ) by adding several things that weren’t part of my argument. Amazingly, he then took issue with all those things he added.
I suppose they keep talking about it (without actually linking to it) because if they did, someone might see that I already responded to Keith on more than one occassion by pointing out that he had added a bunch of irrelevant things to the argument. I suppose someone might see that as me having already responded to Keith, and linking to it might poo poo on their rhetoric.
This is the kind of “academically rigorous” analysis that Elizabeth Liddle wants associated with her name; and Keith, Allan Miller, Alan Fox, Pertrushka, Toronto, Reciprocating Bill, Dr Who, Flint, and Mike Elzinga are only too happy to provide it for her.
They also want me to respond to Allan Miller’s challenge that there is nothing stopping a system comprised of a single amino acid from becoming a two amino acid system, and then a three amino acid system, etc. I already pointed out that a single amino acid system does not have the information carrying capacity to code for itself, and therefore it is physically unable to become ‘a system’. That didn’t seem to matter to them.
CLAVDIVS
Good, you now understand that my argument is not dependent on a reduction to physical law. On the other hand, the general thrust of your counter-arguments above very much courted the idea of there being nothing in the system that wasn’t reducible to physical law. When I pointed out that physicists can demonstrate that symbol structures (like nucleic triplets) are indeed not reducible to physical law, you shrank from that observation by minimizing it as being unsatisfactory to you. Imagine that.
You mean…”other than that Mrs. Lincoln, how was the show?”
If you are a Richard Dawkins pumping out best-sellers – waxing over the effervescent elegance of the Darwinian mechanism to the throngs of non-curious patrons of scientific imagination – you sure don’t want to start talking about the critical requirements for that mechanism to exist, particularly if those requirements include arbitrary representations and transfer protocols.
Allan Miller 09042012:
“And yet molecules are blindly transcribing and translating, right now worldwide. Where does this ‘knowledge’ live? If you answered ‘in molecules’, you were correct.
– – – – – – – –
…from UB at 162:
UB: I asked a straightforward question in order to evoke a straightforward response. You were unsuccessful. I do not intend on trying to make your case for you. If you cannot coherently articulate it, then so be it.
It’s really quite simple: your argument implicitly assumes Darwinism should be reducible to some mechanical system. As such, it’s parochial in nature. In fact, you actually pointed this out when you wrote..
To summarize one of my previous comments…
Darwinism fits under the umbrella of Popper’s universal theory of knowledge creation. As such, it includes the theory that the knowledge of how to build organisms is genuinely created, rather than having been present in some form at the outset. This knowledge is emergent.
As such, the assumption that Darwinism needs something capable of “establishing a semiotic state” (material or otherwise) that would be the source of that knowledge represents a gross misunderstanding of Darwinism.
Upright Biped-
Of course because we observe semiotic systems in living organisms AND we “know” blind and undirected processes are responsible for living organisms , well because we don’t see any darn designer inside, then your argument is refuted (condensed from other matter we did. 2nd law saw to that).
Nothing to see here- move on
🙄
And DARWIN wrote about that mechanical system- ie the system that replaces the designer. The system that we now know does nothing of consequence.
What do you think the whole debate is about?
CR
My argument doesn’t even mention Darwinism.
The comment you quote was written as a response to your comment about Darwinism.
Are you incapable of understanding that the heritable information that Darwinian evolution is based upon requires heritable information?
For someone who sells themselves as a watcher of argumentation, you surely have a dim understanding of how argumentation is conducted. What you account for as an “assumption” is a actually conclusion. (There is a difference in these two, in case you weren’t aware). And the conclusion is based upon the empirical work of people like Franscis Crick, Marshal Nirenberg, and others – and isn’t even controversial). The challenge of the OP was to show the premises to be false, or the logic to be invalid – which you have done neither.
If you have a complaint about the evidence itself, then your complaint is with empirical reality, which frankly, would not surprise me a bit.
As far misunderstanding Darwinism, please put your money where your mouth is and describe for me Darwinian evolution without recorded heritable information.
Haha. So reminiscent of the exchange between Elizabeth Liddle and nullasalus.
CR:
I must have missed that part where Upright BiPed pointed out that Darwinism can’t even get started, much less succeed.
It’s in the same sense that an internal combustion engine needs combustion.
Grant the initial thesis and conclusion are unassailable can similarly waterproof implications or follow-on argumentation be outlined? (If this is a work in progress no worries.)
The reason I ask is that I’ve seen many threads on UD spent trying to get the opposition to walk through an open door while we traverse a spiral of errors with claims that there is no door.
So the thread never enters the room!
Congratulations to Upright Biped for getting the members of TSZ mumbling and grumbling. And if keiths wants to talk about evasion all he needs to do is watch evos when asked to support he claims of their position.
Ya see keiths, IF your position actually had positive support you would just present that to refute UB’s argument. That you have failed to do so after all this time tells everyone that you don’t have anything.
Mung: It’s in the same sense that an internal combustion engine needs combustion.
See my above comment regarding quasi-autonomous phenomena
Substitute wanting to make tea with powering a car. Substitute combustion with boiling water. Substitute water molecules with air and fuel molecules.
Theories are explanations. While it’s not limited to just biology, darwinism is an explanation the origin of the knowledge of how perform the transformations that build biological adaptations was created.
As such, the assumption that Darwinism [which is an explanation] needs something capable of “establishing a semiotic state” (material or otherwise) that would be the source of that knowledge represents a gross misunderstanding of Darwinism.
How are you defining “explanation”? Because as far as I can tell darwinism is an “explanation” in the same way school kids explain why they don’t have their homework.
CR: The second of your bolded text states: “According to the critical rationalists, the exponents of critical preference, no position can be positively justified but it is quite likely that one (or more) will turn out to be better than others in the light of critical discussion and tests.”
CR: I see that you present this tidbit of wisdom as the hood ornament of your movement. But the remainder of humanity has pretty much been doing this all along. We don’t typically step in front of speeding buses, because we’ve calculated what outcomes from that action are more ‘quite likely’ than others. All in all, it’s not a particularly new way of viewing the world.
Which is a strawman. Specifically, the sections I quoted begins not with one but three attitudes.
UB: Here you say that you hold all your positions open to criticism, which you are quick to point out is not taking a position, but other people must think it is, and these other people criticize it as being useless, but in the end that’s okay, because when you get around to the real world of speeding buses, you are allowed to take a position anyway.
“Idea X is not justified” is a bad criticism, as it applies to all ideas.
Perhaps it is a bad criticism, but not for the reason you give.
I can’t help but notice how you insulate your own ideas from criticism.
Apparently my comment at #188 has provoked Keith (at TSZ) into challenging me once again to respond to his revised version of my argument. This is a revision where he first adds language to my argument that appears nowhere in the original, and then he victoriously attacks the very language he’s added.
(geez…)
Among other things, Keith wants to revise my argument by adding “design” to the premises of the argument (he begins by adding it to the very first line of his revision) thereby making the argument assume its conclusion. Why he thinks I would feel obligated to defend his revision is a complete mystery. Furthermore, why he thinks I am on the end of his chain is an even bigger mystery.
In actuality, none of this is a mystery at all. The details of my argument had already been fairly well tested in front of specialists, so I knew going in that the material observations were supported and that the logic was valid. The only question was negotiating a nest of emotional and belligerent ideologues. Knowing up front that the group at TSZ could not advance any material objections, the only option that would be left to them was to redirect the argument and seek a better position, which is exactly what Keith (and others) have been attempting to do. Mankind’s strategic godfathers have been writing about this tactic for over 2500 years, and it was a safe bet that the gurus at TSZ were not going to invent any new methods of engagement.
– – – – – – – – – – – –
Keith,
Allow me to explain to you what happened. I intentionally maintained direct competitive contact with a single opponent at TSZ and didn’t allow that single conversation to get out of hand. I simply paced the hogwash coming from the gallery, and managed to maintain this central conversation long enough to defeat the specific objections of my target. That target was Reciprocating Bill, who by his own words deflated both of his key objections. (Pushing RB into defeating his own arguments took entirely too long, and that was my fault for unrelated reasons). In any case, the attempts to dislodge this central conversation were all destined to fail for the very reason that it was all too obvious. The acrimonious boo-hoo-ing over ‘not understanding the argument’ could not have been more transparent. People who pretend not to understand concepts should not then turn around and use those same concepts in their subsequent objections. All of you should try to be more like Patrick, who has ‘playing stupid’ down to an art form. If he was not so careless as to reveal himself by constantly lying in the midst of a recorded conversation, one could honestly think he was a complete idiot.
The bottom line is that you’all were unable to identify any flaws in the material observations (or the logic) after two months of trying. You lost. Get over it. If it makes you feel any better, it was not ID, or me, or strategy that beat you – it was the material evidence itself. Since all of you give lip service to being empiricist, the identity of your victor should help you swallow the loss a little easier.
🙂
CR at 200,
My argument doesn’t even mention Darwinism.
CR at 202,
facepalm
CR at 203
“Idea X is not justified” is not my critique of your input here. My critique is that you haven’t harnessed any novel manner of knowing. When you come out from being up in your head, you’ve transcended nothing.
And no offense, but I personally find the conversation boring.
Upright BiPed,
I noticed keiths’ TSZ post earlier today and was hoping you’d respond here or there.
I think you deserve a lot of credit for discussing your argument in what, despite Lizzie’s best efforts, could easily be considered a hostile venue. Even when people are on their best behavior, trying to answer points from a dozen or more different individuals without anyone assisting you is difficult.
Leaving aside the observations and logic of your argument, though, I must confess to having considerable difficulty following it, both when you were commenting at TSZ and here at UD. Please don’t take this criticism as an insult, it is entirely possible that the fault is completely mine, but your prose is simply too dense for me to easily analyze. For that reason alone, I for one would very much appreciate it if you would take the time to respond to keiths’ challenge and either correct his summary or provide an equally clear and concise one.
Whether or not one agrees with keiths, his breakdown of definitions, premises, conclusions, and overall logical flow is remarkably direct. If you could provide something similar, with explicit definitions of all important terms, short sentences with few if any conjunctions, and clearly labeled premises and conclusions, it would go a long way to making your argument more understandable.
You’ve obviously spent a lot of time developing this argument. With just a little more effort you could make it available to a much broader audience. I hope you will consider doing so.
Reposting to fix formatting errors:
CR: The second of your bolded text states: “According to the critical rationalists, the exponents of critical preference, no position can be positively justified but it is quite likely that one (or more) will turn out to be better than others in the light of critical discussion and tests.”
CR: I see that you present this tidbit of wisdom as the hood ornament of your movement. But the remainder of humanity has pretty much been doing this all along. We don’t typically step in front of speeding buses, because we’ve calculated what outcomes from that action are more ‘quite likely’ than others. All in all, it’s not a particularly new way of viewing the world.
Which is a strawman. Specifically, the sections I quoted begins not with one but three attitudes.
Are you suggesting there is no difference between these attitudes as presented?
Furthermore, I bolded the parts of the third attitude, which points out you are projecting your problem, by virtue of your pre-enlightenment, authoritative, justificationist conception of human knowledge, on me.
From the quote…
Justification is impossible. For example, conclusions of an argument are not proven unless the premises are proven, which is impossible. You either have to assume that you’ve proven them, which isn’t’ the same as actually proving them, or you are faced with an infinite regress.
Critical Rationalism is neither justificationism or relativism, as outlined in the excerpt from the paper which can be found in it’s entirety here. So, your argument is parochial in that is assumes a dichotomy of either relativism or dogmatism / “true belief”.
From the Wikipedia entry on Critical Rationalism….
UB: CR at 202,facepalm
The blogging software I’m used to using doesn’t allow posts with unclosed tags and lets you delete posts. WordPress does neither.
While it’s not hard to figure out where the formatting errors are, I’ve reposed it in case you’re having difficulty.
Onlooker, my argument is at the top of this page.
You can indicate what words you are having a hard time with, and I’ll be happy to explain.
onlooker-
Start with this:
Upright BiPed @ 189
Nor is it dependent upon an irreducibility to physical law – let’s not forget that part.
As you say, all this is irrelevant as you’ve stipulated that your argument at no point relies upon the reducibility or irreducibility of anything in genetics to physical laws.
Again, so what? Nature is rife with apparently arbitrary configurations of matter, where we do not understand the causes that bring about that particular configuration rather than another one. Why does an electron have a rest energy of 5.11 MeV? Why do quadrupeds have four legs and not six? Either the evidence is not available to us or, if it is, we have not figured out its significance. To base any kind of argument on this is a classic appeal to ignorance, and is fallacious – as I have been pointing out.
In any case, the conclusion of your argument – which you took pains to spell out @ 181 – does not even mention the significance of genetic semiotics or its apparently arbitrary nature. Here it is again:
All this conclusion states is that system X has property Y, therefore – however system X came about – at some point it required the introduction of property Y. This is at best trivial, at worst tautological.
To make this a non-trivial argument you must recompose it so that this ‘conclusion’ is instead a premise, combined with another premise establishing the significance of semiotic states.
At this stage I concur with Onlooker @ 209 that it is quite unclear to me what your argument is supposed to demonstrate. I urge you to recompose it into syllogistic form to make this clear.
Cheers
CR to UB: It’s really quite simple: your argument implicitly assumes Darwinism should be reducible to some mechanical system. As such, it’s parochial in nature.
UB to CR: My argument doesn’t even mention Darwinism.
CR to UB: While it’s not limited to just biology, darwinism is an explanation the origin of the knowledge … the assumption that Darwinism … needs something capable of “establishing a semiotic state” … that would be the source of that knowledge represents a gross misunderstanding of Darwinism.
While I’ve already clarified it at 203….
it’s really quite simple: your argument implicitly assumes [explanatory theories] should be reducible to some mechanical system. As such, it’s parochial in nature.
My criticism doesn’t use the word “Darwinism”
CR: “Idea X is not justified” is a bad criticism, as it applies to all ideas.
Mung: Perhaps it is a bad criticism, but not for the reason you give.
I’m not following you. “Idea X is not justified” does not apply to all ideas?
Mung: I can’t help but notice how you insulate your own ideas from criticism.
Not following you here either. How does pointing out it’s impossible to justify any idea, including my own, represent insulating my ideas from criticism?
CR,
Your 202 did not received a facepalm from me because of the formatting errors.
I was motivated by my pre-enlightenment authoritative concept of knowledge. So clearly, I need to become a exponent of critical rationalism.
Perhaps I’ll have time this weekend.
UB: My critique is that you haven’t harnessed any novel manner of knowing. When you come out from being up in your head, you’ve transcended nothing.
Where did I say it was novel?
Most people do not realize they are justificatioinists. And there are many misconceptions regarding Popper’s universal theory of the growth of knowledge because people do not recognize their own conceptions of human knowledge as as an idea that would be subject to criticism.
For example, in 011 you seem to consider yourself a Popperan. However, Popper explicitly rejected justificationism and elaborated as to why at length in several books.
Having been a justificationist myself, I held several misconceptions about Popper. And those are just the ones I’ve discovered to date. One of Popper’s key points is that the grown of knowledge occurs when we correct errors.
And what did Popper say about Darwinism and design?
[What Did Karl Popper Really Say About Evolution?]
An abstract designer with no defined limitations doesn’t stick its neck out in a way that allows significant criticism – in the sense that allows us to make progress.
Upright BiPed,
Okay, let me try to analyze the first few steps of your argument.
I’ll try to put this in something like the form used by keiths. This line item becomes (‘D’ for “definition”):
D1. Representation: An arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system.
Examples include:
Written text
Spoken words
Pheromones
Animal gestures
Codes
Sensory input
Intracellular messengers
Nucleotide sequences
D2. Information: a) the form of a thing
b) a measured aspect
c) a measured quality
d) a measured preference
My first question is for clarification of this definition. How exactly can information be measured? Does it have standard units? Does your definition correspond to any standard definitions?
(‘P’ for “premise”):
P1. It is not logically possible to transfer information in a material universe without using a representation instantiated in matter.
This seems redundant because you’ve already defined “representation” as an arrangement of matter. That means we should be able to simplify P1:
P1′. It is not logically possible to transfer information in a material universe without using a representation.
I’m not sure of the need for the “in a material universe” qualifier. That seems to unnecessarily involve discussions of dualism and other topics unrelated to the matter at hand. We can simplify P1 even further:
P1”. It is not logically possible to transfer information without using a representation.
Finally, the word “representation” has baggage associated with it from normal, everyday usage. P1 might be more clear like this:
P1”’. It is not logically possible to transfer information without using an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system.
Is my restatement of this premise accurate?
D3. Arbitrary: ?
This word seems important to your argument, so a precise definition is required. Does it simply mean “separate”? What does the qualifier “materially” add to “arbitrary”?
P2. If there is now an arrangement of matter which contains a representation of form as a consequence of its own material arrangement, then that arrangement must be necessarily arbitrary to the thing it represents.
This is where my understanding starts to break down. There are too many concepts packed into this sentence for me to parse it. By “representation of form” do you mean “information” (I am guessing at that based on D1 and D2)? What does “consequence of its own material arrangement” mean? What does “necessarily arbitrary to” mean (this may be answered when D3 is more detailed)?
I’m too lost at step 3 to get anything out of step 4, but what do you mean by “material component” as opposed to “arbitrary component”? What do you mean by “reducible to physical law”?
I think you’ve got several more definitions and premises residing in steps 3 and 4. It would be most helpful to extricate them and make them explicit.
It’s like deja vue all over again (cue twightlight zone music)
vu- 🙂
vu who?
UB: I was motivated by my pre-enlightenment authoritative concept of knowledge. So clearly, I need to become a exponent of critical rationalism.
Strawman. I’m contrasting the two as a means to point out why your argument is parochial.
And, just so I’m clear, are you denying that you hold a pre-enlightenment, authoritative conception of human knowledge?
For example, from another comment on another thread…
While empiricism is an improvement it still depends on inductivism, so it still shares the same fundamental flaw.
Is there something in the above you disagree with? Better yet, wouldn’t such a conception explain objections to Darwinism? And not just any objections, but specific objections that we see here and elsewhere?
If someone thought the knowledge of how to build the biosphere could only come from some ultimate authoritative source, would it come as a surprise they would conclud the biosphere cannot be explained without a designer? And if Darwinism were true would, would they not then conclude there could be no knowledge? Everything would simply be meaningless and random and astronomically unlikely, which is a commonly argued strawman of evolutionary theory. Finally, since everything is not random and meaningless, would they not conclude Darwinism must be false?
