Uncommon Descent Serving The Intelligent Design Community

What is “Evidence”

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This is a follow up to my Stupid Things Atheists Say post. Evolve is being obstinate in his idiocy. He does not seem to understand the rather simple distinction between “evidence” and “evaluation of evidence.” I will try to help him (whether a fool such as he can be helped remains to be seen; there are none so blind as those who refuse to see). I will try to spell it out in terms adopted to the meanest understanding:

What is “evidence”? The dictionary defines the word as follows: “the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.” The rules of evidence that I use in court define relevant evidence as anything that has a “tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence”  Note that for evidence to be evidence it need not compel a conclusion; it need only have a tendency to lead to the conclusion.

Suppose I am trying a case and the key issue in the trial is whether the light was green. I put on two witnesses who testify the light was green. Is this testimony evidence? Of course it is. The testimony has a tendency to make a fact of consequence to the case (i.e., the light was green) more probable than it would have been without the evidence. My opponent then puts on three witnesses who testify the light was red. That is evidence also.

The evidence closes; we make our closing statements; the jury is charged; and off the to the jury room they go. The jury then evaluates the evidence. Now suppose the jury comes back and says, “we find as a matter of fact that the light was red.” I lose the case. Did I lose the case because the jury had “absolutely no evidence” on which to find that the light was green?  Of course not. I presented evidence (i.e., testimony) that the light was green; presenting evidence is, after all, what a trial is about.  I lost the case not because there was no evidence the light was green.  I lost because the jury was unpersuaded by the evidence I submitted.

Now, if someone comes along and says I lost the case because there was “absolutely no evidence the light was green,” we would say that person was an idiot. Of course there was evidence. The evidence just did not persuade the decision maker.

Now, the evidence for God: All of the things I listed in my last post are evidence that God exists. Let’s take fine tuning as an example. There are a few possible explanations for fine tuning: Inexplicable brute fact; multiverse; God did it. The fact that God is at least a possible explanation for fine tuning means that fine tuning is evidence for the existence of God.

Who is the jury? Everyone is a juror. We all evaluate the evidence for God’s existence and come to a conclusion. I find the evidence from fine tuning very persuasive. If I were on the jury I would vote “God exists.” The fact that you would vote “God does not exist” does not mean there was “absolutely no evidence.” You are like the jurors who believed the light was red and were unpersuaded by the evidence that the light was green. It is not a matter of whether there was no evidence. It was a matter of the evaluation of the evidence.

I hope that helps. I doubt that it will since your ideological blinders seem to make you incapable of seeing anything outside of your narrow dogmatic myopic point of view.