I don’t know about you, but this sounds vaguely familiar.
However, this is parochial in that it doesn’t take into account our current, best explanation for the growth of knowledge.
Onlooker,
These are your questions:
A measured content of information is of no consequence here, only the material conditions of the transfer.
Yes, I have stated it in an abbreviated form as well, but only after I’ve explained it. For instance, among other things, you’ve left out the disambiguation of “information”, i.e. the form of a thing, as well as the qualifier “recorded information” to distinguish it from “physical information”. Otherwise, I’m happy you were able to discern the data, given that the text you so carefully revised came from nothing more than a conversational blog post, not a formal paper.
Did you read the text after you cut and pasted it?
Yes, “representation of form” refers to those things you cut out from the previous sentences. Information is the ‘form of a thing’ instantiated in matter by means of a representation.
This is what you missed when you said you couldn’t understand that a) for the arrangement of one thing to b) represent the form of another thing, two things will be needed. That means they won’t be the same thing. I know in the information age it’s sometimes hard to imagine a distinction between a medium and information, but that is exactly what this passage is about.
If the making an tangible distinction between a material medium (which might contain information), and the information itself (contained within material medium), causes a conceptual problem for you; then I am simply not going to be of any help to you.
Sorry.
CR
What?
Your criticism as stated in #191:
It’s really quite simple: your argument implicitly assumes Darwinism should be reducible to some mechanical system.
Then your edited “clarification”:
it’s really quite simple: your argument implicitly assumes [explanatory theories] should be reducible to some mechanical system.
And then your follow-on remark:
My criticism doesn’t use the word “Darwinism”
CR,
So you have concluded that I am a justificationist who has misconceptions about Popper, who doesn’t recognize that my conception of human knowledge is an idea that can be criticized, so I should remember what Popper said about Darwinism.
And reading your other statements, it seems you’ve also concluded that I have a pre-enlightenment, authoritative conception of human knowledge, who only objects to Darwinism because I think the biosphere can only come about by an authoritative source, or there can’t be any knowledge, er something.
That’s a whole lot of individual distinctions. May I ask a question? Have you justified these assumptions of me, or is this one of those positions you hold open because “no position can be positively justified”? Perhaps it’s even an “untrue unbelief [that is] unjustified because of the non-existence of good reasons”. Which is it, exactly?
One other question, are you familiar with the fallacy of ad hominem? How about Roseman’s theory of appraisal?
CLAVDIVS,
Hardly forgetting it, I’ve repeated it several times already.
You stated that you had no problem understanding what ‘materially arbitrary’ meant, but you wanted me to satisfactorily establish that genetics was “categorically” not reducible to physical law. I told you that my argument was not dependent on such knowledge, but I also highlighted the fact that the existence of the arrangement C-T-A (as a local discrete causal structure within protein synthesis) is not reducible to physical law, and happens to be the very source of biological function. Unhindered by that material fact, you then asked me to go ahead and grant a priori that the system and its mechanism of origin are reducible anyway. And the stated reason for this request (as should be obvious to any rational observer) is because I already said it was irrelevant to my argument.
Hello?
Quite frankly Clavd, your comments show every indication that you might have thought one thing, then found out another, and now it doesn’t matter.
Is this your agreement that the genetic system demonstrates a semiotic state and its mechanism of origin will require the ability to establish that semiotic state?
Configurations of matter are not the issue here, nor is the source of physical law. Configurations of matter which are arbitrary to the unambiguous function they produce in a formal system (as described in the argument) – that is what is at issue.
The evidence of what, exactly? That the thing conforms to a prior assumption?
Is that the evidence we are missing?
Let us say there is a system we wanted to understand, and we were capable of observing its operation. Would it then be a fallacy to discount the evidence of its operation which we’ve already observed (and know exists), in favor of evidence that we haven’t observed (and don’t know exists) because the evidence we’ve observed doesn’t conform to someone’s prior assumption? And if we choose to discount it entirely, do we then create yet another fallacy by insulating our prior assumptions from any test to the contrary? And would it not also be a fallacy to mis-label valid observations as “ignorance” in order to substantiate doing so? What do you think?
Basically correct.
If you think it’s tautological for someone to state that the sufficient and necessary conditions of a thing’s existence must exist in order for that thing to exist, then so be it.
As far as being trivial, I take that as your tacit agreement that the genetic system is semiotic and its origin will require a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state.
So the semiotic state in protein synthesis is a trivial observation, which needs something else in order to establish its significance?
And if I should – as you say – recast my conclusion as a premise, then I take it that you agree with that premise?
Upright BiPed @ 226
Great, now we are crystal clear on this point.
All this is irrelevant to your argument, as we have just agreed. Since it is irrelevant, then you cannot treat the irreducibility of the arrangement C-T-A as one of your premises.
If you think the irreducibility of the arrangement C-T-A is important to your argument, please say so. Then we can discuss whether it can be granted or whether it needs to be defended.
But please don’t continue bringing it up and then saying it’s irrelevant.
Not at all. I granted that conclusion only for the purpose of discussing that, even if that’s true, it appears to be either trivial or tautological.
No. It is your conclusion that is trivial; namely, that “the transfer of recorded information from the genome demonstrates a semiotic state, and therefore its origin will require a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state.” In other words, if system X has property Y, therefore – however system X came about – at some point it required the introduction of property Y.
The concept “semiotic state” as applied to genetics in your argument is not trivial in my view, and, yes, its significance needs to be established. You have raised some points in favour of that but I believe that discussion is premature whilst the conclusion appears trivial.
To make your argument non-trivial your conclusion has to be something other than “system X has property Y, therefore at some point in its history it required the introduction of property Y.”
No – see above. Right now I am just critiquing your conclusion as trivial.
I do agree that biology exhibits semiotic states, at the level of human consciousness, for example. But I am not persuaded this is established at a biomolecular level. However, my mind is open to the possibility.
Cheers
Upright BiPed,
Why do you use the word “measured” in your definition then?
D2. Information: a) the form of a thing
b) a measured aspect
c) a measured quality
d) a measured preference
Nothing in your definition of “information” mentions “material conditions of the transfer”, so I’m confused by your response. Could you please clarify this definition further or replace it with a standard definition of “information” that matches yours?
My restatement of your premise comes directly from your item 2:
I don’t see the terms “recorded information” or “physical information” in that. If you consider my restatement accurate, though, this isn’t an issue.
Indeed I did. Here it is again, as I quoted it:
The only definition of “arbitrary” I can get from that is that you seem to be using it as a synonym for “separate” in one sentence. That seems incomplete, at best, given how important the term appears to be to your argument. Could you please define it precisely?
I didn’t cut anything. I have quoted your numbered paragraphs in full.
The phrase “instantiated in matter by means of a representation” is unnecessarily verbose and potentially confusing. As I noted previously, you already defined “representation” as “an arrangement of matter”, so the whole phrase is redundant.
In any case, based on your response the best restatement of your premise that I can come up with is:
P2′. If there is an arrangement of matter that constitutes information, that arrangement is necessarily arbitrary to the thing to which the information refers.
Is this close to what you mean? I am basing this in part on the next bit of your response:
You didn’t directly answer my question regarding the meaning of “consequence of its own material arrangement”, so I dropped that out of my restatement of your premise.
I’m still not entirely clear by about what you mean by “necessarily arbitrary” and “two things will be needed”. Could you please either precisely define “necessarily arbitrary” or modify P2′ to eliminate those words while still making your point?
I am simply trying to understand your argument. The best way I know of to do so is to ask questions, then restate my understanding in my own words and confirm with you that my restatement reflects what you meant.
In this case you have only further confused me by not answering my questions about the terms you are using and by adding in what appear to be assertions or definitions regarding information, representation of information, and physical laws. I’d like to figure out what you’re talking about, but I need good faith responses from you.
If you aren’t interested in having me understand your argument, please just say so.
CLAVDIVS,
I don’t treat it as a premise – and you know it. This comment is disconnected from reality.
Establishing the irreducibility of symbol structures is not a requirement to make the observations contained in my argument, just as I have said from the start. However, it would certainly come into play in establishing the type of mechanism capable of creating the system.
Clavs, did you not ask me to “bring it up”? Did you not say that you wanted a categorical distinction for the irreducibility of genetics to physical law?
Merriam-Webster defines “trivial” as commonplace and ordinary. So by your estimation, an argument which establishes that the TRI in genetics is accomplished by the use of arbitrary representations and systematic operational rules is commonplace and ordinary. Or more precisely, that view of genetics is commonplace and ordinary. If that is true, then as a logical consequence, such an argument would receive uncontroversial agreement, right?
The question then becomes; is your estimation of triviality actually reflected in the real world or not? I can assure you that it is not.
Again, if the conclusion that ‘genetic information transfer is semiotic’ is trivial, then it is commonplace and ordinary, correct? But that is not the case, is it? Isn’t it a fact that such a conclusion is vehemently resisted in the real world? And as for the requirement of a mechanism capable of establishing a semiotic state, that would be a logical consequence of a non-trivial conclusion, would it not? Or does it suit your sensibilities more to refer to it as a trivial consequence of a vehemently resisted (non-trivial) conclusion?
Physics has demonstrated that symbolic representations are not reducible to the physical laws that govern their make-up. This is not merely raising “a point in favour” of establishing the significance of semiosis; it is a physical reality. Yet in your view, the recognition of this physical reality can be viewed as “premature” until we resolve the question of whether we should refer to the need for a semiotic-capable mechanism as a trivial observation or a logical consequence.
Does this view of triviality stand up if the property Y is vehemently resisted as a requirement of system X? If not, is it the system X, or the property Y, or the claim of triviality that is unsupportable?
Thank you for your input CLAVDIVS. The semiotic process at the heart of genetic TRI was functioning to create living systems long before we human beings appeared on this planet. This is logically supported by the fact that a) we are here to observe it as a consequence of its operation, b) we have no evidence of there being any other system, and c) it is conceptually not possible to transfer recorded information by any other method.
@UB RE: 224…
Again, it’s unclear what you mean by “arbitrary”. When attempts to clarify this failed, I asked what consequences it would have for Darwinism in hope it would shed much need light on the term.
You replied
I then pointed out …
Rather than address this, your response can be summarized as …
If by “mention Darwinism” you mean nothing more than contain the word “Darwinism” then it seems I’ve satisfied your objection to my criticism by removing the word “Darwinism” and replacing it with “all explanatory theorires”
On the other hand, as pointed out in 200 [not 203], Darwinism is an explanatory theory. If by “mention Darwinism” you mean Darwinism the explanatory theory, then your argument does refer it by nature of Darwinism being an explanatory theory of the specific biological complexity we observe. This includes an explanation for how the knowledge of how to build biological adaptations, which is found in the genome, was created.
From your ongoing conversation with Clavidivs, you wrote:
However, you’ve ignored the following from my 210 [originally 202]…
One could just as well object on the ground it was necessary to make that premise a conclusion, combined with another premise establishing whatever established the the significance of semiotic states, etc.
UB: So you have concluded that I am a justificationist who has misconceptions about Popper, who doesn’t recognize that my conception of human knowledge is an idea that can be criticized, so I should remember what Popper said about Darwinism.
Which is yet another strawman. Again my criticism it that your argument is parochial. What do I mean by that? It means an argument that has a limited or narrow outlook or scope.
For example, you could be a Larmarckian that (in addition to “use” and “disuse”) includes the idea there is some universal law that mandates organisms become more complex and that we only still see less complex organisms because a continuous stream of them are being spontaneously generated (As Lamarck did). This too includes a form of justificationism in that it assumes the knowledge of how to improve organisms was already present at the outset in some law of physics.
Again, this is counter to Darwinism, in which the knowledge of how to build adaptations is genuinely created.
If you prefer a more formal approach, take the following argument..
P01. John has a favorite ice cream flavor.
P02. John has a favorite ice cream shop.
P03. John just ordered his favorite ice cream flavor at his favorite ice cream shop.
C01. John just ordered vanilla ice cream.
Does the conclusion follow from the premises? No. Why not? Because there is an implicit premise that John’s favorite ice cream shop only serves one flavor of ice cream: vanilla. Furthermore, all one needs to do is point out John’s favorite ice cream shop offered him significantly more than one flavor.
If you are suggesting there is something unique Darwinism, (the day John bought his favorite ice cream flavor they were out of every flavor but vanilla), then I’ve already addressed this in that you appear to be confused about the underling explanation behind Darwinism itself, which is a higher-level explanation.
As for this committing the fallacy of ad hominem, are you suggesting *all* theories of knowledge were developed before the enlightenment? Are you suggesting the great majority of post-enlightenment conceptions were not non-authoritative and non-justifcationist in nature? Are you suggesting there are no significant differences between those theories and post-enlightenment theories of knowledge, such as Popper’s?
Furthermore, are you suggesting there are no conflicts between your expressed views and common misconceptions of Popper – especially in regards to justiifcationism?
IOW, your response of “ad hominem” further suggests you do not recognize your conception of human knowledge as an idea that would be subject to criticism.
Again, was there something in my brief outline of authoritative, justiifcaitonist conceptions of human knowledge that you disagreed with? If so, please be specific.
Correction: As for this committing the fallacy of ad hominem, are you suggesting *all* theories of knowledge were developed before the enlightenment? Are you suggesting the great majority of [pre-enlightenment] conceptions were not non-authoritative and non-justifcationist in nature? Are you suggesting there are no significant differences between those theories and post-enlightenment theories of knowledge, such as Popper’s?
CR, you failed to answer my question:
Onlooker,
Why are you interested in understanding my argument?
Upright BiPed,
Because I don’t. 😉
I’ve got a bit more free time now than when you were active at The Skeptical Zone, so I thought I’d take the opportunity to ask you directly about the questions I had then.
As it stands, I can’t tell what you’re trying to say and I don’t see how it supports ID even if your conclusion is coherent and correct. I suspect that there are other (unnamed) onlookers in the same boat. Are you interested in making yourself better understood, and thereby promoting ID, or not?
Here’s the deal Onlooker.
I have no desire to play definition derby with an ideologue. This argument has already been in front of specialists in relevant fields and not a single one of them asked me what I meant by anything I said. When I say that, I am not saying that I didn’t have to re-explain much, or not very much – I am saying I didn’t have to change a single word in order to be understood. So when an ideologue rolls up and overplays his position by taking every opportunity to position the argument as incomprehensible, I rightly call bullshit on it. That’s a classic defensive maneuver which is intentionally irresolvable for the purposes of generating rhetoric. It’s the intellectual carcass from defending a weak position.
I’ll use my time otherwise.
You have two choices. You can either demonstrate that the conclusions don’t follow from the premises or that the premises are false – or, you can slide back and satisfy yourself with a rhetorical victory.
UB: Have you justified these assumptions of me, or is this one of those positions you hold open because “no position can be positively justified”? Perhaps it’s even an “untrue unbelief [that is] unjustified because of the non-existence of good reasons”. Which is it, exactly?
Given that I’ve pointed out justification is impossible, why would I assume that is a serious question?
Furthermore, you seem to be implying my criticism isn’t valid unless it is justified. However, as I’ve pointed out before, “idea x isn’t justified” is a bad criticism, as it’s applicable to all ideas.
Of course, feel free to explain how justification *is* possible, in practice. Please be specific.
Upright BiPed,
Who are these specialists? Are they available to answer questions about your argument?
I pointed out exactly where I found your prose confusing. I asked very specific questions. The fact is that your argument as written above is completely incoherent. If you disagree, I challenge you to find anyone who can summarize it with the clarity that keiths demonstrated without getting significantly more information from you.
I have a third choice — I’ll simply point out that your prose is impenetrable while your refusal to answer simple, direct questions speaks volumes.
Speaking of keiths, he raised a similar point at The Skeptical Zone:
I would be very interested in hearing your answers to those questions.
@ UB
Again, you could easily clear this up by simply pointing differentiating your conception of human knowledge from the following…
Also, do you not share the same dichotomy between designers with knowledge and designer-less theories in which there is no knowledge and everything is merely random? Why *this* particular dichotomy?
If my assessment is incorrect, you should have no problem pointing out where I got it wrong and how your view differs, in detail.
CR,
Do you promote your personal assumptions without sufficient reason?
Your comments are related to me, not the material argument being presented.
Onlooker,
Isn’t it amazing, you took this incoherent statement:
…and this incoherent statement:
…and very confidently produced this statement without becoming confused:
So now you know that you have an arrangement of matter that contains information (i.e. a representation of the form of a thing) which will evoke an effect within a system. You clearly understood what a representation was, what an arrangement of matter was, etc, etc. So we can assume you understood what you wrote when you wrote it, as evidenced by your methodical approach in creating your revision without confusion.
Is that correct?
Upright BiPed,
Indeed. I then proceeded to your next numbered paragraph:
Here I noted that you have a very important undefined term:
You have thus far not deigned to precisely define that word as you use it in your argument.
I further noted that my understanding of your argument started to break down here:
I find that there are too many concepts packed into this sentence for me to parse it and I asked further questions that you also have not answered.
Being able to tease out your meaning from the simplest of your numbered paragraphs, with your assistance, doesn’t mean that all of your paragraphs are understandable.
I hope you will choose to answer the questions I raised so that I can understand paragraphs 3 and 4, with the eventual goal of understanding your entire argument.
Onlooker,
So now that you know you have an arrangement of matter that contains information (i.e. a representation of the form of a thing) which will evoke an effect within a system. Also, you have already isolated three things: 1) an arrangement to evoke the effect, 2) a system where the effect will be evoked, and 3) the effect itself.
Since you understand this, there are a few other things that you can easily understand. For instance, you know that it is not merely the presence of the matter that evokes the effect, but is instead the arrangement of that matter. In other words, it is specifically the arrangement that will cause the constraint in the system.
Do you think an arrangement of matter that contains information (i.e. the form of a thing) as a consequence of its arrangement* can also be the effect it evokes within the system? Or are they necessarily separate things?
* The phrase “as a consequence of its arrangement” should not be difficult to understand. Think of it in these terms: The key fits the lock as a consequence of its arrangement – i.e. the matter contains information as a consequence of its arrangement.
I’ll return in a short while.
@UB re: 240
UB: a) to show sufficient reason; reasonable
UB: Do you promote your personal assumptions without sufficient reason?
Given that I’ve clarified this at length in comment 180, it’s unclear why should I consider this a serious question either. Are you suggesting there is no significant differences in the attitudes presented there?
Is this the part where you, as the justificationist, stop asking serious questions? If so, I’m surprised it took this long.
UB: > logical fallacy
> an attempt to negate the truth of a claim by pointing out a negative characteristic or unrelated belief of the person supporting it.
UB: Your comments are related to me, not the material argument being presented.
Again, when I attempted to clarify what you meant by arbitrary, you wrote…
So, apparently, your use of arbitrary in your argument excludes the creation of knowledge as a high-level explanation for the specific adaptation of raw materials into proteins, etc, you are confused about the underlying explanation behind Darwinism (knowledge of how perform the transformations was created by a form of C&R) or none of the above.
We create knowledge by guessing then testing our guesses for errors. My questions are designed to do just that. Is there a particular reason why you are unwilling to stick your neck out to the degree that we can actually make progress in regards to your argument and your views?
UB,
Again, in an attempt to clarify your argument, is the definition of “arbitrary” in your argument a problem for darwinism? If so, why? Please be specific.
critical rationalist-
Arbitrary would mean not determined by physical law. Darwinism can only explain that which is determined by physical law.
Artificial ribosomes do not function and partially artificial ribosomes barely function. That show tell us that ribosomes are not reducible to matter and energy, ie how they function is not determined by physical law.
Codons do not become their respectove amino acid- they represent it. And that takes knowledge that blind molecules just do not have. Programmed parts could do it though.
And keiths is still clueless:
Earth to keiths- natural selection, which includes mutations, has never neen observed to do anything of consequence. That means all YOU have is a bald declaration- ie no evidence.
Hellooooo?!! “That which can be asserted without evidnce can be dismissed without evidence”- C Hitchens- one of YOUR guys.
Ya see keiths- YOU are so wedded to YOUR dogma, so unwilling to doubt it that you will just say anything.
@joe:#247
Joe: Arbitrary would mean not determined by physical law. Darwinism can only explain that which is determined by physical law.
Except that is the misconception I keep pointing out. Apparently, you’re confused about the underlying explanation behind Darwinism, which is that the knowledge of how to create biological adaptations is genuinely created.
Joe: Artificial ribosomes do not function and partially artificial ribosomes barely function. That show tell us that ribosomes are not reducible to matter and energy, ie how they function is not determined by physical law.
Apparently, you missed what I wrote here….
Are ribosomes prohibited by the laws of physics?
critical rationalist:
There isn’t such a thing- all darwinism has is someone’s imagination, not evidence.
No, but neither is my car, house nor computer. And blind and undirected physical processes cannot produce those either.
Joe:
The hostility to the notion of a designer is the clue, the motive in the end is emotional and psychological not logical.
That is why, when confronted with the obvious, that science reconstructs what we do not see through how its traces parallel the signs that are characteristic of the causal processes we do see, there is a cognitive lock-out. The logic of induction on empirically reliable sign, per observation of same, is lost on those too angry at even the possible shadow of God, to hear.
All we can do is point out the absurd inconsistency of accepting a story on the past of the world purporting to be on the same — even in absence of clear current demonstration of the powers of claimed causes and their characteristic signs — even while rejecting that which DOES have that support, because it does not fit the favoured ideological narrative and agenda.
Get a clue, folks: if even isochrons give trouble, and if we have never seen chance variation and differential reproductive success create a novel body plan feature — loss of function does not count — but we are ever so eager to use the timelines and evolutionary just so stories spun on such thin ice, but we are UN-willing to accept that the only observed and analytically plausible source of FSCO/I is IDOW — a new acronym: intelligently directed organising work — ten that tells us all we need to know.
This is not about warrant it is about support for an ideology of a priori evolutionary materialism that leads to radical relativisation of knowledge, reasoning and morals. Indeed, we are right back up against what Plato warned on 2350 years ago, in The Laws, Bk X:
Such is patently true and unanswerable, so there is no answer, just the pretence that nothing significant has been said.
It would be amusing if it were not so sad and so fraught with hazard for our poor mortally wounded and bleeding out civilisation.
And so, when we look back at what UB had to say, we see why there is ever so much evasion, side-tracking and the like. UB is patently right, so right that what he says is routine in telcomms systems: we encode, modulate and transmit then receive, demodulate and decode messages instantiated by being impressed into states of matter organised into comms systems and using comms protocols, codes and systems all the time. Indeed the whole Internet, plus radio plus Television and telephone are all about that.
Let’s clip, to remind ourselves:
Next time you use a PC on the web using TCP/IP (= “Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)”), think about it. Same for the Global System for Mobile Telephony (GSM) etc.
If it were not so sadly revealing of something gone very wrong, it would be laughable to see the attempts to evade the obvious.
KF
Onlooker, (if you decide to return)
By your own words, you now clearly understand that you have an arrangement of matter that contains information (i.e. a representation of the form of a thing) which will evoke an effect within a system. And you’ve also isolated that there is: a) an arrangement which evokes an effect, b) a system where the effect will be evoked, and c) the effect itself.
So the question I posed is simple: Do you think the arrangement of matter that contains the information (i.e. the form of a thing) can also be the effect it evokes within the system? Or are they necessarily two separate things?
You might look at the issue like this: Let’s say you take the genetic symbol C-T-A and put it in your pocket for safe keeping. And tomorrow, you will take it out and run it through a ribosome where it will evoke its specified effect. You can now ask yourself a simple question of logic; can a thing that will not even exist until tomorrow also be in my pocket today?
And if it helps you to answer this question, you might also remember that the effect that is produced tomorrow will actually contain none of the matter that is in your pocket today. So are they the same thing, or are they two necessarily discrete things?
KF: The hostility to the notion of a designer is the clue, the motive in the end is emotional and psychological not logical.
Can you point out where I’m hostile to the notion of a designer? Rather, I said an abstract designer with no defined limitations is a bad explanation, and went on to explain why, in detail. Furthermore, designers adapt matter into things like microscopes, cars, etc. We have an explanation for how the knowledge they use is created.
So, it not that I’m ignoring evidence about designers or hostile to them – It’s what we do know about designers which makes an abstract deigned with no defined limitations a bad explanation.
Nor am I hostile to inductivism. I’m merely pointing out that no one has managed to present a “principle of induction” that actually works, in practice. However, feel free to present one that actually does work. Please be specific.
CR: Rather, I said an abstract designer with no defined limitations is a bad explanation, and went on to explain why, in detail.
An example from a comment on another thread…
critical rationalist-
The limitation is parsimony. Meaning we only invoke a designer as required by the evidence. And that means if necessity and/ or chance cannot account for it AND it meets some criteria, we infer it was designed.
It appears that Onlooker only wanted to “undertand my argument” to the extent that he could run his mouth. If the discussion is returned to logic and observables (as it was in 241, 243, and 252) suddenly the conversation is not worth pursuing.
How totally surprising is that?
Upright BiPed,
I’m glad you’re so eager to continue the discussion that you start to miss me after less than 18 hours. Unfortunately, work occasionally gets in the way of blog discussions.
Well, let’s summarize what I’ve managed to get out of your argument above thus far:
D1. Representation: An arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system.
Examples include:
Written text
Spoken words
Pheromones
Animal gestures
Codes
Sensory input
Intracellular messengers
Nucleotide sequences
D2. Information: a) the form of a thing
b) a measured aspect
c) a measured quality
d) a measured preference
D3. Arbitrary: ?
P1”’. It is not logically possible to transfer information without using an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system.
I’m still hoping for some clarification of D2 and definitely need a precise formulation for D3 to understand your argument to this point.
Is this supposed to be in response to my questions about your paragraph 3? I extracted a provisional P2 from that as follows:
I then proposed this restatement (see comment 228):
and I noted that I’m still not clear what you mean by “necessarily arbitrary”. (I now ask again if you can either precisely define it or modify P2′ to eliminate those words while still maintaining your meaning?)
Given those open questions, I don’t think I can yet answer your question, nor do I understand how it answers mine. Perhaps if you define how you are using “information” more clearly than “the form of a thing” I would be able to do so. If I understand your working definition, I may be able to come up with an example of “information” being an “effect” or it may simply become clear that they are two different concepts.
I’m still quite interested in understanding your full argument. I do hope you’ll assist me in doing so by answering my questions clearly and directly.
Hmm.
While I am unable to be on UD 24×7, I assure you that I will respond to you more promptly than you have responded to the still outstanding questions in your threads at The Skeptical Zone.
I asked the question in order for you to understand. So if you are serious about understanding, then I ask you again to answer the question.
Upright BiPed,
I just explained that without more clarity around your definition of “information” the question is not well formed and hence unanswerable.
Responding to questions with questions is deliberately evasive. Do you want people to understand your argument or not? I’m investing the time to do so; I would appreciate a good faith effort to communicate in return.
How do nucleotide sequences evoke an effect within a system? The system uses nucleotide sequences to evoke an effect.
Not really. Sometimes that is the way to go so that the argument doesn’t go off on some senseless tangent.
And it is both strange and very telling that only his opponents have difficulty understanding UB’s argument.
It’s as if they really don’t have any interest in understanding it but would rather engage in a type of filibuster so that every gets confused about what the argument is.
All that when all they have to do is step up and produce some positive evidence that their proposed mechanisms can account for something like transcription and translation. So that too is very telling-> that they just don’t do such a thing.
Onlooker,
Ah yes, I remember now. You were confused by words like “information” and “representations” so you skillfully worked them out of your revision and came up with something you could completely understand. That was:
Oh wait, I now see you left the term “information” in your text after all, so I can only assume you knew what you meant when you wrote it. But if that is the wrong assumption, then you can tell me what you meant, and how you conceptualized it could be transferred by using an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system. Clearly, the level to which you understood the word when you conceptualized it correctly in this sentence, is more than sufficient for the discussion.
You successfully conceptualized that information could be transferred by an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system – and that is precisely what the current question involves. Armed with the proper conceptualization as you have demonstrated, the question before you remains. I assure you, answering this question will help you understand “necessarily arbitrary”. And don’t worry about being asked a question in order to understand a concept. People have been doing that from time immemorial. To label that as “evasive” is to cast an aspersion on human communication that can’t be supported.
Do you think that the arrangement of matter in your pocket today can also be the effect that won’t exist until tomorrow?
CR: Bob was apt: “Who de cap fit, let ‘im wear it.” I spoke to a common phenomenon with abundant examples in point starting with the no 1 “new atheist.” And I spoke in a context with excellent antecedents ranging back to Plato [since say Paul is liable to cause even louder eruptions in various fever swamps, let us start with Plato . . . ], whom I cited. KF
I can give you a hint Onlooker,
The representation cannot logically be the effect it evokes, and this is supported by observation.
And if they are not the same thing, then the relationship between them is necessarily arbitrary from a physical perspective (regardless of how that relationship originated). If you do not like that word, you can use whatever word you like. I have seen such described as “immaterial”, or “non-material”, or “physico-dynamically inert”, etc, etc. You can also use the word Dr Liddle suggested – “materially dissociated”.
It matters not, to me.
Ah well… I’m out.
ok, I think I am beginning to understand the problem here.
Upright BiPed needs to set it out step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step-by-step ….
CR:
Created by who or what?
And stored where?
And transmitted how?
And what is a non-genuine creation?
And what’s required to get to the point where biological adaptations are even possible?
What is an adaptation, after all?
You’re still not even in the same discussion, CR. No wonder there’s so much confusion.
onlooker:
IOW, I don’t wantto answer it, because I understand the consequences of my answer, therefore I will assert without any supporting argument that the question lacks sufficient clarity (I can’t answer it the way I want to) and therefore it is unanswerable.
Now, let’s put to the test the assertion that the question is unanswerable.
“Do you think an arrangement of matter that contains information (i.e. the form of a thing) as a consequence of its arrangement can also be the effect it evokes within the system?”
Well, gee, no. That would be illogical.
onlooker:
Except when you do it.
And for those how might be interested, look what I stumbled upon:
Elizabeth Liddle:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-408199
my oh my
what began with such a bang
ended with such a whimper
“…understanding the consequences of your answer…”
That is exactly correct. Once you allow that information is the form of a thing instantiated in an arrangement of matter, i.e. in a material medium, then you have allowed that a rate-independent representation exists, and the entire remainder of my argument falls out from that – because it physically has to.
…and that is the reason for the acrimonious excuses that the argument is “just too confusing to understand”, as well as the constant definition derby, obfuscation and ad hominem attacks.
Materialism simply sucks for materialist.
F/N: The UD glossary defn of info:
____________
>>Information — Wikipedia, with some reorganization, is apt: “ . . that which would be communicated by a message if it were sent from a sender to a receiver capable of understanding [–> including, acting on (including per algorithmic programs such as a branch on condition, etc)] the message . . . . In terms of data, it can be defined as a collection of facts [i.e. as represented or sensed in some format] from which conclusions may be drawn [and on which decisions and actions may be taken].” >>
___________
Good enough for you UB?
KF
Joe: are you actually reading my comment before replying?
Even if that were true, (which I’m not suggesting it is) your response is a non-sequitur – that is unless you are denying that Darwinism as a *theory* with an underlying explanation exists.
Yet another non-sequitur. Ribosomes are constructed every time a cell divides. Are you suggesting some intelligent designer directly intervening to construct them?
My point is, If something isn’t prohibited by the laws of physics, then the only thing that could prevent us from doing it is *knowing how*. This includes adapting matter into artificial ribosomes.
Joe: The limitation is parsimony. Meaning we only invoke a designer as required by the evidence. And that means if necessity and/ or chance cannot account for it AND it meets some criteria, we infer it was designed.
First ,again with the stramwan. Darwinism isn’t merely chance and necessity. That’s like saying someone defeated by a chess program was defeated by electrons and silicon.
Second, “That’s just what a deigned must have wanted” doesn’t explain why we end up with one biological adaptation rather than another. It doesn’t actually explain the question at hand.
Third, I’d again ask: are you actually reading my comments?
IOW, if you assume the designer is inexplicable, yet is actually a good explanation, then why isn’t “Zeus rules here” the best, parsimonious explanation for falling apples and orbiting planets, along with everything else? A simple, abstract designer with no limitations would be simpler “theory” than anything else we could possibly conceive of. And, according to you, such a designer is necessary for anything to exist.
If we wanted to incorporate into our world view an imaginary realm of which we have no evidence and can be no evidence, then we need not have bothered do abandon the myths of antiquity. And we wouldn’t have. But we did.
So what? THAT does NOT eman blind and undirected processes didit.
Nice strawman. Does a programmer have to intervene for Word to do spellchecking?
Yes it is- but what else do YOU think it is?
And BTW, ID does not try to answer the “why”. ID tries to answer the question “how did it come to be this way?” ie by design or not.
I see you don’t understand parsimony.
UB,
Take a piece of paper and write the letters “TGCA” on it. Take the PDF instructions for drawing the glyphs “TGCA” and encode them into a strand of DNA (use Craig Venter’s encoding scheme if you like) . Speak the words “TGCA” and record the vibrations generated. Arrange carbon atoms in the shape of the characters “TGAC” using an electron force microscope.
Now, replace the actual base pairs “TGAC” in an organism’s genome with any of the above. Do you end up with the same effect?
CR
If I did that, would the letters I write exist as rate-dependent structures that can be explained by physcial law, or are they rate-indepedent structures that can only be explained by a relationship established within physical system?.
– – – – – – –
From comment #30 above:
UB “I believe your perspective is made clear here. You are talking about making arbitrary choices with regard to a program you write on top of a symbol system. I am talking about the symbol system itself. The fact that the letter “A” can be represented by “1000001” is arbitrary – not inexorable law.”
– – – – – – –
CR, you contunue to be unable to properly orient yourself to the discussion. I’ve lost interest in trying to orient you against your will.
Joe, It appears a recap is necessary…
I’m pointing out that your first premise is a contradiction. That’s what. From an earlier comment…
In other words, it’s not necessary for genetic to be reeducate to law for us to explain the concrete biological complexity we observe.
Are you suggesting the appearance of design cannot be explained? What is the appearance of design?
Hello KF,
I will have to put some thought into that. Obviously, I think it is incomplete as it relates to the material exchange of information and how that might serve to define it.
Thank you for asking.
Upright BiPed,
Please re-read what I wrote. I specifically asked you to clarify what you meant by “information” because I found your definition lacking in clarity. That definition again, for your convenience, is:
D2. Information: a) the form of a thing
b) a measured aspect
c) a measured quality
d) a measured preference
My outstanding questions are:
– How exactly can information be measured?
– Does information, by your definition, have standard units?
– Does your definition correspond to any standard definitions?
I removed “representation” from
P1”’. It is not logically possible to transfer information without using an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system.
because it is an unnecessary term that has the potential to cause confusion based on the differences between your definition and standard usage. All this was clearly stated in my previous comments.
I would prefer direct answers to my specific questions. For example, your item 3 is:
In my attempt to understand what you are saying here, I extracted premise 2:
and I proposed this restatement:
I have at least twice now noted that I’m still not clear what you mean by “necessarily arbitrary”. If you are interested in making your argument understandable, please either precisely define that term or modify P2′ to eliminate those words while retaining your meaning.
While I still don’t see what that has to do with the questions I have posed about your argument, that depends on your definitions of “representation” and “effect”. If it turns out that this is important to clarifying your meaning, I’m happy to discuss this further. At the moment, though, I am unable to parse your paragraph 3 without direct answers to the open questions in my last few comments.
Mung,
Absolutely. I refer you to what I quoted from keiths in comment 238:
I am interested in understanding Upright BiPed’s argument detailed in the original post to this thread. I have questions that prevent me from understanding it. Why do you think it is unreasonable to ask for clarification?
If you feel that the argument as stated is perfectly clear, I invite you to answer the questions I have posed to Upright BiPed. If you can add some clarity and Upright BiPed agrees with your clarifications, we might be able to make progress more quickly.
From 262
So can the effect which will not even happen until tomorrow also be the arrangement of matter in your pocket today, even though that effect tomorrow will contain nothing that is in your pocket today? Or are these two things necessarily not the same thing?