Comments
ForJah, Could you explain these "laws" you are speaking of without reference to matter? You seem to be saying the laws are separate from matter, but that isn't the case. The "laws" have matter as their source. No matter, no laws. Now, are you further suggesting an infinitely existing universe? I suppose you know this is untenable, right? You'll immediately run into needing a natural cause to break the regress, but with no natural cause explanation available, as it is nature itself that is in need of explanation.Brent
February 15, 2015
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"So, in that sense, humans don’t really ‘create’. We develop new things but we always start with something that already exists." So the inductive reasoning for best explanation has no applicability to God. One reason I admire the design inference is because it's based on a POSITIVE inference. We see beings create CSFO/I, therefore intelligence is a good causal explanation. What you just did is say that we have never seen humans "create" in the way God creates...therefore, there IS NO positive causal link between ID and God. THUS why I have been asked someone to provide me an example where intelligence creates natural laws. So far no one has provided me with such a thing. Where do we even see humans being able to TINKER with the natural laws? If you want to understand what I'm talking about, let's assume that WE as intelligent beings created a computer program such as "the sims" and these characters actually developed the ability of being self-away and have intelligence so ask to ask the question "Where did I come from" to them...their universe appears to have had a beginning! The moment the computer software was finished and turned on, they also exists in a different state of matter than we do. They COULDN'T create what we are from within the program, to them, we are God but notice, we do not know all the laws of our universe, we are ignorant, we aren't all powerful, etc...etc.... That's all the inference does for me...if you are then going to say that we are in a computer program then it simply means that there ARE laws outside of this universe, and not created by it. ALSO it would remain true that the LAWS are the cause of the universe, and not God directly. So while it may be true that we owe the origination of the integration of the laws to an intelligence, the LAWS are the direct cause of why we are here, NOT Design.ForJah
February 15, 2015
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kairosfocus: the inference to design on FSCO/I is a well supported inductive inference to best explanation, not an assumption. Not only couldn't you provide the actual calculation of the FSCO/I of the example you recently introduced for that very purpose, but evolutionary algorithms are quite adept at navigating structured fitness landscapes of many sorts, hence generating very complex structures.Zachriel
February 15, 2015
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Z, the inference to design on FSCO/I is a well supported inductive inference to best explanation, not an assumption. There IS an assumption problem out there . . . the a priori evolutionary materialism so tellingly, inadvertently acknowledged by Lewontin. A turnabout projection simply inadvertently shows the real problem. KFkairosfocus
February 15, 2015
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Joe, Your criticisms are not persuasive and your strawman means nothing. But thank you for admitting yours can’t be modeled. ID is exemplified via evolutionary and genetic algorithms. Those are our models. Actually you have no idea how the design was implemented, when or what, model that. "We have the bones of potential designers, And no way of testing if that is true. That humans are not capable of moving rocks? That the bones are not dead humans? Potential designers Joe, what physical evidence beyond the speculation that what you are seeing is design do you have? habitations of said designers, comparable sites, evidence of more primitive structures predating Stonehedge,any such evidence of the designer of life? All that is pure speculation wrt the question. We cannot test if the claim the people had the capability to do such a thing. All the evidence you have could just be people who went there to see it and stayed. Speculation based on physical evidence of beings known to be capable of intelligent design, ID lacks that, do you apply the same skeptism to ID? We have the design along with a tried and true methodology for determining intelligent design from nature Based on the assumption that life is designed,velikovskys
February 15, 2015
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ForJah Maybe we could start with what you already accept and build on it.
I have no problem with a being existing outside of the universe that manipulates already existing laws in order to create us.
Ok, the universe is all physical matter, time and space (among other things). We'd have a 'being' that exists outside of the universe - so obviously, that being cannot be physical. You're ok with that being 'manipulating existing laws in order to create us' - but there are a few problems. How does this non-physical being manipulate things? Also, we're talking about the origin of the universe so before the universe existed, where did the physical matter come from? The term 'creation' in the classical sense means to 'make something out of nothing'. It's not, as you rightly point out, merely manipulating things that already exist. So, in that sense, humans don't really 'create'. We develop new things but we always start with something that already exists. In Western theology, God is the creator of the physical universe from a point where it did not exist. So, God created physical matter. The natural laws of the universe were created in the same way - since they act on physical matter. There would be no physical laws if there was no physical universe (or at least only God could know those laws existed). Other ideas from classical Western Theism include the non-depencency/contingency of God on anything.Silver Asiatic