UB:
Maybe this from 251 will help, in light of actual on the ground comms stuff:
KF
You need to do a better job than just saying so.
Where did I say it had to be?
Where did I suggest that?
Something that appears designed.
onlooker:
By counting the number of bits it contains. But that is irrelevant
Yes, the bit, but again irrelevant
Just the one used by everybody on the planet every day of their lives. The one you use in order to communicate will suffice.
Ya see onlooker it was questions such as those that exposed your agenda.
Just sayin’…
I would like to clear up one bit of a confused poster- confused on how science does things:
1- ID does NOT claim “evolution CANNOT therefore ID”
2- It cannot be “ID CANNOT therefore NOT ID” because design doesn’t even get considered until necessity and chance, NOT ID, have already tried and failed. THAT is the whole point of parsimony, Toronto.
And your other strawmen prove that you are totally clueless wrt science.
Is that what you were shooting for? Really?
What?
ID is not anti-evolution. Why do you equivocate?
Darwinism is untestable nonsense and ID has withstood all tests. No choice…
And one more, for laughs:
How did ID pass the strawman test? But anyway, as Dr Spetner said back in 1997- “built-in responses to environmental cues”.
And another strawman- and a designer could just set limitations on what evolutionary processes could do- and guess what? That is what we actually observe.
onlooker,
1. What do you think information is?
2. What do you think a representation is?
3. Do you think it is possible to encode information?
4. Do you think it is possible to transmit information from a sender to receiver via a communications channel?
Put another way, is it possible to communicate information, and if so, how can that be accomplished?
5. Attempt to relate the activities you are engaged in and the processes that must take place when you post here on UD to the above questions.
I’m willing to grant that you may be a serious enquirer. Let’s find out.
Upright BiPed,
Your 282 is completely non-responsive to the questions I raised about the definitions and logic of your argument.
This is an unfortunate pattern in your communication. When Lizzie was posting here trying to get operational definitions for your terms, you blocked her every time it seemed like she was getting close enough to actually test your claims. At The Skeptical Zone you wrote copiously for months, until the other participants managed to work through your nearly impenetrable prose and ask pertinent, direct questions, at which point you ran away. Now here you are evading answering simple, equally direct questions.
As keiths noted at TSZ:
You are clearly not acting like someone who has the courage of his convictions and confidence in his argument. In fact, your behavior is indistinguishable from someone who wishes to obfuscate in order to hide the flaws in his argument and avoid any potential challenge to his beliefs.
I can’t conclude any better than to quote keiths’ final paragraph. I’d like to hear your answers to his questions as well as mine.
Upright BiPed and Mung,
I strongly recommend Ray Dalio’s principles as an explanation of the importance of brutal honesty and direct communication in order to root out flaws in our own opinions.
Upright BiPed,
Should you choose the path of intellectual integrity rather than continued evasion, I am still very interested in understanding your argument. The currently open issues are:
Given this definition of “information”:
D2. Information: a) the form of a thing
b) a measured aspect
c) a measured quality
d) a measured preference
– How exactly can information be measured?
– Does information, by your definition, have standard units?
– Does your definition correspond to any standard definitions?
What is your precise definition of “arbitrary”?
Given this statement of one of your premises from your paragraph 3:
P2′. If there is an arrangement of matter that constitutes information, that arrangement is necessarily arbitrary to the thing to which the information refers.
– What does “necessarily arbitrary” mean?
– Please restate this premise using different wording to make your point more clear.
Note that all of these questions and issues can be addressed with direct statements, not questions, clarifying your meaning.
Mung,
I am trying to understand Upright BiPed’s argument. In order to do so I need to understand his definitions and premises. My definitions are immaterial and will not help me achieve the goal of understanding his.
Attempting to distract from Upright BiPed’s failure to answer direct, simple questions about his argument by replying with questions is a transparent rhetorical ploy that has no place in a serious discussion.
onlooker:
Nice projection.
And if you are referencing keiths, then you have already lost.
onlooker-
Perhaps you should buy a dictionary. OR you could look up the definitions on the internet.
F/N: Genuine onlookers, notice the absence of responsiveness and actual dialogue on the part of the objectors, backed up by an evident pretence that communication systems (yes, my always linked that I have been referring to for days to deal with related questions on thermodynamics . . . ) are some strange, ill-understood and dubious entity. All the while, while using the Internet with its TCP/IP protocols on the ISO’s OSI 7-layer “layercake” model, instantiated into material entities in accordance with intelligently designed rules and technologies, including those used to set up home wireless networks etc etc. Not to mention, we can discuss the telephone network, the cable TV network, satellite networks, and broadcast radio and TV etc etc etc. For those who genuinely wish to understand, information, comms systems, protocols, codes, digital — discrete state — info, etc etc can all be reasonably discussed, but how easy it is for these objectors to instead pose on selective hyperskepticism and make the pretence that that which is well grounded is suspect and dismissible. Because, it points where they would not go. That is why Mung’s Q 5 above is so apt: “Attempt to relate the activities you are engaged in and the processes that must take place when you post here on UD to the above questions.” KF
F/N: Just for record, note that the measurement of info and of FSCI onward, is surveyed here on in the always linked, and the grounding of the log reduced chi metric is explored here on in context (and BTW, this uses a hard atomic resources limit that gets over the pretended objections to Dembski’s CSI). These corrective points have been repeatedly highlighted over the past 18 months but the pretended objection is still being advanced that the MG sock puppet objections have merit. That is why — given some of the tactics that have been used — I have long since (for cause . . . you don’t want to see what has been going on in the fever swamps . . . ) concluded that we are dealing with ruthless, amoral faction-spirited closed-minded objectionism and talking points in service to evolutionary materialism as ideology imposed on science, education and society [cf Plato’s warning on that and the self-refuting incoherence of this view here and here], and frankly intended — on the part of those who do or should know better — to mislead the naive, not reasonable objections, at least on the part of those who are playing the MG talking points games. KF
Petrushka is still spitting up equivocations:
1- No one sez “evolution can’t do it” as ID is OK with “evolution” doing it.
2- No one has ever observed blind and undirected processes doing it because obvioulsy there is too much muss, fuss and icky research involved.
Ya see petrushka YOUR position doesn’t have any research to support it. All you can do is baldly assert and throw father time at all issues.
And to dr who- the entire planet has missed the part in which your position has any positive evidence to support its claims. “Self-replicating” molecules? You cannot demonstrate blind and undirected processes can construct such a thing.
Nylonase? YOU cannot demonstrate blind and undirected processes didit (as opposed to “built-in responses to environmental cues”.
And BTW RB- you guys can’t even account for DNA replication via blind and undirected processes.
IOW you guys have nothing and your continued flailing exemplifies that fact.
CR: Take a piece of paper and write the letters “TGCA” on it. […] Now, replace the actual base pairs “TGAC” in an organism’s genome with any of the above. Do you end up with the same effect?
UB: If I did that, would the letters I write exist as rate-dependent structures that can be explained by physcial law, or are they rate-indepedent structures that can only be explained by a relationship established within physical system?
First, I’ll again point out that your argument is parochial in that is appeals to a specific level of reductionism. See comment #163, which you have completely ignored. IOW, it is unclear how would this prevent us from making progress in explaining the concrete biological adaptation in the biospehre, in practice.
Second, and for the umpteenth time, it is also parochial in that it implicitly includes the idea that knowledge / information must be justified by some ultimate source. How do you justify whatever arbiter defines this relationship? And how do you justify that, etc? Will you respond with a serious question this time?
Despite attempts to point out otherwise, it seems you are unable to recognize your conception of human knowledge as an idea that would be subject to criticism. As such, I extended my criticism to you in hope you would recognize it. Nor have you responded to my simple, direct questions designed to illustrate it, in detail. Again, you could easily clear this up by differentiating your conception of knowledge from the conception I presented.
Then again, I’m not surprised by this in the least, as most ID proponents have enough sense to avoid the question as if it were the plague.
UB: CR, you contunue to be unable to properly orient yourself to the discussion. I’ve lost interest in trying to orient you against your will.
You seem to be blaming me for the ambiguity of your argument. For example…
All of my examples were representations of the actual base pairs TGCA, which are arrangements of matter. And they all evoke an effect in a system, such as vibrations, etc. These representations are arbitrary in the sense that their mapping is an agreement by geneticists as to which alphabetic characters represent each base. However, geneticists could have used some completely different set of letters. We can say the same about the sounds that represent those words, the shapes that make up the letter, etc. It’s though this agreement that geneticists can make progress.
However, your initial premise seems to assume *all* arrangements of matter that “cause things” represents “something else” in a system. This sounds similar to Aristotle’s idea of a “first cause”, which would be built into your argument from the start.
What is information? What does it mean to transfer it? Does this take into account the rest of our current, best explanations for phenomena?
For example, “Quasar” originally meant quasi-stellar object, which was just a fancy way of saying something that looked a bit like stars. However, not only do we now know Quasars are *not* stars, but we know what they *are*. Quasars were created billions of years ago and billions of years from here when material from the center of a galaxy collapsed towards a super-massive black hole. Intense magnetic fields directed some of the energy of that gravitational collapse, along with some of the matter, back out in the form of tremendous jets that illuminate with the brilliance of roughly a trillion suns.
On the other hand, the physics of the human brain could hardly be more different that these jets. Not only does language break down when trying to describe them, but we could not survive in one for even an instant. IOW, the environment in the jet of a Quasar is about as different from our environment as you can get. Yet, these jets happened in precisely such a way that, billions of years later and on the other side of the universe, our brains could accurately describe, model, predict and explain what was happening there, in reality. One physical system, the brain, contains an accurate working model of the other, the quasar. And not just a superficial image of it, although it contains that as well, but an explanatory model, which embodies the same mathematical relationship and the same causal structure. This is knowledge. And knowledge is information that that tends to remain when embedded in some form of media, like human brains.
What is the origin of this knowledge? How did it get into our brains? Does this fall under the “transform of information”, if not what is it?
From what I can grasp from your argument, a “transfer” of “information” occurs though some kind of effect of a “representation”. And your example is DNA being transcribed to mRNA, which is then mediated by tRNA molecules within ribosomes. However, all of these examples are local and current, not billions of miles away and billions of years ago.
Furthermore, the faithfulness of which the one structure, the brain, resembles the other, the quasar, is increasing over time. This is the *growth* of knowledge.
IOW, it’s unclear how the information from quasars can get “transferred” into our brains, let alone grow more accurate, via inductivism. Yet, there it is.
At this point, given we haven’t defined anything in any sort of useful sense, It’s unclear how the previous “surely must be” true. Nor how anything logically follows from it.
Apparently, the same word “arbitrary” now has two meanings: “not the same thing” and “not reducible to physical law”. Or perhaps that is what you originally meant in the first place. Or perhaps you have redefined it, which could be equivocation? I honestly cannot tell. Regardless, this is a recipe for confusion.
From the Wikipedia entry on Transfer RNA…
tRNA is controlled by knowledge laden genes. Again, Darwinism’s explanation is that this knowledge is genuinely created, rather than having existed in some other form at the outset. There is no infinite regress.
See above. We have an explanation for this knowledge: it was created by a form of conjecture and refutation, which is an error correcting process.
Suddenly, we have something called “recorded information”. How does “recording” information differ from transferring information? For example, as a verb, the term recorded indicates the information in question was initially absent, then placed there in some form of storage. Does the recording of information need “protocols” and “representations” and “forms”? Is it also part of a “irreducible complex core”, etc?
See above. At this point, the term arbitrary is used twice without any sort of clarification. Is tRNA “different” that mRNA or is it “not reducible to physical laws”? And now the concept of DNA being “arbitrary” has been introduced as well. The question is, in what sense?
Again, tRNA ligase (aaRS) is controlled by knowledge laden genes. See: “Sticky” Mice Lead to Discovery of New Cause of Neurodegenerative Disease. Darwinism explains this knowledge in that it was created by an error correcting process of conjecture and refutation. Mice with this defect can still reproduce despite exhibiting serious symptoms.
Unfortunately for CR darwinism cannot explain tRNA, mRNA, tRNA ligases nor genes with knowledge…
And Toronto steps upo the equivocation:
Intelligent design evolution, yes. Your position’s blind watchmaker eviolution, no.
And your continued equivocation proves that you just don’t have a clue.
No one ever observes a programmer checking and correcting their spelling when writing a Word document. IOW your ignorance, while amusing, is not a refutation.
UB: If I did that, would the letters I write exist as rate-dependent structures that can be explained by physcial law, or are they rate-indepedent structures that can only be explained by a relationship established within physical system?
History is filled with leaps to universality in evolving systems. These leaps occurred despite indifference to the goal of actually reaching universality. Number and writing systems are just a few examples.
Another example is the capacity for any universal computer to simulate any other universal computer. This leap occurs whenever the capacity to perform the necessary repertoire of computations are present in digital systems. This includes using electric switches that can either be on or off, or even cogs that can be in one of 10 possible positions.
The purpose of Babbage’s Difference Engine, along with all of the stepwise improvements before it, was parochial: to automate laborious calculations, such as those used in engineering, navigation, etc., of which Human computers were notoriously error prone. As such, they only a very implemented a limited repertoire of computations. However Babbage, among others, eventually realized the leap to universality was possible. Had he actually managed to implement his, the Analytic Engine, it would have been the first Universal Turing Machine (UTM).
How is this important? Despite being constructed from gears and cogs, Babbage’s machine would have been shared the same universality as even modern day universal computers. This includes the ability to run other program that it can, in principle. While this would be impractical due to the vast difference in processing speed and the staggering number of punch cards necessary to store and execute them, this represents a leap to universality in that the behavior of any finite physical object (including some other universal computer) can be simulated with any desired accuracy by another universal computer.
Furthermore, all digital computers represent information as discrete physical values. This is in contrast to analogy computers which represents information as variable physical values. The reason why we hardly use analog computers today is because there is no such thing as a universal analog computer. Digital systems can be programed to emulate any of them and outperform them in nearly every application. In addition, computational systems require error correction. Without it, errors would build up in lengthly computations due to variances of component imprecations, temperature changes, random outside influences, etc. Analog computers would diverge so far off the intended path that the results would cease to be remotely useful.
The key point here being that knowledge is created by error correcting systems. This includes digital systems for storing that knowledge and operating on it. Analog systems are bound by the above limitations.
A replicator is a unit of information which content plays a causal role in whether or not it is copied. When imperfectly copied with some finite probability variants of that replicator will arise. Some will managed to copy themselves. Others will not. New variants might exhibit the ability to copy itself better in the same environment than the original. Or it might exhibit the ability to copy itself better in a new environment. As such, variants of replicators can become better adapted.
DNA is also digital in that it stores information as discrete physical values, which allows for error correction. Furthermore, error correction is the means by which the knowledge of how to build adaptations, which is found in the genome, is created.
Replicators arise in biology, such as in the information found in germ line cells or the DNA / RNA of viruses. These replicators are called genes. Genes undergo mutation that is random to any specific problem being solved, which produces new variants. Some variants may exhibit the ability to copy themselves better than the original in the current environment. Others may exhibit the ability to copy themselves in a different environment where the original could not. This process can result in different variants to become greatly different over time, resulting in the rise of new species.
So, the underlying explanation behind Darwinism is that the knowledge of how to build biological adaptations was created by conjecture, in the form of genetic variation that is random in respect to any particular problem to solve, and refutation, in the form of natural selection.
What I’ve attempted to present in this brief comment is a universal explanation of how all knowledge in general is created. For example, we too have made a leap to universality. In our case, it’s a leap that is completely unique to what we consider “people” : we are universal explainers. We can create explanatory knowledge.
This includes creating explanations for the appearance of design.
It also includes how to build artificial ribosomes that actually work. Being universal explainers, the only thing that would prevent us from doing so is creating the knowledge of how.
I didn’t “just say so”, I present an argument.
Then why do we see some concrete adaptations, instead of other concrete adaptations? Why do they exhibit the specific constraints we observe? How do you explain it?
you wrote:
Why doesn’t it? Why do you think artificial ribosomes do not work? Is design some irreducible primitive that cannot be further explained?
It’s unclear why I should even bother responding if you are not going to give a serious answer.
What *constitutes* the appearance of design? Why is the same explanation for the origin of a rock found in a field insufficient for the origin of a watch? Is that clear enough for you?
Joe: Unfortunately for CR darwinism cannot explain tRNA, mRNA, tRNA ligases nor genes with knowledge…
Why is that Joe? Could it be that you think all knowledge is justified by authoritative sources?
Perhaps you will answer the question I asked UB?
Does your conception of human knowledge conflict with the above? If so, exactly where did I get it wrong and how do your views differ, in detail?
Onlooker:
Let’s not lose sight of your question. You asked about my use of the word arbitrary, remember?
My argument states there is a ‘materially arbitrary relationship’ between a) an arrangement of matter and b) the effect it evokes within a system. Your question was what I meant by the word “arbitrary”. You asked if it simply means “separate” or something else as well.
In the course of your comments, you correctly wrote: “It is not logically possible to transfer information without using an arrangement of matter which evokes an effect within a system”. You conceptualized this sentence, and in doing so you clearly identify both the arrangement of matter and its effect. So I picked up exactly where you left off. I asked you to envision putting that arrangement of matter in your shirt pocket until tomorrow, when you will then take it out and use it to evoke its effect. My question was simply if you thought it was possible that the effect – which won’t even exist until tomorrow – could also be what is in your pocket today? Or are they necessarily not the same thing? I even added that the effect – which won’t even come into existence until tomorrow – will contain nothing whatsoever that is in your pocket today. But still you refuse to answer.
Having refused to answer a simple question, you now claim that by using this example, I am being “non-responsive” to your question. The reasons for your claim are certainly not obvious, particularly since giving examples is virtually synonymous with giving an explanation, yet you offer no reasoning whatsoever. And given that this is the third time you’ve declined to answer the question (and participate in understanding the issue), I can correctly assume your interests lie elsewhere.
The truth of the matter is rather obvious. You won’t answer this simple question because for you to openly admit that nothing exist between these two items except for a relationship, is to give away your ideological farm. The entire remainder of my argument necessarily follows from this simple observation, so consequently, you must not allow it.
In the face of a question so simple that a child could answer, you are left with nothing but the adolescent deception that you don’t understand the words. And all the while, you vent your spleen with ad hominem attacks.