February 15, 2015
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FJ, We have given reasons for drawing the conclusion that the laws, parameters etc of our observed cosmos show fine tuning that sets up a very narrow and isolated operating point habitable for C-Chemistry, aqueous medium cell based life. How twerdun is a second level of question and does not break the force of an inference on sign. KFkairosfocus
February 15, 2015
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It seems we are still having a problem here with addressing the question. In what sense does intelligence CREATE natural laws? A computer simulation is an example of intelligence using the current laws of the universe and integrating them into a system in order to produce a desired effect. Like I said, I don't disagree that FSCO/I is a hallmark of design. But I don't think FSCO applies to natural law itself. It seems you are trying to say that an intelligence tinkered with already existing law where the law of gravity is no longer a law but has a broader understanding. I'm also at a loss with the idea that if these laws weren't just right, we wouldn't exist. Okay...but it could be true that another form of life might exist, we don't really know. I mean, it's also true that the interactions I have everyday with others, if certain situations didn't spring up in my life I wouldn't be the person I am today. I'm not really sure what that proves in relation to a designer of the universe though. It seems that in all this my main question still remains unanswered, where is there an example of intelligence creating law? And in what sense can we say it was a who (AKA, GOD)ForJah
February 15, 2015
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Z, Statistical averages exist, in this case the pressure of a body of gas which at constant T and under reasonably ideal conditions will be inversely proportional to volume . . . we are not in the zone where at first onwards level Van der Waals factors kick in. They also exist in contexts of high contingency which is the more precise concern. Mechanical necessity such as F = m*a, does not produce high contingency. High contingency comes from chance and/or design. Where, once we see FSCO/I, we face blind search in vast config spaces for needles in haystacks.Consequently blind chance is a poor explanation for FSCO/I, and the readily observable cause, design is a much better one. Indeed, the reliability per vera causa is sufficient that we are epistemically entitled to hold FSCO/I a characteristic sign of design. KFkairosfocus
February 15, 2015
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VS, an inductively well warranted inference to best explanation in the face of an open contest of potentially relevant causal candidates -- cf here most recently -- is not assuming the conclusion and you know it or should full well know it; whereas in fact it is Lewontin et al who ARE on record as imposing a priori evolutionary materialism and force fitting evidence to that ideology, so we see here the ideological tactic of projecting a turnabout, unfounded accusation as if it were a serious argument. Per fair comment, your rhetoric is increasingly evidently driven by ideological resistance to what is well warranted. At this stage, I will just point it out for onlookers to see what has been going on for far too long. KFkairosfocus
February 15, 2015
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VS, Kindly acquaint yourself with the inductive exercise of inference to best explanation on tested, reliable sign and the linked vera causa principle. Where, specifically, FSCO/I is a well known readily recognised pattern, and on trillions of cases is highly reliable as an index of design as relevant cause. This, independent of identifying particular designers and methods. Where, we also know that proverbially there is more than one way to skin a catfish. So, the attempted objection is irrelevant and distractive; it patently manifests ideologically motivated resistance to well warranted conclusion. KFkairosfocus
February 15, 2015
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velikovskys:
Provide the modeling how an unknown designer at an unknown time thru unknown means designed something then maybe your critism will be more persuasive. Your criticisms are not persuasive and your strawman means nothing. But thank you for admitting yours can't be modeled. ID is exemplified via evolutionary and genetic algorithms. Those are our models.
We have the bones of potential designers,
And no way of testing if that is true.
habitations of said designers, comparable sites, evidence of more primitive structures predating Stonehedge,any such evidence of the designer of life?
All that is pure speculation wrt the question. We cannot test if the claim the people had the capability to do such a thing. All the evidence you have could just be people who went there to see it and stayed. We have the design along with a tried and true methodology for determining intelligent design from nature, operating freely. Yours doesn't even have a methodology.
Joe
February 15, 2015
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Joe, That claim requires evidence, which it doesn’t have. Tat claim can’t even be modeled. Provide the modeling how an unknown designer at an unknown time thru unknown means designed something then maybe your critism will be more persuasive. You don’t understand how science works. We know there was some intelligent agency capable of constructing Stonehenge because we have Stonehenge. Let's see What you do not have is any empirical evidence that any known intelligence has the capabilities to design the complexity We have the bones of potential designers, habitations of said designers, comparable sites, evidence of more primitive structures predating Stonehedge,any such evidence of the designer of life? or what the probabilities that such an intelligence ,if capable, actually did design whatever it designed. The probability approaches 1velikovskys
February 15, 2015
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velikovskys:
You are assuming your conclusion, the complexity of the cell could be empirical evidence that natural means creates FSCO/i.
That claim requires evidence, which it doesn't have. Tat claim can't even be modeled.
What you do not have is any empirical evidence that any known intelligence has the capabilities to design the complexity or what the probabilities that such an intelligence ,if capable, actually did design whatever it designed.
You don't understand how science works. We know there was some intelligent agency capable of constructing Stonehenge because we have Stonehenge.Joe
February 15, 2015
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KF: In this context, it is notorious that life based on cells, major body plans and ours in particular are chock full of major increments of FSCO/I. This is contrasted with the actual absence of empirical evidence that undirected natural factors- chance and/or mechanical necessity (a reasonable understanding of “nature”) — can and do in our observation credibly account causally for FSCO/I. You are assuming your conclusion, the complexity of the cell could be empirical evidence that natural means creates FSCO/i. What you do not have is any empirical evidence that any known intelligence has the capabilities to design the complexity or what the probabilities that such an intelligence ,if capable, actually did design whatever it designed. Your root problem is probably refusal to acknowledge the empirically grounded and analytically backed point that FSCO/I is a characteristic pattern and signature of design, a manifestation of purposeful, knowledgeable and skilled mind. How does one determine the FSCO/I of the strong nuclear force for instance?velikovskys
February 15, 2015
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Axel: Randomness tends not to produce regularity or ‘law’ Boyle's Law.Zachriel
February 15, 2015
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FJ, I think your problem is that first origin of a cosmos will not be an observable to those who come along afterwards -- in part because of the going concern state required. That is, the remote past of origins is not a direct observable. That is a general problem for origins science. On top of the problem that sciences cannot prove explanations but only provide a so far best empirically based, inductive explanation. The main solution is the vera causa principle that takes the observed tendency to be an intelligible, orderly world seriously. Accordingly traces from that which is not directly observable are explained on forces/factors/ causal influences shown in the here-now to have capability to effect the same sort of result. It is in that context that I pointed to how orderly, coherent worlds (so far we can build digital ones) show patterns of regularity, stochastic behaviour and the influence of designing intelligence. So do many things we easily observe, e.g. fishing reels, watches, petroleum refineries etc. What emerges is that we see mechanical necessity (e.g. F = m*a), chance driven stochastic contingency, and design; all with characteristic signs. Where functionally specific complex organisation and associated information (FSCO/I) is inductively strongly associated with design, and where it appears as an aspect of an entity or phenomenon it is a reliable signature of design. In a context where mechanical necessity is not a good source of high contingency, and stochastic chance based contingency faces the blind chance needle in haystack search problem that makes it maximally empirically and analytically implausible as an explanation of FSCO/I. In this context, it is notorious that life based on cells, major body plans and ours in particular are chock full of major increments of FSCO/I. This is contrasted with the actual absence of empirical evidence that undirected natural factors -- chance and/or mechanical necessity (a reasonable understanding of "nature") -- can and do in our observation credibly account causally for FSCO/I. This leads to the obvious conclusion others and I have championed for years here at UD, the world of life shows strong signs that its cause is not "nature" but the ART-ificial, i.e. design. Accordingly, I am quitepuzzled to find you characterising my view as;
you are saying that the integration of many natural laws causes us
No, I am saying that we are embodied, consciously aware, enconscienced intelligent beings with bodies full of FSCO/I with a world of cell based life similarly full of such signs. All this points to design, per vera causa. Then, when we lift our eyes to the observed cosmos, we find that starting from what is needed to set up a cosmos in which C-chemistry, aqueous medium, terrestrial planet in galactic habitable zones life is enabled to be possible, there is an evident complex organised fine tuning that sets the observed cosmos up at a deeply isolated operating point. Just the example buried in Wiki's article on fine tuning should give us pause. So, on inductive reasoning we identify reliable signs of design, and see them pointing to design of the cosmos. Here is Nobel equivalent prize holding astrophysicist (and lifelong agnostic) sir Fred Hoyle:
From 1953 onward, Willy Fowler and I have always been intrigued by the remarkable relation of the 7.65 MeV energy level in the nucleus of 12 C to the 7.12 MeV level in 16 O. If you wanted to produce carbon and oxygen in roughly equal quantities by stellar nucleosynthesis, these are the two levels you would have to fix, and your fixing would have to be just where these levels are actually found to be. Another put-up job? . . . I am inclined to think so. A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a super intellect has "monkeyed" with the physics as well as the chemistry and biology, and there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature. [F. Hoyle, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 20 (1982): 16.Cited, Bradley, in "Is There Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God? How the Recent Discoveries Support a Designed Universe".]