Your rhetorical victory is at hand, and you are welcome to it.
Joe:
It would be amusing to see the flailing around at TSZ, if it were not in the end ever so sad.
What is plain is that they don’t seem to realise that he design inference is working the same way that their own attempts to reconstruct the past of life do, only on better empirical warrant. For, we do routinely see designers creating FSCO/I but have never seen blind chance and mechanical necessity doing that through accumulated accidents. And, we know that there is a major gap for the solar system or the cosmos to have enough atomic and temporal resources even in 13.7 bn y, to search sufficient of the config space of 500 or 1,000 bits, that even 500 or 1000 bits could be reasonably seen as coming up by blind processes, per sampling theory. The only thing that is reasonably warranted on such processes would be sampling the bulk of possibilities, which would not be functional.
In short, it is clear that we are dealing with ideology, not scientific rationality.
CR:
Re: Take a piece of paper and write the letters “TGCA” on it. […] Now, replace the actual base pairs “TGAC” in an organism’s genome with any of the above. Do you end up with the same effect?
You know better than this, You know tha t the genetic code works off D/RNA bases and that information is coded in their sequence. This is easily accessible and has been presented to you any number of times.
In addition, the AA’s loaded on the tRNA’s that key to the mRNA codons, are loaded on a standard CCA end. They are INFORMATIONALLY loaded based on the config of the particular tRNA, by special loading enzymes. That is the connexion between the codon triplet and the AA added to the protein chain is informational not driven by deterministic chemical forces.
But it is evident that the facts do not point where you will so you are setting up and knocking over strawmen.
This is even worse, and condescending as well:
In effect5 you grudgingly imply that you cannot provide an actual case of coded, functionally specific information of 500 + bits coming about by known forces of chance and necessity without intelligent direction. That is obvious for if you had a case you would not be going into such convolutions but would triumphantly trot it out. But the Canali on mars failed, Weasel failed, GA’s failed, and the Youtube vid on how a clock could evolve from gears and pendulums failed too, etc. So you cannot bring forth an actual case to make your point.
To brazen it out, you want to demand the right to suggest without evidence that chance and necessity can and do on the gamut of accessible resources, create FSCO/I. Sorry, a demonstrated source — design — is an obviously superior explanation to something that has no such base.
FYI, there is no question-begging circle on what “must” be the source of knowledge, codes, intelligent messages etc, WE HAVE OBSERVATIONS, abundant and unexceptioned observations, that show that FSCO/I comes from design.
So, you ate going up against an empirically abundantly justified induction. And your trick is to assert question-begging.
Sorry, FAIL.
It seems unlikely that you will acknowledge error and amend your thinking, but the genuine onlookers can see for themselves what is going on.
KF
PS: Joe, any sign of a serious response to my syllabus of 18 questions?
@mung#267
CR:…the knowledge of how to create biological adaptations is genuinely created.
Mung:
See comment #302.
All bad explanations for the biosphere either fail to explain how the knowledge in adaptations is created or attempt to do so badly. Specifically, they all discount the role that knowledge plays in the creation of biosphere. The worst offender is, ironically, creationism.
For example, If a supernatural being created the world we observe at the moment that Darwin (appeared) to have made his greatest discovery, the true creator of that discovery would not have been Darwin but that supernatural being. And we can say the same regarding all earlier discoveries as well.
Such a theory denies the only creation that did actually take place in the origin of the designer’s discovery. This is a form of genuine creation, which is possible due to emergent levels of explanation.
So, Creationism is misleading named. It is not a theory explaining knowledge as arising due to creation, but the exact opposite. It denies that creation happened in reality by placing the origin of that knowledge in an explanationless realm.
Creationism is a general purpose means of creation denial. For example, one could appeal to the logical possibility that some intelligent designer with no defined limitations created the world when you (appeared) to have authored the comment I’m responding to. Therefore, the author of the comment wouldn’t be you, but that abstract designer.
The very idea of an open-ended stream of genuine knowledge creation conflicts with creationism by undermining its motivation. Potentially, at some time in the future, anyone will be able to design and implement a more harmonious, moral, complex biosphere than the one here on Earth. And they will do assisted by massively powerful computers created using this same open-ended stream of knowledge creation.
At which point, the suppled designer of our biosphere will appear morally deficient and intellectually unremarkable.
This leads me to a question: If you were sent forward in time and observed a demonstration of such a biosphere, would you still be a design proponent?
Of course, there is always the chance that we will choose not to create the necessary knowledge in time and eventually go extinct as a species. But the potential is there. For example Mitt Romney thinks man made global warming is real, yet his position is it would be wrong to do anything about it. This too discounts the role that knowledge plays in the creation of the biosphere.
Mung:
In the same way that systems can be digital despite taking different forms, such as cogs or transistors, digital systems can have different degrees of error correction. Even the slightest degree of improvement can make a difference.
DNA evolved from primitive replicators which gradually included better error checking. DNA stopped evolving once it make the leap to universality – the ability to encode instructions for all forms of life on our planet, including those that wouldn’t exist for billions of years, along with those that do not yet exist.
Mung:
From a comment on another thread…
These transformation occur with the requisite knowledge of how to preform them is present.
CR, you didn’t answer Mung’s questions.
“Stored where?”
“Transmitted how?”
Kairosfocus,
I am not sure they even understand English, let alone adress your points….
Rocks can be reduced to matter and energy, watches cannot. Watches require something other than matter and energy to explain their existence.
Ribosomes are not reducible to matter and energy, they, like watches, cars and computers, although not in violation of any physical laws are not explained by them.
Unfortunately for CR darwinism cannot explain tRNA, mRNA, tRNA ligases nor genes with knowledge…
The main reason is there isn’t any evidentiary supprt for darwinism producing them. No testable hypothesis for the premise.
Evidence please.
keiths is still spewing:
Again, why is it that only the anti-IDists, who claim they are smarter than us IDiots, cannot understand Upright Biped’s argument? Is keiths really admitting that he is dumber than us IDiots?
Strange that evos cannot communicate the argument for their position in a clear, non-equivocating way. And all they can do is obfuscate whenever an IDist steps forward and clearly communicates the argument for ID.
Thanks KF!
And in a show of total confusion petrushkas sez:
So Upright Biped needs to provide evidence for YOUR position? The point is, petrushka, there isn’t any positive evidence in support of the premise that blind and undirected processes can produce semiotic systems. There doesn’t even appear to be a testable hypothesis for such a thing.
Also ALL design inferences are forced to eliminate nature, operating freely, BEFORE they can say design. That is the very nature of Newton’s four rules of scientific investigation.
IOW all you guys have to do is step up and demonstrate that blind and undirected processes ae up to the task and Upright Biped’s argument no longer suports ID.
The PROBLEM, however, is you won’t ever do so.
onlooker:
I see now that was just so much hooey on your part.
You don’t want to understand. You don’t even want to try to understand.
Let me know when you want to start being honest.
I posted in good faith. You didn’t even attempt to engage in an ongoing dialog.
I should read a 123 page treatise to try to figure out why? No chance in hell.
You’re no more open to honest discussion that was Liddle when she showed up here.
Let’s not forget, you were the one who invited me to attempt to assist in in bridging the gap between you and Upright BiPed.
here
And that’s just a flat out lie. If Liddle was in fact banned from UD it’s probably due to similar behavior. Actual actions inconsistent with stated intent. Dishonesty.
Your understanding of terms is of utmost relevance, by your own admission. Yet now you say what you think a term means is immaterial. ARE YOU SERIOUS!? I guess not.
Remember, I am a third party here.
You don’t understand what UPB means by representation?
Well, what do you think the term means. Maybe you two are closer to agreement than you think. But you’d rather not say what you think it means.
You don’t understand what UPB means by information?
Well, what do you think the term means. Maybe you two are closer to agreement than you think. But you’d rather not say what you think it means.
Rejoice. You’ve exposed yourself for all to see.
Let me know if you want to try again. Otherwise please stop wasting our time. You’re turning out to be no better than a troll.
You have an idea of what information is, otherwise you would not be posting here on UD and asking questions.
You probably have some idea what is involved in the transmission of information over the internet as well.
The fact that you won’t even acknowledge the relevance of my questions to the current debate is telling indeed.
CR:
How and why are you posting here at UD?
CR:
Quasars are sending us information? About what? Their favorite color?
CR:
Actually, T, G, C and A are themselves representations.
One might even say they are representations of representations. Which, I guess, makes your examples representations of representations of representations.
Now, what makes you think that all representations are transitive and that a representation can be substituted for what it represents to the same effect?
UB: CR, you didn’t answer Mung’s questions.
CR: …the knowledge of how to create biological adaptations is genuinely created.
Mung: “Stored where?”
The non-explanatory knowledge of how to adapt matter into tRNA is stored in specific regions of the genome.
Mung: “Transmitted how?”
Through the creation of a series of knowledge laden processes which allow us to scan the genome, encode it, transmit it in some agreed on form, and then reverse the process. For example, the knowledge of how to build computers is created. Systems are constructed and are sent to different locations. We can say the same regarding network hardware, scanners, storage systems, etc. They are then connected and the transfer occurs. Since different hardware designs can implement the same standard, you do not need exact duplicate systems on both ends.
For example, one could scan and encode the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides, transmit it to some other computer, then synthesize it unchanged based on the techniques developed by Craig Ventier’s group.
Note: these are high-level explanations, that address the emergence of knowledge from material arrangements of matter.
I’d point out that Onlooker and I have taken different approaches to criticizing UB’s argument.
Onlooker is (and reasonably so) refusing to move forward until clear definitions are provided. On the other hand, I’m asking for and conjecturing the *consequences* of UB’s argument in attempt to deduce them. Specifically, the consequences his argument would have for evolutionary theory, conceptions of knowledge, etc., then pointing out the implicit assumptions they would make.
Yet, in both cases, it seems that UB isn’t actually responding to criticism.
Mung: Actually, T, G, C and A are themselves representations.
Representations of what? And are they representations in the same sense as “TGCA” are representations of the actual bases T, G, C, A? If not, in what sense are they representations?
Furthermore, whatever it is that T, G, C, A themselves supposedly represent, do they represent something else? And does this something else also represent something else as well, etc.?
CR:
And yet when onlooker was faced with actually discussing definitions, onlooker, quite unreasonably, declined.
onlooker:
One can only hope that you, CR, are not taking the same attitude towards definitions and mutual understanding.
How can his/her/its definition of a term be immaterial to understanding?
If Upright BiPed defines horse as:
“an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae.”
And onlooker defines horse as:
“having a vocal tone characterized by weakness of intensity and excessive breathiness”
Surely one can question whether the two of them are even talking about the same thing.
What reasonable person would blindly accept onlooker’s assertion that his definition of horse is immaterial?
Mung: Actually, T, G, C and A are themselves representations.
CR: Representations of what?
Among other things:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside
Am I the only one not struck by the wondrous fact that ‘A’ does not solely represent Adenosine?
What would communication be like if ‘A’ was a single sole representation?
Why is it “non-explanatory”? And what is “non-explanatory knowledge”?
But Venter et al., used an existing cell minus its DNA. Knowledge did NOT emerge from material arrangements of matter.
The definitions are in dictionaries.
Upright BiPed, you are such a trooper, and I commend you.
represent
I love that first one.
The bald eagle represents the United States.
Upright BiPed, your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to take every instance of “United States” that you can find and replace it with “the bald eagle.”
Does it produce the same effect?
If not, then your argument clearly fails.
TSZ rejoices.
F/N: Of course, one familiar selectively hyperskeptical rhetorical game is the infinite regress of demanded definitions (including of course the operational definition . . . and what is the operational defn of an op defn? . . . why is 1/273.16 of the triple point of H2O often a less satisfactory definition than a measure of the average random energy per degree of freedom at micro level?).
Definitions stop at primitives and examples that define concepts.
Information long since has been adequately defined and representation, likewise. Function, is recognisable from relevant cases in point and specificity of function is familiar to anyone who has had to get just the right part for a bit of electronics to work. KF
Or maybe, because the definitions are not mathematically rigorous (wink, wink), the TSZ denizens refuse to accept them.
CR: Take a piece of paper and write the letters “TGCA” on it. […] Now, replace the actual base pairs “TGAC” in an organism’s genome with any of the above. Do you end up with the same effect?
KF: You know better than this, You know tha t the genetic code works off D/RNA bases and that information is coded in their sequence. This is easily accessible and has been presented to you any number of times.
You know what a rhetorical question is, right? I’m pointing out the ambiguity of the terms “relationship” and arbitrary” in the first premise of UB’s argument.
KF: In addition, the AA’s loaded on the tRNA’s that key to the mRNA codons, are loaded on a standard CCA end. They are INFORMATIONALLY loaded based on the config of the particular tRNA, by special loading enzymes. That is the connexion between the codon triplet and the AA added to the protein chain is informational not driven by deterministic chemical forces.
Entirely new cells are constructed when they divide. This includes all of the components of the system you are referring to. Unless a designer is intervening to build tRNA when a cell divides, the knowledge of how to construct all of them is found in the genome.
So, the question is, how was this knowledge created?
KF: In effect5 you grudgingly imply that you cannot provide an actual case of coded, functionally specific information of 500 + bits coming about by known forces of chance and necessity without intelligent direction.
Exactly where did I imply this?
KF: That is obvious for if you had a case you would not be going into such convolutions but would triumphantly trot it out. But the Canali on mars failed, Weasel failed, GA’s failed, and the Youtube vid on how a clock could evolve from gears and pendulums failed too, etc. So you cannot bring forth an actual case to make your point.
Pointing out that justification is impossible is not “going into such convolutions”. It’s a criticism of one’s form of epistemology and the impact it would have on their conclusions.
Perhaps you would like to answer the questions I asked UB? Where does your conception of human knowledge differ from the conception I outlined? Please be specific. Here’s your chance to show that my assessment is wrong, by pointing out how your view differs, in detail.
KF: To brazen it out, you want to demand the right to suggest without evidence that chance and necessity can and do on the gamut of accessible resources, create FSCO/I. Sorry, a demonstrated source — design — is an obviously superior explanation to something that has no such base.
I’ve already outlined why ID is a bad explanation on your “Questions on the logical and scientific status of design theory for objectors (and supporters)” thread, here.
I take it you haven’t had the time to address them yet?
KF: FYI, there is no question-begging circle on what “must” be the source of knowledge, codes, intelligent messages etc, WE HAVE OBSERVATIONS, abundant and unexceptioned observations, that show that FSCO/I comes from design.
FSCIO/I isn’t well defined. Nor can we observe causes. And you’re ignoring what we do know about designers: namely our best current explanation for how all knowledge is created.
KF: So, you ate going up against an empirically abundantly justified induction. And your trick is to assert question-begging.
My response is to point out that justification is impossible. Of course, being open to criticism, please feel free to point out how it’s possible, in practice.
KF: It seems unlikely that you will acknowledge error and amend your thinking, but the genuine onlookers can see for themselves what is going on.
How is it an error to point out your argument is parodical, in that it completely ignores other forms of epistemology? What sort of acknowledgment would “correct” or “amend” this? Should I deny they are well formed or that they exist as alternatives?
What actually seems to be going on is that you cannot recognize your specific conception of human knowledge as an idea that would be subject to criticism. Specifically, your response so far seem to be that “everyone knows we use induction”, as if you accept it uncritically and that it’s a taboo to even question it. Yet, you haven’t actually presented a “principle of induction” that works in practice.
Joe: Why is it “non-explanatory”? And what is “non-explanatory knowledge”?
I’ve already explained the difference at length here and here in this thread.
Are you sure you are actually reading my comments?
CR: For example, one could scan and encode the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides, transmit it to some other computer, then synthesize it unchanged based on the techniques developed by Craig Ventier’s group.
Joe: But Venter et al., used an existing cell minus its DNA. Knowledge did NOT emerge from material arrangements of matter.
Again, are you sure you’re reading my comments? Do you know what this was actually in response to? Your comment suggests that you do not.
Mung asked: “transmitted how?”
My response was..
Note that I said nothing about implanting the resulting genome in a cell.
CR (like Onlooker) complains that I am not responding to his criticism. He came to this thread in comment #23 and immediately wanted to know what I meant by the word “arbitrary”. Oddly enough, (although he criticizes me now for doing the exact same thing with Onlooker) he actually used an example to demonstrate what he thought of the word “arbitrary”. By doing so, I could immediately understand his use of the word.
As a software developer, CR relayed an example of the “arbitrary” decisions that his clients would make regarding software he would write. So in comment #30, I responded:
And what was his response to this?
Zero.
Then 247 comments later, after immense diatribes about every conceivable topic under the sun (and every “ism” and “ist” I could possibly be) I once again tried to re-engage CR on his original critique. I restated:
What was his response to this?
Zero.
So tell me, how much weight should I give this person who avoids a discussion about the very thing he objects to? The same goes for Onlooker. Both of them flip and flop around pretending they just can’t get their hands around what I mean by “materially arbitrary” but neither of them wants to engage in an example of it – even the one who provided his own example !
. . .
Here are just two quick examples of what I have said on this very thread about my use of the word “arbitrary”:
And I have even gone so far as to say:
And how many times were these comments directly addressed by either CR or Onlooker?
Zero.
…
Thanks Mung. Some may wonder why I’ve refused to play definition derby on this thread. I know exactly why. I literally just spent over two fricken months arguing at TSZ over my use of the word “entailment”. I used the word in a sentence, then in the very next sentence I gave the Merriam-Webster definition of the word, and then coherently restated my first sentence using the dictionary definition in place of the word itself. What more could one ask, right?
In the end (after 120+ days) the objector finally conceded that my usage had been valid all along. What a pathetic way to have to protect your beliefs.
Definition derby is a defensive strategy, not a search for clarity.
What I find particularly interesting is how supporters here keep making arguments that implies knowledge must come from justified sources; yet when I directly ask if they hold an authoritative conception of human knowledge they act if they are offended and/or refuse to answer the question.
This is even after pointing out the parallels between such a conception clearly overlap clams made elsewhere on this blog and how the consequences of such a conception match just the sort of objections and misrepresentations of Darwinism.
So, it seems that not only do supporters deny that knowledge is created, but they deny holding a conception of human knowledge that denies it.