Again, in the same underlying Caltech talk of 1981:
The big problem in biology, as I see it, is to understand the origin of the information carried by the explicit structures of biomolecules. The issue isn't so much the rather crude fact that a protein consists of a chain of amino acids linked together in a certain way, but that the explicit ordering of the amino acids endows the chain with remarkable properties, which other orderings wouldn't give. The case of the enzymes is well known . . . If amino acids were linked at random, there would be a vast number of arrange-ments that would be useless in serving the pur-poses of a living cell. When you consider that a typical enzyme has a chain of perhaps 200 links and that there are 20 possibilities for each link,it's easy to see that the number of useless arrangements is enormous, more than the number of atoms in all the galaxies visible in the largest telescopes. This is for one enzyme, and there are upwards of 2000 of them, mainly serving very different purposes. So how did the situation get to where we find it to be? This is, as I see it, the biological problem - the information problem . . . . I was constantly plagued by the thought that the number of ways in which even a single enzyme could be wrongly constructed was greater than the number of all the atoms in the universe. So try as I would, I couldn't convince myself that even the whole universe would be sufficient to find life by random processes - by what are called the blind forces of nature . . . . By far the simplest way to arrive at the correct sequences of amino acids in the enzymes would be by thought, not by random processes . . . . Now imagine yourself as a superintellect working through possibilities in polymer chemistry. Would you not be astonished that polymers based on the carbon atom turned out in your calculations to have the remarkable properties of the enzymes and other biomolecules? Would you not be bowled over in surprise to find that a living cell was a feasible construct? Would you not say to yourself, in whatever language supercalculating intellects use: Some supercalculating intellect must have designed the properties of the carbon atom, otherwise the chance of my finding such an atom through the blind forces of nature would be utterly minuscule. Of course you would, and if you were a sensible superintellect you would conclude that the carbon atom is a fix.
Thus also:
I do not believe that any physicist who examined the evidence could fail to draw the inference that the laws of nuclear physics have been deliberately designed with regard to the consequences they produce within stars. ["The Universe: Past and Present Reflections." Engineering and Science, November, 1981. pp. 8–12]
Now, I cannot force you to any conclusion, but I can lay out sufficient of my context of thought and that of others to show why we think as we do, and that it is not ignorant, stupid, insane or wicked to think that way. In particular, the world of life and the observed cosmos both show strong signs of design, and per vera causa the phenomena of relevance -- FSCO/I and fine tuning of physics and cosmology -- are only reasonably explained on design. And if that points to extra cosmic mind and sets us in a further context of identifying a necessary being at the causal root of the cosmos and of cell based life in it, that's reasonable. I have outlined thinking at 99 ff and 179 above with onward links and readings. Collins is a monograph length paper that would well repay study. Barnes is also good. And more. I cannot reasonably reproduce what is in linked 101 level discussions and onward works, but I can direct you to materials and points to read, watch and ponder. And, to highlight the issue of reasonable evidentiary warrant for matters connected to the deep unobserved past of origins. KFkairosfocus
February 15, 2015
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KF, like I said, I have no problem with intelligence manipulating the laws of the universe to create a digital world. But intelligence has never been shown to create natural law. Thus the point, you are saying that the integration of many natural laws causes us. Not really taking the time to analyze that statement I could agree. Perhaps there is a being outside the universe that integrated the laws of physics in order to cause us. Problem still remains of where the LAWS owe their origin. Also, how do we know that nothing has no causal power?ForJah
February 14, 2015
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DK, there is no invention there. As noted above, nothing -- non-being -- has no causal powers. If ever there had been an utter nothing, that would forever obtain. Something . . . everything . . . from nothing is a non-starter. Something, therefore always was, as a necessary being. The issue, is the successful candidate. In 179 supra, I outlined on that and at 99 onwards too. KFkairosfocus
February 14, 2015
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StephenB:
Well, yes, Daniel. First there was nothing, and then there was something. It’s the big bang, you know. Theologians characterize the event as “creation ex-nilio,”
How does that work? How do you know there was nothing? If there was nothing, there would not be something. Yes? But you've invented a SOMETHING that CREATED the Big Bang! The remarkable and entertaining thing is that you don't feel foolish about your transparently irrational invention of an imaginary Creator.Daniel King
February 14, 2015
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FJ, when we create digital wolds we impose laws embedded in constraining laws embedded in algorithms all the time. In this light, reflect on the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in physical sciences. My fav example was the objection to the Young wave theory, but then shadow of a tiny ball in monochromatic light should have a central bright spot . . . thought to be a refutation . . . then somebody checked -- the dot was in fact there, as predicted by the logical consequences of a wave theory. So, think on the difference between chaos and cosmos. Use the comparison of the digital world and how law is intelligently embedded and shows itself in fine tuning. Perhaps, that will give a conceptual bridge. KFkairosfocus
February 14, 2015
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"All that ‘law’ refers to in this context, is regularity of occurrence" Regularity as if to assume something could break that law? In which case the law itself was never a law. Either way, I have never seen intelligence create a law of similar fashion.ForJah
February 14, 2015
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@Forjah 'but I can’t see anywhere in your last post nor in 179 where you provided evidence that intelligence can create natural laws.' All that 'law' refers to in this context, is regularity of occurrence. That's all. It's actually a misnomer, as Planck pointed out: 'We have no right to assume that any physical laws exist, or if they have existed up to now, that they will continue to exist in a similar manner in the future.' Randomness tends not to produce regularity or 'law'; only intelligence can do that to any significant extent, and only does so, at the whim of the Creator of such regularity.Axel
February 14, 2015
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"You have never observed a being existing outside of the universe that manipulates laws to create us." The location of the being doesn't really matter, as long as we can assume this being has similar intelligence like we do. If not, i don't mind dismissing the idea that ANY intelligence caused us to live. You choose I guess. "I think you've got your answer above." I didn't, that's why i asked again ;)ForJah
February 14, 2015
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ForJah
I have no problem with a being existing outside of the universe that manipulates already existing laws in order to create us.
You have never observed a being existing outside of the universe that manipulates laws to create us.
I want to know why a god can be invoked as an explanation for the existence of natural law when we have never observed law being created.
I think you've got your answer above.Silver Asiatic
February 14, 2015
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KF, I have no problem with a being existing outside of the universe that manipulates already existing laws in order to create us. That's fine...but natural law does not COME from intelligence. Therefore the fine tuning of the universe is not evidence for God.ForJah
February 14, 2015
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"The laws of nature are what allow the designed universe to be dynamic yet predictable. They are similar to the programmed parameters of computer simulations. They allow for non-intervention from the intelligent designer(s)." But, the parameters of computer simulations are not a creation of new law, it's simply manipulating current law to create an effect. I want to know why a god can be invoked as an explanation for the existence of natural law when we have never observed law being created.ForJah
February 14, 2015
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FJ, Your root problem is probably refusal to acknowledge the empirically grounded and analytically backed point that FSCO/I is a characteristic pattern and signature of design, a manifestation of purposeful, knowledgeable and skilled mind. The substance of the design in this case is the framework of integrated laws, constants, ratios, parameters etc that put our observed cosmos at a finely tuned operating point, just as very careful design goes into the FSCO/I in fishing reel or a petroleum refinery. I am not sure whether you are willing to acknowledge the difference between blindly mechanical non-rational GIGO limited computational substrates and self aware, rationally contemplative mind. And yet the gap between the two is such that the attempt to reduce the latter -- our first fact of conscious existence -- to the former, is to try to get north by insistently heading west. If those are your real problems, your issue is not with natural laws reflecting signs of design, it is that you have major problems with the first fact of our self-aware existence. KFkairosfocus
February 14, 2015
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"The Privileged Planet":
“The same narrow circumstances that allow us to exist also provide us with the best over all conditions for making scientific discoveries.”
“The one place that has observers is the one place that also has perfect solar eclipses.”
“There is a final, even more bizarre twist. Because of Moon-induced tides, the Moon is gradually receding from Earth at 3.82 centimeters per year. In ten million years will seem noticeably smaller. At the same time, the Sun’s apparent girth has been swelling by six centimeters per year for ages, as is normal in stellar evolution. These two processes, working together, should end total solar eclipses in about 250 million years, a mere 5 percent of the age of the Earth. This relatively small window of opportunity also happens to coincide with the existence of intelligent life. Put another way, the most habitable place in the Solar System yields the best view of solar eclipses just when observers can best appreciate them.”
The laws of nature are what allow the designed universe to be dynamic yet predictable. They are similar to the programmed parameters of computer simulations. They allow for non-intervention from the intelligent designer(s).Joe
February 14, 2015
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I'm really looking, I promise, but I can't see anywhere in your last post nor in 179 where you provided evidence that intelligence can create natural laws. I really would like to see that evidence before we go on...ForJah
February 14, 2015
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AM
PDT
1 2 3 4 9

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