CR:
1. What is knowledge?
2. Who (or What) creates knowledge?
3. How is knowledge created?
4. How is knowledge retained?
5. How is knowledge transmitted?
CR,
Perhaps your inability to enage has to do with the fact your concepts don’t impact the material observations made in the OP. Many have tried to get you to grasp this.
Here is a demonstration, which I will take from your diversionary comment at 331:
Specifically state the material observation made in the OP used to argue that “knowledge must come from justified sources”.
It doesn’t exist.
CR:
I am sorry to have to say this in so many words, but it seems you are not in the same reality as the rest of us. Also, you seem to insist on both strawman tactic snip and snipe games and recirculating endlessly already adequately corrected erroneous objecting talking points; which creates the impression of being here to object and disrupt rather than seriously dialogue. Let me speak to points from 328 to show what I mean:
1: CR, 328: FSCIO/I isn’t well defined.
Here, first, you don’t even seem to bother to get the abbreviation right: Functionally Specific Complex organisation and associated Information, FSCO/I. You also fail to address the way that it is developed, e.g. here on in context, and seem to want to take for granted the objections as though they are well founded. They are not, for reasons the context of the linked will make plain.
Namely:
I therefore must say to you that beyond a certain point, sustaining a dismissive distortion in the face of plainly adequate correction becomes willful distortion of truth.
2: Nor can we observe causes
This is at best nearly meaningless pedantry.
Consider a dropped heavy object, where reliably we see that it falls at 9.8 N/kg. This is mechanical necessity in action.
Similarly, if the object is a fair die, it will reliably then tumble and come to rest with uppermost sides from the set {1, 2, . . . 6} at probability 1/6 per face. Much the same would obtain for a 2-sided die, i.e a coin, where the H/T would be with probability 1/2 apiece. This is chance based high contingency.
Now, if we had a string of 504 such coins in a slotted tray, we could find the coins in states from TT . . . T to HH . . . H by chance and/or by choice. And as a simple case, if we were to see the coins arranged so as to show the first 72 letters of this post, in order, we would with all but certainty, have excellent reason to infer that the best and empirically warranted explanation of such was intelligently directed organising work (IDOW), AKA design.
It is quite reasonable to say of such that we may see the relevant causes in action, and that we can trace them from empirically testable, reliable signs. For instance, due to the binomial distribution for 500 coins [~ 5.24*10^151 possibilities], the at random tosses would be overwhelmingly near 50:50 H/T in no particular order. The bare possibility of getting a special arrangement as above, would be so remote on the gamut of our solar system’s atomic and temporal resources that we can dismiss the possibility of this by chance as all but impossible. Such is, reliably, empirically unobservable. An unwinnable lottery.
It is thus reasonable to say that we observe causes in action, mechanical necessity leading to natural regularities, chance contingency to stochastic distributions, and choice contingency often leading to things such as FSCO/I.
3: you’re ignoring what we do know about designers: namely our best current explanation for how all knowledge is created.
Strawman.
4: I’m pointing out the ambiguity of the terms “relationship” and arbitrary” in the first premise of UB’s argument.
Strawman.
Context makes the meaning abundantly clear.
5: Entirely new cells are constructed when they divide. This includes all of the components of the system you are referring to. Unless a designer is intervening to build tRNA when a cell divides, the knowledge of how to construct all of them is found in the genome.
Strawman, off a red herring.
What you are distorting is the reported, easily shown fact:
You are ducking the established fact of INFORMATION ENCODED IN MATERIAL MEDIA AND ALSO USED TO DECIDE WHICH aa GOES ON WHAT tRNA, TO MATCH TO CODON IN THE RIBOSOME, SO CORRECTLY CHAINING A PROTEIN THROUGH TRANSLATION FROM THE RNA CODE.
And, since that process has in it oodles of FSCO/I, e.g. the genome starts at about 100 – 1,000 bits of digitally stored info, we know the best explanation for such FSCO/I per reliable sign, IDOW, or design. Life’s origin is on design, the onward replication and reproduction from generation to generation carries forward what was built in.
6: Unless a designer is intervening to build tRNA when a cell divides, the knowledge of how to construct all of them is found in the genome. So, the question is, how was this knowledge created?
Strawman, again.
Cf just above.
7: where did I imply this? [inability to provide a counter instance to FSCO/I reliably being produced in our observation by IDOW]
This is evident from your tactics, as was pointed out in 306, above but neatly omitted:
The strawman tactic is evident.
8: Pointing out that justification is impossible is not “going into such convolutions”. It’s a criticism of one’s form of epistemology and the impact it would have on their conclusions.
Of course, warrant per observation, consistent pattern seen in such observations and reasonable inference to best explanation, is sufficient for all practical and responsible purposes. But to the hyperskeptic such as CR, such can be simply swept away by using dismissive words. When it is suitable.
“Justification [–> more accurately, warrant] is impossible” of course cannot be consistently lived by. It refutes itself.
Let me give a case of warrant to undeniably certain truth. Statement E: Error exists. This is obviously so per general observation and experience, but it is also an undeniably true claim. To try to deny E at once instantiates it, as either E or else its denial NOT-E must be false. So, even to deny E ends up supporting it.
Similarly, it is a reliable induction that a dropped heavy object near earth falls more or less towards the centre thereof, with initial acceleration 9.8 N/kg. Likewise it can be warranted that reasonably pure water at sea level boils at about 100 degrees C, under standard atmosphere conditions. Similarly, there is a certain body of Pt alloy near Paris that is the standard of mass, the kilogram. One metre is the distance light travels in about 3 ns.
(There is a more exact time, used in the current formal definition of the metre. It is also demonstrable that this definition is a successor to one in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of light, thence onwards the distance between two scratch-marks on a certain bar of Pt alloy, and thence onward per the original definition, a fraction of the distance from the Earth’s pole to the equator through Paris. That is an example of historical warrant that produces morally certain knowledge.)
9: Where does your conception of human knowledge differ from the conception I outlined? Please be specific. Here’s your chance to show that my assessment is wrong, by pointing out how your view differs, in detail.
Strawman, that pretends that there was no answer to the assertions, at length previously. The above list of cases that can be fairly easily fleshed out, should suffice to show, again, why CR’s claims are utterly wrong-headed.
10: justification is impossible. Of course, being open to criticism, please feel free to point out how it’s possible, in practice . . . . How is it an error to point out your argument is parodical, in that it completely ignores other forms of epistemology? What sort of acknowledgment would “correct” or “amend” this? Should I deny they are well formed or that they exist as alternatives? What actually seems to be going on is that you cannot recognize your specific conception of human knowledge as an idea that would be subject to criticism. Specifically, your response so far seem to be that “everyone knows we use induction”, as if you accept it uncritically and that it’s a taboo to even question it. Yet, you haven’t actually presented a “principle of induction” that works in practice.
The strawman tactics continue, again and again. Onlookers who wish to see more of why this is completely a caricature, may wish to follow the original post and exchanges in this thread. (CR is trying to rebut the force of Q 1 of 18. He manifestly fails but is unwilling to acknowledge adequate and repeated correction.)
KF
UB: CR objects to the basic definition that knowledge is well warranted, credibly true belief. He sees such as a naive justificationism that especially on matters of experience leads to knowledge claims based on induction which in his view is never justified. This is a spin off Popper. He is apparently unable to accept that from Newton and Locke et al on, we have a clear understanding of scientific knowledge as provisional, and warranted on induction where by evidence provides reasonable and often substantial support but not ultimate and unquestionable proof. Hence some of my remarks just above. KF
KF
Thank you for your detailed response to CR. I have been glued to this thread, and others like it from the beginning, and saw it as a real shame that people like CR couldn’t just stick to the initail points raised in the OP.
From what I can see you have done a marvelous job.
Much appreciated.
F/N For those puzzled by the debate over verification, falsification, corroboration and induction, this little introductory note on Popper’s challenges with corroboration should suffice to show that tested empirical support for a claim is still important and provides a degree of warrant for accepting (provisionally of course) those which have a good track record of testing and prediction. In short, inference to best current explanation backed up by empirical testing and support, is a serious view and induction is not dead. KF
PJ: Appreciated. KF
Umm Venter’s group implanted it in the cell. And the synthesized/ artificial DNA has nothing- no knowledge- everything it needs is in the cell.
Upright BiPed,
And you go off into another round of evasion without answering the simple and direct questions I asked.
Once again, your attempt to distract from your refusal to clarify your argument is a transparent rhetorical ploy. You are continuing to demonstrate that you are so lacking in confidence in your own position that you will do anything to avoid making it clear.
If your previous pattern of behavior is any indication, your next steps will be to continue to avoid putting your argument at any risk of being challenged, either by refusing to engage in good faith or by running away, and then to claim victory, collecting kudos from a half-dozen ID proponents, none of whom are able to defend your argument any better than you.
If your desire for those accolades and your fear of being proven wrong are greater than the value you place on intellectual integrity, well, that’s your choice. If, on the other hand, you are at all interested in finding out if your views can stand up to a challenge, if you do value the truth at all, I’m still more than happy to try to understand your argument. Here are the current open issues again, summarized for your convenience:
– How exactly can information be measured?
– Does information, by your definition, have standard units?
– Does your definition correspond to any standard definitions?
– What is your precise definition of “arbitrary”?
– Please restate your premise “If there is an arrangement of matter that constitutes information, that arrangement is necessarily arbitrary to the thing to which the information refers.” to clarify exactly what you are trying to communicate.
– What does “necessarily arbitrary” mean in that premise?
Mung,
It’s a simple statement of fact. Upright BiPed is using words like “information”, “representation”, “arbitrary”, and “semiotic”, among others, idiosyncratically. My definitions of those words have no bearing on his argument. Using my definitions when his are clearly different makes no sense.
You are correct that there is dishonesty in this discussion, but it’s on the part of people who are desperate to avoid making their logic understandable and those who support them.
I’m not the one who has stopped trying. If you think you can answer the questions I posed to Upright BiPed, please do so and we’ll see if your responses actually make his argument understandable and if he agrees with you.
Upright BiPed,
This is factually incorrect. What happened is that you were equivocating, using at least two meanings for the word “entailment”. Reciprocating Bill makes this very clear in this comment and throughout the enclosing thread, for anyone interested in reviewing the discussion for themselves.
Umm Reciprocating Bill doesn’t know what he is talking about.
BTW onlooker, Upright Biped’s argument is directly opened to challenges. And I have told you how to do so. That you refuse to even try tells us that you have nothing. And your questions prove that you are clueless. For example:
In bits but that is irrelevant, That you keep bringing it up exposes your deceptive tactics.
Yes, the bit but again that is irrelevant
Yes and you are using it right now. Buy a dictionary.
Look it up, what is wrong with you?
Prove it.
Yes it does. For one it will tell us why you don’t understand those words. For another it will tell us if you are worth the effort.
I have answered your questions and all you do is to repeat them. And that pretty much proves that you are willfully ignorant.
UB,
The problem is in your first premise.
For example, you wrote
The meaning of “arbitrary” is contextual in that it refers to “A” and “1000001”, which are abstractions. However, it’s unclear what you mean by “arbitrary” in the context of “representations” of “causes” found it [01].
This is why I keep asking you for the consequences in leu of a specific definition.
Nor was my criticism merely limited to this.
Folks:
It seems I need to again pose the 18 Q’s that objectors to design need to cogently answer on the principle that every tub must stand on its own bottom:
_______________
>> 1: Is argument by inference to best current explanation a form of the fallacy of question-begging (as was recently asserted by design objector “Toronto”)? If you think so, why?
2: Is there such a thing as reasonable inductive generalisation that can identify reliable empirical signs of causal factors that may act on objects, systems, processes or phenomena etc., including (a) mechanical necessity leading to low contingency natural regularity, (b) chance contingency leading to stochastic distributions of outcomes and (c) choice contingency showing itself by certain commonly seen traces familiar from our routine experiences and observations of design? If not, why not?
3: Is it reasonable per sampling theory, that we should expect a chance based sample that stands to the population as one straw to a cubical hay bale 1,000 light years thick – rather roughly about as thick as our galaxy – more or less centred on Earth, to pick up anything but straw (the bulk of the population)? If you think so, why (in light of sampling theory – notice, NOT precise probability calculations)? [Cf. the underlying needle in a haystack discussion here on.]
4: Is it therefore reasonable to identify that functionally specific complex organisation and/or associated information (FSCO/I, the relevant part of Complex Specified Information as identified by Orgel and Wicken et al. and as later quantified by Dembski et al) is – on a broad observational base – a reliable sign of design? Why or why not?
5: Is it reasonable to compare this general analysis to the grounding of the statistical form of the second law of thermodynamics, i.e. that under relevant conditions, spontaneous large fluctuations from the typical range of the bulk of [microstate] possibilities will be vanishingly rare for reasonably sized systems? If you think not, why not?
6: Is digital symbolic code found to be stored in the string-structure configuration of chained monomers in D/RNA molecules, and does such function in algorithmic ways in protein manufacture in the living cell? If, you think not, why not in light of the generally known scientific findings on transcription, translation and protein synthesis?
7: Is it reasonable to describe such stored sequences of codons as “information” in the relevant sense? Why or why not?
8: Is the metric, Chi_500 = Ip*S – 500, bits beyond the solar system threshold and/or the comparable per aspect design inference filter as may be seen in flowcharts, a reasonable quantification or procedural application of the set of claims made by design thinkers? Or, any other related or similar metric, as has been posed by Durston et al, or Dembski, etc? Why, or why not – especially in light of modelling theory?
9: Is it reasonable to infer on this case that the origin of cell based life required the production of digitally coded FSCI — dFSCI — in string data structures, together with associated molecular processing machinery [cf. the vid here], joined to gated encapsulation, metabolism and a von Neumann kinematic self replicator [vNSR]? Why or why not?
10: Is it reasonable to infer that such a vNSR is an irreducibly complex entity and that it is required before there can be reproduction of the relevant encapsulated, gated, metabolising cell based life to allow for natural selection across competing sub populations in ecological niches? Why or why not? (And, if you think not, what is your empirical, observational basis for thinking that available physical/chemical forces and processes in a warm little pond or the modern equivalent, can get us, step by step, by empirically warranted stages, to the living cell?)
11: Is it therefore a reasonable view to infer – on FSCO/I, dFSCI and irreducible complexity as well as the known cause of algorithms, codes, symbol systems and execution machinery properly organised to effect such – that the original cell based life is on inference to best current explanation [IBCE], credibly designed? Why, or why not?
12: Further, as the increments of dFSCI to create dozens of major body plans is credibly 10 – 100+ mn bits each, dozens of times over across the past 600 MY or so, and much of it on the conventional timeline is in a 5 – 10 MY window on earth in the Cambrian era, is it reasonable to infer further on IBCE that major body plans show credible evidence of design? If not, why not, on what empirically, observationally warranted step by step grounds?
13: Is it fair or not fair to suggest that on what we have already done with digital technology and what we have done with molecular nanotech applied to the cell, it is credible that a molecular nanotech lab several generations beyond Venter etc would be a reasonable sufficient cause for what we see? If not, why not? [In short, the issue is: is inference to intelligent design specifically an inference to “supernatural” design? In this context, what does “supernatural” mean? “Natural”? Why do you offer these definitions and why should we accept them?]
14: Is or is it not reasonable to note that in contrast to the tendency to accuse design thinkers of being creationists in cheap tuxedos who want to inject “the supernatural” into science and so to produce a chaotic unpredictability:
a: From Plato in The Laws Bk X on, the issue has been explanation by nature (= chance + necessity) vs ART or techne, i.e. purposeful and skilled intelligence acting by design,
b: Historically, modern science was largely founded by people thinking in a theistic frame of thought and/or closely allied views, and who conceived of themselves as thinking God’s creative and sustaining thoughts — his laws of governing nature — after him,
c: Theologians point out that the orderliness of God and our moral accountability imply an orderly and predictable world as the overwhelming pattern of events,
d: Where also, the openness to Divine action beyond the usual course of nature for good purposes, implies that miracles are signs and as such need to stand out against the backdrop of such an orderly cosmos? [If you think not, why not?]
15: In light of all these and more, is the concept that we may legitimately, scientifically infer to design on inductively grounded signs such as FSCO/I a reasonable and scientific endeavour? Why or why not?
16: In that same light, is it the case that such a design theory proposal has been disestablished by actual observations contrary to its pivotal inductions and inferences to best explanations? (Or, has the debate mostly pivoted on latter-day attempted redefinition of science and its methods though so-called methodological naturalism that a priori undercuts the credibility of “undesirable” explanatory models of the past?) Why do you come to your conclusion?
17: Is it fair to hold – on grounds that inference to the best evolutionary materialism approved explanation of the past is not the same as inference to the best explanation of the past in light of all reasonably possible causal factors that could have been at work – that there is a problem of evolutionary materialist ideological dominance of relevant science, science education, and public policy institutions? Why or why not? . . . .
18: In light of concerns raised since Plato in The Laws Bk X on and up to the significance of challenge posed by Anscombe and others, that a worldview must have a foundational IS that can objectively ground OUGHT, how does evolutionary materialism – a descriptive term for the materialistic, blind- chance- and- necessity- driven- molecules- to- Mozart view of the world – cogently address morality in society and resolve the challenge that it opens the door to the rise of ruthless nihilistic factions whose view is in effect that as a consequence of living in a materialistic world, knowledge and values are inherently only subjective and/or relative so that might and manipulation make ‘right’? >>
[Notice, the answers from a design perspective that I and others have had to offer have been linked immediately following, through the exposition at IOSE etc.]
_______________
I observe just above the continued irresponsible pretence that design thinkers are unable to address the definition and quantification of information that functions in linguistic/ semantic and/or algorithmic contexts. This is false, and has been shown false ever since the objector Patrick’s MathGrrl persona posed the question.
The upshot of this is that we can measure information using the Shannon metric, modified to account for function and specificity [in various ways, I give one simple way, per observed linguistic or algorithmic function] and that we can on needle in haystack grounds establish a threshold beyond which it is maximally implausible that FSCO/I beyond that threshold has been achieved without intelligently directed organising work, IDOW, i.e. design.
Namely:
Chi_500 = I*S – 500, bits beyond the solar system threshold
In particular, let us note form the OP how UB speaks of information:
This precisely fits a generalised Shannon info comms network model (I omit noise but it is pervasive, especially in the channel):
Source –> Encoder > Modulator > Transmitter –> /channel/
/channel/ –> Receiver > Demodulator > Decoder –> Sink
For info to move from source to sink via a channel or by intermediate storage, there must be encoding and modulation, then transmission to the channel [or the storage medium] of some physical variable connected to the material objects that carry out the functions. Similarly, this requires certain protocols, which establish rules of symbolisation and communication across the channel.
Once the receiver is in place and can detect the signal, we then can demodulate and decode, to produce a form amenable to the sink. For each level in eh process, there is a protocol, an arrangement of correspondence that allows for transforming the input and reversing the transformation to yield the output message.
In simple AM for instance, a microphone transfers signals from air pressure variations to electrical analogues with a more or less linear transformation. This is then imposed as a modulation of the amplitude of an oscillator usually at much higher frequencies, often by simply varying power supply amplitude. This is then transferred to an antenna and coupled tot he air as radio waves. A receiving antenna then tunes to the carrier frequency and picks up the signal, which is then usually boosted and may be switched to intermediate frequencies by heterodyning, it being convenient to process at a fixed frequency, often 455 kHz. The IF signal is then demodulated, often by being fed into a low pass filter with a half wave rectifier, recovering the baseband audio electrical analogue signal. This is used to drive audio amplifiers and then a loudspeaker that recreates the original sound with more or less of fidelity.
In the living cell, we have a digital comms system that uses sequences of nucleic acid bases and their configurations to store 4-state signals, similar to how dot patterns in braille encode the alphabet or prongs in a Yale type lock encode the sequence to open a lock.
A complex process unwinds targetted DNA and transcribes to messenger RNA, which then is processed to remove non-coding segments and has a header and tail on it, and is then passed through a port in the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum that has the ribosomes. A ribosome captures the tape and begins coding from the head end with UGA, Methionine. In succession tRNA molecules add required AA’s to make a protein until the end codon is reached. The protein chain is released and may be chaperoned to fold into useful form.
Here the information that determines protein sequence is stored in DNA, is transferred in mRNA and is translated using the separate coded loading of tRNA with the correct AA’s, using a configuration detection by loading enzymes. The AA’s are added to a standard CCA coupler end, so the bond does not physically determine which AA goes on which tRNA.
Thus we see an irreducibly complex communication network used in protein synthesis, and it is immediately an instance of the general system Shannon discussed.
We routinely and easily see that the basic info content of the three-base codon is 2 bits [4-states] * 3 = 6 bits [2^6 = 64 possible states as the codon table illustrates . . . ], but also that the generally observed pattern that real codes have some degree of difference in frequency of character states means that the code uses a bit less than that per codon. Also, we have several codon states that carry the same AA meaning and three stop codons.
We see here the impression of information unto matter, using rules, and a structured functional system of communication, one that is central to the processes of cell based life. We also see that we do have a storage and transmission side and a receiver side to the process. There are definite rules of correspondence on the TX and Rx sides, and these allow information to have effect in a material entity, by impressing information unto matter using conventions, to FORM matter to convey message using a FORM-al system.
None of this is particularly hard to find out, if one does not know it already.
That for weeks and months there is a strident insistence on denying and dismissing such, is utterly revealing on the blinding power of evolutionary materialist ideology.
F/N: Arbitrary is often used in science and technology to mean in effect conventional, not predetermined by mechanical necessity, i.e. to be determined on chance or by choice or by convention. So, for instance, there is nothing that determines that 455 kHZ and 11.7 MHz should be intermediate frequencies used in radio systems, but it is a convenient choice that has become an industry standard. Similarly the ASCII codes for the various glyphs used as alphanumeric characters in English text is arbitrary as say the existence of alternaticve schemes such as EBCDIC shows. Similarly we see conventional differences between English and American spellings of words and even choices of words for objects. In Jamaica it is a gully, here it is a Ghaut. In the US is it the hood, in the UK it is the bonnet of a car. In the UK, Japan and the Caribbean we drive on the left of the road, in the US, and a lot of other places — including Belize BTW, on the right. And so forth. The attempts to endlessly debate the common usage of “arbitrary” as UB has in sci-tech contexts, reflects willful ignorance or worse, as there are sci tech people even on the objector side who MUST be familiar with the usage.
And of course there are dialects in the DNA code [e.g. Mitochondrial DNA], which immediately tells us that it is conventional and not a matter of necessity.
@KF#337
KF: F/N For those puzzled by the debate over verification, falsification, corroboration and induction, this little introductory note on Popper’s challenges with corroboration should suffice to show that tested empirical support for a claim is still important and provides a degree of warrant for accepting (provisionally of course) those which have a good track record of testing and prediction.
See here and here.
To summarize, Salman is a justificationist, yet he has not formulated a principle of induction that actually works, in practice. Popper presents a straight forward logical argument as to why justification is impossible, which Salman did not refute.
The same of criticism addressed here in this very thread where Salman exhibits the second of three attitudes.
IOW, these criticisms reflect confusion about Popper’s attitude. And they stem from the fact that, as justificationists, they simply cannot see it any other way. As such, they assume justification must be true.
And there are plenty more misrepresentations of Popper. A few of which can be found here.
Again, to reiterate…
Inductivism is suffers from the same fundamental flaw.
Thank you Onlooker. I probably couldn’t have found a better example of Definition Derby. After Reciprocating Bill/Diffaxial/Voice Coil was forced to concede both his points of contention, he was understandably looking to save some face. And THIS ridiculous position is the one that worked for him.
What does he say?
Really?
There are “required material conditions” for the transfer of recorded information, which are sufficient to confirm that such a transfer took place. If such a transfer did in fact take place, then these material conditions will be found as a “necessary result” of that transfer.
Like I said, it’s a pathetic manner in which to have to justify yourself – to insulate your beliefs from any evidence to the contrary.
OK Kairosfocus, Toronto tried to answer you:
Most likely because of your posts.
No, you just have to find supporting evidence.
The problem is that your position doesn’t have any supporting evidence.
Science is not about “proof”. And your position cannot be proven.
Inferences are based on evidence, duh.
Show us that Stonehenge builders had motive and means- you can’t. The best science can do is say there must have been a motive and means because there is Stonehenge.
If we knew that then we wouldn’t need science. But prove me wrong by demonstrating how the “semiotic code” arose via blind and undirected processes.
As for your insinuation that RB did not concede my point:
CR
Representations are not abstractions?
I have stated on this thread:
What more do you need?
Joe:
Toronto seems to forget that he featured as a poster child of irresponsible commentary for his comment at TSZ here (if it is still there):
That is a clear accusation that inference to best current explanation on empirical evidence is circular reasoning.
I don’t have a lot of time just now, I will clip my comments in rebuttal in the OP already linked:
It seems Toronto is trying to back away from this blunder, by pretending it did not exist.
Telling.
KF
Upright BiPed,
I notice that you are careful not to link to the actual exchange, making it that much more difficult for any readers to view it in context and draw their own conclusions.
Reciprocating Bill addressed your equivocation himself shortly after you made it.
Flint also called you on it:
So, do you think nobody notices?
Joe
Second pause.
The entire context of my discussion has been inference to best explanation as an inductive inference on empirically reliable sign. Where the empirical investigation of possible causes, within our observation, is able to identify characteristic results of known causes, and so we may identify signs. This has been cogently discussed over and over again, just irresponsibly brushed aside.
As for how the original information and functional organisation were placed into the first living cells, the best answer is that there is more than one way to skin a cat-fish. We have a sign of intelligent cause as opposed to chance contingency, but that leaves open specific mechanism.
It suffices that we already see some possible methods on what Venter et al are doing. That is taken up in onward questions in the list.
In short, a credibly sufficient cause would be a sufficiently advanced molecular nanotech lab. Indeed we will probably have such labs within the next several generations. (My interest, though is at a higher scale, a self-replicating industrial system suitable for transforming 3rd world communities and for space colonisation. (As in solar system.)
NASA has already done studies towards such.
A bit grandiose and expensive, but the Rep Rap and kin are already pointing to some possibilities on a more useful scale.
KF
Onlooker,
So when Bill finally conceded my point, he also positioned his concession as non-consequencial. How surprising, right?
He added:
And you think that by leaving this out of the concession, I have left out tremendous context, right?
But it is you who has left out the context. Bill argued for two months (over my repeated objections) that he needn’t even address the content of the argument because of a perceived logical flaw which he eventually forced to conceded away.
Then upon concession, he pleads ‘its subject to evidence’.
Well, no duh. That is exactly the way it was presented both before and after his concession. The argument is subject to evidence – which is exactly what he was unwilling to address.
How about THAT context Skippy? Do you think no one noticed?
You can keep bringing it Onlooker. But, you will lose every time.
And since it’s subject to the material evidence, why don’t you take a shot at it Onlooker?
Which of the material observations is false?
KF, thank you for your post at 334.
I’m paying 10 to 1 that Onlooker returns with more justification/obfuscation instead of demonstrating a falsity in the material observations.
Who’s in?
🙂
UB I see a couple of typos, 505 coins and 100 – 1,000 kbits in the basic genome. KF
Something is wrong today, 504 coins.
CR:
I see: Salman is a justificationist, yet he has not formulated a principle of induction that actually works, in practice.
In fact, no basis of warrant, including mathematics post Godel, delivers absolute certainty. What we live with is defeat-able reason and reason-able faith inextricably intertwined in the roots of all worldviews.
As to induction, from Newton and Locke forward, we see a pattern of reasonable and provisional warrant not claims of absolute certainty. Where, however, some conclusions are strong enough to be morally certain.
KF
F/N: It is illuminating to compare the issue actually raised — the implications of the challenge of corroboration in a world where any number of hyps may not have been falsified — to the tangential issue CR chose to highlight.
On the tangent, I simply suggest there is abundant evidence that we live in a world that is full of reliable patterns, so inductive reasoning albeit provisional, is a good strategy of reasoning. Avi Sion has aptly summed up:
So, induction is not the species of utter irrationality that has been suggested. There is even a principle of provisional reasonable warrant.
The previously linked is interesting on the corroboration challenge:
Now, the reasonable man’s answer is the obvious one. We live in a world where the sun reliably rises on mornings, and where even chance processes follow lawful patterns. So, it is reasonable to expect to be able to read such patterns from the course of general experience, at least sufficiently to make generally reliable predictions that can guide decision-making. These are error prone but in many cases have high reliability and indeed no prospect of being overturned.
So, we have every reason to cautiously trust well tested patterns to be reliable, especially in regions of performance that are well tested. The best present explanation is a reasonable model for the future, and a lot better than no model. If a new one comes along that is sufficiently superior, a switch can always be made.
And given the value of truthfulness, it is worth insisting that scientific models should be potentially truth-bearing. That way, at a minimum they cannot be known false, or known impossible. (A model that works can be even defiantly or ludicrously false as long as it is reliable, the models used in many systems of electronic circuit design being a capital case in point. My favourite being “transistor man” who watches the input current and adjusts the output circuit to follow a rule, e.g. Ic = beta*Ib. Talk about Angels pushing!)
The founding scientists could with equanimity accept that hey were finite, fallible and often mistaken, but had a confidence in the intelligibility of nature reflected in one of their favourite terms: laws of nature.
This reflected their confidence in the Architect and Builder of the cosmos whose thoughts they sought to think after him.
(And BTW, that there is a usual course of nature under such an Architect, is equally untroubled by the thought that for good reason that Architect may occasionally act beyond the usual course of the world. The over-wrought panic of today’s materialists at the imagined chaos that a world in which miracles could happen, is inadvertently revealing of a deep epistemic insecurity. That insecurity is also reflected in many of the over-wrought concerns we can see concerning inductive reasoning.)
I find that behind much of the huffing and puffing today, is a loss of confidence consequential on the rise of inherently irrational and self-refuting evolutionary materialism.
KF
Upright Biped defeated by bald assertion:
Of course by “strong” he means he is really convinced it was via darwinian means. Really, really convinced and you would be too if you didn’t require steenkin’ evidence.
Reciprocating Bill adds:
Start demonstrating- if you could have you would have. So what are you waiting for?
I have my pencil, notepad and magnifying glass ready- anytime you are ready…
onlooker:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-432406
Answered:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-432420
Asked again:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-432731
Answered again:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-432740
Asked yet again:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-432765
And again:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-432927
Answered yet again:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-432931
Yeah, we see what you’re all about.
Cut paste repeat.
Your claim to want to move the debate forward has been exposed as a lie. You have no such interest.
If you did, you would reflect upon what is involved in the transfer of the thoughts in your head into a form that can be transmitted over the internet just to appear on some web site where others can read it and respond.
I bet you’d find that once you started banging on your keyboard BITS and BYTES and ASCII start to rear their ugly heads and that key on your keyboard with an I on it somehow when you pushed it ended up producing an effect of a character appearing on your computer screen that looked oddly similar.
Now pull that key off your keyboard and swap it for another key and then press it again. Now what appears on your screen?
Mung, You seem to be leaving off my own contribution that elaborated just what is going on with not only bits but the wider info comms system. O/L is in the position of the monkey who so unwisely climbed higher and higher and higher, to crow its triumphs. Splang, zoot, thunk [arrow hits home], THUD [poor monkey falls], arrow-pierced monkey-meat for lunch (at least that’s my reading of a common Caribbean proverb: de higher monkey climb, de more ‘im expose ‘imself . . . as in, lunch). O/L has for some time been simply about recycling already adequately answered objections to be disruptive here and to allow those elsewhere to continue to drum out the intoxicating claims of fallacious and poisonous talking points without having to look at whether they are well grounded in light of evidence. Drumming it out and chanting hypnotically do not turn fallacy into soundness. As in, info has standard units, and FSCO/I can be measured in ways that build on such. Bits that do a particular job in a particular context are after all quite familiar. And it is a fact, on much experience and one backed up by analysis, that blind chance and necessity cannot credibly account for FSCO/I, but IDOW* — design — does routinely in our observation. And so forth. KF
*PS: Intelligently directed organising work, such as O/L carries out when he punches keys on computer keyboards in correct sequence to compose and post messages of objection here at UD.
Now Toronto is still asking for a mechanism, which is strange because I have already provided that. And it is clear, via scientific testing, that their mechanism is NOT up to the task of creating semiotic states. Natural selection doesn’t do anything- we know that from many years of observation and testing.
And get this, if we don’t know how the designer loaded the first cells with the software required then we don’t have anything. Yet archaeologists can determine something is an artifact BEFORE knowing the mechanism used to make it. Toronto does not understand science.
So Toronto, ID has a mechanism that has been tested and PROVEN to be able to construct semiotic systems. YOUR position’s mechanisms have also been tested and found wanting.
Those are the facts. You can continue to ignore them because you love your ignorance but just remember ignorance is not a refutation.
Upright BiPed,
Your use of the word “conceded” is disingenuous. What actually happened was that you used the word “entailments” incorrectly, were called on it by Reciprocating Bill, and later used it correctly. Reciprocating Bill acknowledged that correct usage. You are mistaking a pat on the head for some kind of victory.
Reciprocating Bill has addressed your distortions further at TSZ. Anyone still interested can get the facts for themselves there. I’m done discussing it in this thread since you are using it as yet another distraction from your failure to clarify your semiotic argument.
Upright BiPed,
I’ll be happy to address the issue of any material observations once we’ve gotten to that point in your argument. At the moment, as I’m sure you’ll recall, we’re stuck on your paragraph 3 until you man up and address the open issues. They are:
– How exactly can information be measured?
– Does information, by your definition, have standard units?
– Does your definition correspond to any standard definitions?
– What is your precise definition of “arbitrary”?
– Please restate your premise “If there is an arrangement of matter that constitutes information, that arrangement is necessarily arbitrary to the thing to which the information refers.” to clarify exactly what you are trying to communicate.
– What does “necessarily arbitrary” mean in that premise?
I look forward to making some progress in understanding your argument. Unfortunately, based on your previous patterns of behavior I predict that you will continue to refuse to answer directly, throw up numerous transparent distractions, and ultimately run away from the discussion while claiming victory. Please prove me wrong.
Mung,
Upright BiPed’s definition of information is this:
D2. Information: a) the form of a thing
b) a measured aspect
c) a measured quality
d) a measured preference
He has yet to explain why he uses the word “measured” if measurement is not important. He has also yet to clarify this definition, which is both imprecise and not apparently related to more widely used definitions of the word.
If you’d like to take a shot at making it more clear, and Upright BiPed agrees with your formulation, that would be most helpful.
Here is my specific usage of the word “entailment” to which Bill objected for two months (before conceded its proper use). You would like to claim it is incorrect? Please point out the incorrect use:
Folks:
I see O/L is playing the EL, MG etc trick — pretending that that which has been cogently answered any number of times is unanswered and presumably unanswerable. bet your bottom dollar that that is how it will be played in the fever swamps for years to come.
Just scroll up folks, to see how many times he has been answered on what info is and how it can be measured in the relevant senses, but refuses to respond responsibly.
And when he takes up something new it is only to project another hyperskeptical challenge this time to cast doubts on what it means to measure.
Measurements are used to assign values on scales, O/L et al — ratio scales, interval scales, ordinal scales and nominal ones, per comparison with standard values for such scales.
It turns out that digital entities use nominal scales based on thresholds, with the bit being 1/0, T/F. N/S On/Off, Hi/Lo etc. We usually do a contrast with analogue or continuous scales — between any two values there is a valid state.
The 4-state genome code is G/C/A/T (or for RNA, U).
My favourite contrast is the ladder vs the rope. Between rungs there is no valid state, but you can hang on to a rope at any point. That is how I used to teach my intro Digital Electronics classes.
I will bet that this will not be good enough.
NOTHING will ever be good enough because this is not the root problem. This is the distraction form the a priori, self-refuting materialism that is driving the agenda, and which is also — as Plato warned 2350 years ago — feeding the ruthless amoral materialist factionism we see coming from the fever swamps. (And, it is highly likely that O/L is a sock-puppet for one of these. Joe and I have some suspicions.)
That, on my considered opinion, is a clear mark of someone here only to derail focus, polarise and deflect attention, not to seriously dialogue.
But such and their misbehaviour can be exposed for reasonable people to see through what is going on.
KF
Joe:
The mechanism of design is IDOW: intelligently directed organising work, that imparts the functionally specific or otherwise desired configuration.
We see it going on all around us, so it is only the willfully blind who will not acknowledge its reality.
And when it comes to the applicability of IDOW to cell-scale technologies, just note what Venter et al have already done.
“There is none so blind as he who WILL not see!”
“If the light in you is darkness, how great is your darkness!”
KF
Buy a dictionary toronto, design is a mechanism- that is according to the standard and accepted definitions of the words “mechanism” and “design”.
And AGAIN toronto, reality says that we don’t have to know how BEFORE determining design. Your position can’t say how beyond vague claims of accumulating mutations.
And finally (again) your position’s mechanisms have been analyzed and cannot do what is required.
KF: I see O/L is playing the EL, MG etc trick — pretending that that which has been cogently answered any number of times is unanswered and presumably unanswerable. bet your bottom dollar that that is how it will be played in the fever swamps for years to come.
I have reached a stage, sadly, where I am no longer able to read posts by CR and O/L as they have not moved the discussion any further forward, like I hoped they would.
There has been very little of any real value from either of them, and I don’t think we can expect anything of any real substance possibly forthcoming.
To say I’m dissapointed would be putting it mildly.
I had hoped for much better.
Peter,
That is how I felt in discussion with Mike Elzinga. If he would have just set aside his ideological war long enough to address the material issues.
Not going to happen.
Joe:
Has Toronto ever designed something?
Built to a design?
Debugged and got it to work?
Has he paid attention tot he progress of genetic modification/engineering technologies with Venter and co as illustrative of one way to do it?
Or, is he just whining.
Let’s see, IDOW:
Sure sounds like a method/mechanism to me. Do I need to call names like TRIZ again?
KF
And repeated yet again:
http://www.uncommondescent.com.....ent-433018
Like a broken record.
Don’t want to enter into a discussion? Just repeat your demands again.
Well, two can play that game. But rather than go the copy and paste route I’ll just post a link.
Let us know when you have answered these questions Onlooker.
A Test of Sincerity
So far, you’ve failed the test.
onlooker:
Upright BiPed:
Sorry onlooker, I don’t believe I can make it any more clear than that.
And your response has been simply to tell Upright BiPed that he’s wrong because it’s of consequence to you and you’re the one asking the question.
Red Herring
toronto chokes:
But a dicttionary toronto, your ignorance is not a refutation.
Design is to create, fashion, execute, or construct according to plan.
A plan is a process, technique, or system for achieving a result.
Therefor design is a mechanism.
It is a very simple and basic thing to understand.
As a matter of fact the only people who don’t think that design is a mechansim are uneducated people.
oops:
A mechanism is a a process, technique, or system for achieving a result-
Design is to create, fashion, execute, or construct according to plan.
A plan is a process, technique, or system for achieving a result.
Therefor design is a mechanism.
It is a very simple and basic thing to understand.
As a matter of fact the only people who don’t think that design is a mechansim are uneducated people.
All of that is in the dictionaries toronto…
How the Game is Played.
Read an OP.
Pretend to not understand the terms.
Ask for definitions of the terms.
Ask for clarifications of the definitions.
Dispute at every turn.
Assert you’re just seeking clarity.
Amend the terms and ask if the amended term is what the author really meant to say all along.
When asked to supply your own definitions of the terms, claim your own definitions and understanding of the terms are irrelevant.
Why is it so important to avoid stating your own understanding of the terms?
1. People would be able to see that your understanding is no different than the way the term is being used, exposing the real intent of your pretended lack of understanding.
2. The author of the OP would be able to amend your terms to bring clarity (which is the last thing you really want).
3. You know you’re just playing a game, and don’t want the game to be turned against you.
There’s no one watching this thread that doesn’t see exactly what is going on.
Perhaps onlooker is a sock puppet. But he also may jst be the most recent graduate from The School of Intellectual Dishonesty.
And another round of ignorance:
We do it just as archaeologists and forensics do it. Ya see toronto, we could not have known the specs beforehand because we were NOT the designer. WE can only look at the design and attempt to deduce the spec.
And obvioulsy your position has nothing because you are reduced to spewing your ignorance- well that is all you do anyway…
UB: Which of the material observations is false?
Which assumes it’s possible to extrapolate observations without first putting them into an explanatory framework. This is yet another false assumption of inductivism…
From a comment contrasting Critical Rationalism and Inductivism on another thread..
This is why I keep pointing out the flaws in Inductivism.
Justificationism is simply impossible. But, by all means, feel free to present a “principle of induction” that actually works in practice. All I’ve seen so far is claims that “everyone knows induction works” or “everyone uses it, so it must be true”, along with common misconceptions, which doesn’t refute Popper’s criticism.
Show me how you can justify whatever it is you use to justify something, etc.
Furthermore, it’s apparent that many here are not actually familiar with Popper’s criticism or hold significant misconceptions. For example, KF wrote…
Yet this is clearly at odd with Popper’s Critical Rationalism. Nor does “we have a clear understanding of scientific knowledge as provisional, and warranted on induction” refute Popper’s criticism.
Which brings me back to my original criticism. The argument is parochial in that it ignores other forms of epistemology and assumes all theories should be reductive in nature. You might not “like” or “believe” in the alternatives, but that is irrelevant to my criticism.
Again, it’s as if you simply cannot recognize your conception of human knowledge as an idea that would be subject to criticism. Rather, you uncritically assume it is true.
UB: Which of the material observations is false?
CR: Which assumes it’s possible to extrapolate observations without first putting them into an explanatory framework.
So place the observations into the explanatory framework of your choice and answer the question.
F/N: before I head off, let me remind all of the clip from Newton in Opticks Query 31 (1704), where the inductive approach to scientific method was laid out long before this exchange and which has been sitting in the IOSE appendix on methods all along. I think I have even clipped it before:
_____________
>> As in Mathematicks, so in Natural Philosophy, the Investigation of difficult Things by the Method of Analysis, ought ever to precede the Method of Composition. This Analysis consists in making Experiments and Observations, and in drawing general Conclusions from them by Induction, and admitting of no Objections against the Conclusions, but such as are taken from Experiments, or other certain Truths. For [speculative] Hypotheses are not to be regarded in experimental Philosophy. And although the arguing from Experiments and Observations by Induction be no Demonstration of general Conclusions; yet it is the best way of arguing which the Nature of Things admits of, and may be looked upon as so much the stronger, by how much the Induction is more general. And if no Exception occur from Phaenomena, the Conclusion may be pronounced generally. But if at any time afterwards any Exception shall occur from Experiments, it may then begin to be pronounced with such Exceptions as occur. By this way of Analysis we may proceed from Compounds to Ingredients, and from Motions to the Forces producing them; and in general, from Effects to their Causes, and from particular Causes to more general ones, till the Argument end in the most general. This is the Method of Analysis: And the Synthesis consists in assuming the Causes discover’d, and establish’d as Principles, and by them explaining the Phaenomena proceeding from them, and proving the Explanations. [[Emphases added.] >>
_____________
The strawmannisation of inductive thought in science, should be plain to anyone looking on with an open mind.
Plainly, Newton held that inductive methods yielded potentially true conclusions but not conclusions demonstrated beyond correction. And Locke, writing at roughly the same time, was quite similar, making the comment that we have no excuse to protest that we have not bright sunlight, if we have candle light, echoing BTW, Prov 20:27.
This, too I have cited.
And I have noted how ever since Godel, even deductive systems are left less than beyond all doubt. Also, that in science we not only have theory refinement but theory replacement. When it comes to Popper the critical issue remains the need to account for why stick with corroborated theories, which is in my opinion tantamount to the same basic concept of inference to best current empirically tested and reasonably reliable explanation.
So — sadly — there is no responsiveness on CR’s part, to the evidence and actual argument put forward ever since Newton et al, only the putting up and knocking over of a strawman caricature.
And also, it looks like all of this grand exercise on methods and the credibility of inductive reasoning — yes that is what is being challenged — is a distraction. For in the end we are back at best current provisional and empirically reliable explanation.
Bottomline, there is by implication of evasion no real solid objection on the merits to informed design inference based thinking so the objections have majored on distractions and abstruse speculations on whether or not inductive reasoning is reasonable.
KF
Bits, Nats, and Hartleys
So petrushka and toronto prove that they do not understand the English language nor science, and Allan Miller chimes in with his special pleading- “The OoL and the first living organisms didn’t need no steenking proteins to make proteins- the RNA world, blah, blah, blibbidy-blibbidy,blah”
Well Allan blind and undirected chemical processes have yet to be demonstrated to provide a RNA world AND the RNA world has never been demonstrated to give rise to something else- oh and the RNA world hasn’t even been demonstrated to exist.
So if imagination were evidence, you would have a point…
Haven’t heard of Nats and Hartleys in a LOONG time!
From the OP:
I see the letter ‘A’ appear on my computer screen.
That’s the effect. Letter ‘A’ appears on screen. Some arrangement of matter presumably brought about that effect. The arrangement of matter which brought about that effect we call a representation.
Good so far?
Could some other arrangement of matter within the system have brought about that same effect?
I press the key on my keyboard that is displaying the ‘A’ symbol. An ‘a’ appears on my computer screen. That constitutes a transfer of information.
It is not logically possible that the representation which evoked the effect of the ‘a’ on my screen as a result of the pressing of the ‘A’ key on my keyboard is immaterial.
I honestly don’t see the difficulty people claim to have with this argument. Are they of a mind that immaterial entities can bring about physical effects in a material system without bringing about an arrangement of matter?
onlooker:
Relevance, please. Are you claiming that if we cannot measure the amount of information transmitted that we cannot know that any information was transmitted at all?
You assert that if you press the letter ‘A’ on your keyboard and the letter ‘a’ appears on your screen that this either does not involve a transfer of information or that you cannot be sure that it does?
onlooker:
Relevance, please. Where did Upright BiPed define “information”?
onlooker:
I guess that answers my previous question.
Do you have any reason whatsoever to believe that Upright BiPed means, by his use of the term information, anything other than what is commonly understood by the term and available from any standard dictionary?
Red Herring
Also Known as: Smoke Screen, Wild Goose Chase.
Description of Red Herring
A Red Herring is a fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to “win” an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic. This sort of “reasoning” has the following form:
Topic A is under discussion.
Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A).
Topic A is abandoned.
This sort of “reasoning” is fallacious because merely changing the topic of discussion hardly counts as an argument against a claim.
The Red Herring
Yes indeed, what do we do with the red herring?
Topic B is introduced (How exactly can information be measured?) under the guise of being relevant to topic A (I need to understand everything that can possibly be known about information in order to grasp your argument) when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A.
That’s right. Irrelevant.
Topic A in this case is whether information can be transmitted in a material system (a material universe) without a material representation (without using a representation instantiated in matter).
Information was transmitted for thousands of years before Claude Shannon ever came along and defined a measure.
http://www.amazon.com/dp/1400096235
Question for Upright and others, why is none of this or any other research guided by ID principles, presented at mainstream science conferences?
CR:
I need to add to Mung, this, on the strawman fallacy (which, strictly speaking is a species of red herring — a willfully introduced and sustained distractive irrelevancy . . . ), from the IEP fallacy page:
On points:
1 –> Now, CR, you have had ample opportunity to know that the issue of the relevance of induction to the design theory question is being considered in a context where Toronto suggested that inductive reasoning by inference to best current explanation is question-begging or arguing in a circle.
2 –> You further know or should know that it was pointed out to him that first, inductive arguments are now understood as arguments where evidence supports but does not demonstrate the claim being made, such that inference to best current explanation — contrary to a claim made earlier — is an inductive argument.
3 –> Where also, the competition across possible explanations and the choosing of a superior one across factual adequacy [including predictive power regarding new facts], coherence and explanatory simplicity as opposed to both simplisticness and ad hoc-ery, are material considerations as to whether a given argument is “best.” IF, any given explanation is best. (That, too was explicitly pointed out as a “we may have to live with it” possibility.)
4 –> So, the false charge of question-begging falls to the ground, per this comparative process.
5 –> Similarly, you know or should know that the degree of warrant discussed is provisional, i.e. following Newton et al, it is understood that such reasoning is not ultimately demonstrative beyond possible correction. Thus, best CURRENT explanation.
6 –> Which superiority of warrant, moreover, is not assessed in any metric probability space, the issue is that we have that which is well warranted per the comparative process, and is empirically reliable; also, potentially actually true. (This is where scientific theories differ from models, which can be even ludicrously false so long as they deliver useful results in a zone of tested applicability, as the “Transistor man” model of the BJT in say Horowitz and Hill shows. So soon as a theory shows itself false, it is a model and/or empirically unreliable in that zone of falsity.)
7 –> In addition, per Avi Sion’s apt summary, it has been highlighted that we live in a world that is known to exhibit strong patterns of predictable regularity [e.g the rising of the sun, the falling of objects under gravity, the breatheability of air, the friction we rely on to walk or drive, etc etc etc . . . ], regularities that can be summed up in models, hypothesised principles, empirical laws, and explanatory theories.
8 –> Thus, as he writes and as you have been repeatedly given but have ignored even as you pursue a tangential discussion across several threads:
9 –> So, the reasonable man will reckon with both our finitude and fallibility on the one hand, and the evident presence of reliable uniformities — including in many cases where randomness itself follows regular patterns [e.g. Gaussian, Binomial and Weibull distributions etc] — on the other. Hence the Newtonian premise that we accept general claims that have stood the test, subject not to unsupported contrary speculations but to correction in light of further evidence of observation and/or contradiction to known certainties, i.e. discovery of incoherence where the other claim is known true and/or of incoherence within the framework, it being accepted that A AND NOT_A is an absurdity and necessarily false.
10 –> In this context, well-grounded scientific knowledge claims are seen as fallible but well warranted per inference to best current explanation. That is, we have here a weak form knowledge claim, with provisionality but with confidence in empirical reliability and potential — and in some cases morally certain — truthfulness. (This last, meaning that one would be irresponsible to resume the balance of evidence and reliability as misleading such that one may freely assume the falsity and ignore the claim in decisions of significant import, e.g. a court case or a case of potential tort through negligence of duties of care.)
11 –> Now, the above may be many things, but it is not a naive inductivism or justificationism. You have set up and knocked over a strawman repeatedly, despite correction and even protest. Beyond a certain point, that sort of behaviour is not merely error but deceit. You are unfortunately, quite close to that threshold of willfully or insistently deceptive neglect of duties of care to accuracy and fairness. Continuing misrepresentation is a form of deceit.
12 –> Now, further, I have pointed out that in discussing actual scientific progress, Popper, whose flag you fly, has been forced to suggest a concept of corroboration. Where, well tested theories are seen as “corroborated.”
13 –> This — so far as I have gathered over the years since I first saw it — is not seen as meaning “probably true” and assignable to some specific numerical or nominal and rankable degree of probability on some scale, but in effect as tested and found empirically reliable thus reasonable to take seriously until and unless later defeated by further evidence and/or logical argument.
14 –> So far as this has some merit, it is speaking of a kind and degree of warrant. Where I beg to differ is this: since we do live in a world full of highly reliable and in some cases morally certain inductively supported regularities and truths, there are also many cases where is IS possible to assign a position of degree of warrant on a nominal but ranked scale, or a numerical scale.
15 –> For instance, it is morally certain that we are mortal, and that the sun will rise on the morrow, that dropped heavy objects near earth fall at an initial acceleration of 9.8 N/kg, and that if such an object is a fair die, the probability of any of its six faces coming up when it settles, is 1/6.
16 –> Similarly, it may be seriously argued that it is well warranted that mechanical necessity, chance and/or intelligently directed choice and organising work are causal factors that we may see in action, much as when we look at the screen of an old fashioned analogue cathode ray oscilloscope we “see” an electron beam in action writing a trace across the screen. (In such a case it is silly pedantry to insist that we have never seen an electron and must treat it as an unsupported or dubious hypothesis. Tell that to the engineers who designed my personal favourite, trusty good old Tektronix 465 ‘scope. I contend — on much support — that much the same holds for the pretence that necessity, chance and choice are dubious when presented as causal factors.)
17 –> It is in that context that I have argued that in a lot of scientific work, we deal with things that we do not or even cannot directly observe. Electrons count. Stars count. The remote past of origins counts.
18 –> For centuries, scientists have investigated such things on traces coming from what we do not see, which are consistent with inferred best explanation causes and reliably observable characteristic effects we can more directly observe.
19 –> So, we for instance routinely infer the composition, surface temperatures and structure as well as likely life cycle position of remote stars from various analyses of apparent brightness, peak spectral wavelength, Fraunhoffer lines, etc. [Cf. here on for my discussion at 101 level.]
20 –> Likewise, we routinely accept inference to best explanation in light of characteristic signs, not only in looking at a deer track (cf. UD discussion here) but also in looking at signs of necessity in action [low contingency natural regularities in certain aspects of a system’s behaviour — a pendulum’s swinging], chance based process [stochastically distributed contigencies — Gaussian errors in observations] , and choice [e.g. functionally specific, complex organisation and/or information — e.g. the text of this post].
21 –> For telling instance, when we have a communication system and see a received apparent signal of some complexity that bears evident information, we routinely and reliably infer to intelligent message not mere lucky noise. Indeed, we actually use the diverse “signatures” of signals and noise to establish the key quality metric: signal to noise [power] ratio.
22 –> This is the context in which information is a relevant concept and observable-measurable phenomenon, manifest in how material objects and/or wave-based signals are modulated to carry intelligent messages, which may be in analogue waves or coded representations.
23 –> As UB has emphasised in the OP and in subsequent exchanges, such information is expressed using material representations, which manipulate forces and materials of nature intelligently. The screen on which you are most likely reading this post is a case in point, as are the various bits and pieces of electronics that back it up.
24 –> It is reasonable to infer from such FSCO/I, that intelligence was involved and that these entities manifest information, which is observable and measurable to the point where the bit is now a common unit and term in our culture. As Mung just reminded me, Nats and Hartleys didn’t make it as these are less convenient, never mind that in the world of logarithms and math, base e logs are natural and base 10 Briggsian logs are — actually, were — overwhelmingly common. I guess the most common place to see base 10 logs in action these days is in decibel charts and log-log or log-linear plots. (Logs used to be so important that Gen Rommel memorised the log tables and used this to do all sorts of powerful analyses in his head. I don’t know if this was required in the old Imperial German Army’s cadet academies. I only happened on the case in a history book.)
25 –